Australian Jobs profile for Nov Qtr. 2013

Australian Jobs profile for Nov Qtr. 2013 Prepared by Australian Development Strategies Pty Ltd This report has been prepared as an educational and public relations exercise and has not been designed as an advisory tool for business and we take no responsibility for those who use it for these purposes. The sampling errors for smaller Labour Force regions are often large and the raw figures used cannot be easily adjusted for seasonal trends. The statistical significance of the profiles also need to be considered. We repeat, caution is urged in any interpretation of these statistics. We acknowledge and thank the Australian Bureau of Statistics for the provision of original data, Dr Otto Hellwig of MDS for the HES microsimulation modelling and Phil Henry of Business Geographics for the mapping. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 1

Executive Summary The Rudd Labor Government in November 2007 inherited a labour market which was generating almost as many jobs as could be provided annually by growth in the civilian population 15 years and over. Australia s participation rate was 65.2 percent and rising and the unemployment rate was 4.1 percent and falling. Between November 2007 and November 2013 we had the Global Financial Crisis and the Stimulus which temporarily returned job creation to Howard Government levels in late 2010. The six years of Labor Governments also saw the end of Workchoices, extensive re-regulation of the labour market and the creation of Fair Work Australia. By November 2013, the labour market was generating jobs for only one in four potential new entrants to the workforce. When benchmarked against figures for November 2007, the participation rate was down 0.8 percent and the official unemployment was up by 1.3 percent. Underemployment, which mainly affects part time working women, was at 7.8 percent compared to 7.9 percent during the worst days of the GFC. Particularly affected by underemployment were females aged 35 to 44, the group which funds consumer spending in younger middle class Australian families. Labour force underutilisation (which equals underemployment plus unemployment) was running at 13.7 percent in November 2013, compared to 13.6 percent during the GFC. Six out of ten or 576,000 of the additional 957,000 persons employed between November 2007 and November 2013, obtained jobs in the combined industries of health, education and public administration. These combined industries grew from 23.7 percent of the workforce in November 2007, to 26.7 percent of the workforce in November 2013. These predominantly white collar jobs tend to be publicly funded or regulated, are strongly unionised and show in our election profiles as equally strong Green voters. By contrast, the combined industries of manufacturing, construction and transport are more likely to be employed in the private sector, are relatively unionised and show in our election profiles as strong Labor voters. These three industries shared in none of the additional 957,000 jobs created during six years of Labor Governments and in fact lost a combined 3,300 workers. Their combined share of employed persons fell from 24.1 percent in November 2007 to 22.1 percent in November 2013. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 2

Both of these industry groupings started six years of Labor Governments in November 2007 with about 2,500,000 workers. The white collar group reached 3,100,000 by November 2013, while the blue collar group stayed on 2,500,000 and when Kevin Rudd lost office they were 600,000 jobs behind their white collar counterparts. This shedding of these blue collar construction, manufacturing and transport jobs under Labor was concentrated in certain labour force regions in outlying suburbs such as Gold Coast North in Queensland, or Fairfield-Liverpool in NSW. But conventional unemployment rates did not capture the real loss of employment opportunities in these regions as many joined the hidden unemployed, while more mobile workers moved to regions of higher labour demand in WA. The best example of this trend, Gold Coast North, was losing up to one in four employees at times during the period November 2007 to November 2013, but returning an unemployment rate of zero percent, which invalidates the unemployment rate as an economic indicator in the current economic climate. To neutralise the impact of hidden employment changes, these labour market profiles now place a higher priority on participation rates across the regions and pay more attention to underemployment and underutilisation at the national level. Participation rates used in the current study equal employed persons plus officially unemployed persons as a percentage of the civilian population aged 15 plus. This means a rise in participation rates could be due to a rise in unemployment, but this is tightly defined by the ABS as persons available to start work in the reference week. Given the high levels of discouraged workers and hidden unemployed in the current Australian Labour Market, a rise in official unemployment rates in some of our depressed regions like Gold Coast North and Fairfield-Liverpool would be a sign of growing confidence in the economy rather than the reverse. For all these reasons, we have settled on participation rates as the most effective current measure of the state of the labour market at the regional level. This data is only available in original form, rather than seasonally adjusted, so we use comparable original national figures where relevant and control for seasonal factors by comparing one month with the same month of the preceding year to produce Year on Year figures. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 3

When we ranked the 69 regions to show the greatest drop in participation rates in Table 5 we noted that the 18 hardest hit regions included seven of the 14 Queensland regions, indicating the serious decline of the Queensland labour market over the past six years due to a contraction of the tourist sector, a drop in population growth and a loss of building and manufacturing jobs. The other regions in this table had similar problems. We also saw a range of outer urban and adjoining rural areas across most states. This is where we traditionally find large proportions of the more activist religions, such as Pentecostals and Mormons. Of some political interest on the demographic side of this table was the presence of middle income families, four bedroomed McMansions and 30-34 year old mothers of two children. These demographics represent the classic swinging voter group and no Government can expect to be reelected if it presides over a fall in participation rates for this key group. In Table 6 we ranked the 69 regions to show the biggest gains in participation rates between November 2007 and November 2013. We noted only two of Queensland s 14 regions had positive participation rate growth and both of these benefitted from mining or gas jobs. FIFO mining jobs also made an impact in the WA regions in the table. We also saw some encouraging jobs growth in old rust belt regions in the Illawarra and Hunter. Whenever interest rates are cut we always see rises in participation rates for older workers and some of their even older dependents featured in this table. Low interest rates mean they need to find to work to compensate for lower transition to retirement incomes sourced from bank deposits. The biggest groups gaining jobs in terms of population numbers would be the inner city regions of Sydney, Melbourne and Perth and these include men working in CBD hospitality jobs taking a taxi to work from their single person, two roomed home unit. Using modelling and in cooperation with Business Geographics we projected the November 2007 Participation Rate, the November Quarter 2013 Participation Rate and the changes from 2007 to 2013, using postcodes as a convenient unit. These are presented as an online map in The Australian. The maps confirmed the general broad brush picture painted by the regional tables, but they allow a somewhat more fine grained interpretation. What we detected is that the inner city regions, typically the relevant CBD postcode, suffered a decline in participation rates from 2007 to 2013. The growth in participation rates and presumably jobs, took place in the suburbs just outside CBD postcodes. This gain in jobs then tapered off as we moved further out from the CBD and we then saw broad arcs of job losses in outlying commuter suburbs where real estate is cheapest, commutes are at their most difficult and where suburbs merge with the bush. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 4

We projected these trends onto 2013 Federal electorates and in Table 7 show the 12 electorates with the biggest gains in Participation Rates at top left, and the 12 electorates with the biggest falls in Participation Rates at top right. Table 7 also shows the State, the ALP 2PP 2013 vote and the final primary vote for the Green candidate. We see the electorates gaining jobs under Labor tended to be wealthy inner city seats with high Green votes, while the electorates losing jobs under Labor were lower income outer urban seats with few Green voters. For the 12 seats which grew increasingly prosperous under Labor, the Green vote averaged almost 16 percent. For the 12 seats which lost jobs under Labor the Green vote averaged only 6.4 percent. The correlation between Green primary votes and the improvement in Participation Rates was 0.78 and significant to 99.9 percent confidence levels. It seems reasonable to infer from the evidence in this table and above, that the biggest beneficiaries of rising participation rates under the Labor Governments of 2007 to 2013 were Green voters rather than either classic swinging voters or traditional Labor voters. More evidence is provided on these points in demographic profile charts for blue collar voters, swinging voters and Green voters and their relevant sub groups. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 5

Method and Presentation This profile is based on jobs data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The primary source is the monthly Labour Force survey by Regions (6291.0.55.001), but includes national data from 6202.0, detailed quarterly data from 6291.0.55.003, earnings by industry 6302.0 Job Vacancies Australia 6354.0 and Demographic Statistics 3101.0. We have also made some use of ABS data on underemployment and labour underutilisation. As detailed data is only available in Original form, we use this, unless otherwise stated to be Trend or Seasonally Adjusted. The modelling used by ADS compares this cross section of data with our Elaborate database and uses inferential statistics to project these sample results onto all Australian postcodes and Commonwealth Electoral Divisions. Material in the ADS Elaborate database is based on data from the ABS Census, Electoral Commissions, Household Expenditure Surveys modelled by MDS Data Systems, data on home loan arrears and a wide range of published data on political and economic behaviour. We present here, in Correlation Tables, the correlation between our database and the relevant jobs figures by region. The correlations have been ranked to typically show those which are normally significant to 95 percent or more (0.23). In other words, there s a five percent probability the correlations in the table are due to chance. The higher the correlation, plus or minus, the lower the probability it is due to chance. The Correlation Charts should be read the same way as the worm debating chart the zero line is neutral and the score heightens as the correlation increases its distance above or below the zero line. A positive correlation shown well above the zero line means that the demographic group in question is concentrated in the postcodes with high levels of the relevant jobs figure. A negative correlation well below the zero line means they re concentrated in suburbs where the jobs figure is lower. Many of the cultural variables like religion or ethnicity are useful descriptors and appear in the correlations, but only a few of them persist through higher levels of statistical number crunching and drive behaviour. But if we talk about any variable at length or in detail, it s usually because it has turned out to be important at the subsequent modelling stage. These drivers can be occupation, qualification, age, welfare dependence, previous unemployment, home loan arrears etc. Given the current growth in hidden unemployment across labour market regions, we are increasingly finding workforce participation and employment growth to be a stronger guide to the health of regional labour markets than the traditional unemployment rate. In fact the lowest unemployment rate of zero at the end of 2012 could be found in Gold Coast North region which also had the biggest 12 month drop in employment, as workers dropped out of the local workforce or moved to another region. This has caused us to place a higher priority on employment growth and participation rates and to pay more attention to underemployment and underutilisation. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 6

Month & Year Employed total Persons Unemploy ed total Persons Labour Force Persons Not in Labour Force Persons Civilian population Persons Unemploy ment rate Persons Particip ation rate Persons 12 month change Employed Persons 12 month change Unemployed Persons 12 month change Labour Force Persons 12 month change Not in the Labour Force Persons 12 month change Civilian population Persons 12 month change Unemployment rate Persons 12 month change Participati on rate Persons Nov-2007 10677.3 460.0 11137.3 5938.8 17076.1 4.1 65.2 338.2 6.0 344.3-0.2 344.0-0.1 0.7 Nov-2008 10903.6 473.1 11376.7 6105.8 17482.5 4.2 65.1 216.2 12.6 228.8 164.9 393.7 0.0-0.2 Nov-2009 10983.2 603.2 11586.3 6256.1 17842.4 5.2 64.9 99.0 131.0 230.0 157.3 387.3 1.0-0.1 Nov-2010 11318.6 570.2 11888.8 6238.9 18127.7 4.8 65.6 402.8-28.4 374.4 3.4 377.8-0.4 0.7 Nov-2011 11413.9 587.6 12001.5 6417.5 18419.1 4.9 65.2 42.9 14.6 57.5 168.0 225.5 0.1-0.5 Nov-2012 11548.9 599.2 12148.1 6597.8 18745.9 4.9 64.8 135.0 11.6 146.6 180.2 326.8 0.0-0.4 Nov-2013 11635.2 665.2 12300.4 6788.2 19088.6 5.4 64.4 86.3 66.0 152.3 190.4 342.7 0.5-0.4 Table 1. National labour market summary (shown in 000s). The November figures for each year are in the left hand columns (green headings) and the Year on Year figures are in the right hand columns (blue headings). As we can see from the top row of data, the Rudd Government in November 2007 inherited a labour market which was generating Year on Year almost as many jobs as could be provided annually by growth in the civilian population 15 years and over. In November 2008, as the GFC hit, the Labour market was still performing well enough to generate jobs for more than half of the annual increase in the civilian population. To maintain a steady participation rate and keep unemployment in check, the economy needs to generate about 230,000 extra jobs per year. By November 2009, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) had impacted on the labour market and the economy was only generating jobs for one quarter of the annual growth in the civilian population. The rest were joining the unemployed or the hidden unemployed not officially in the Labour force. The stimulus brought about a recovery for November 2010 and unemployment numbers Year on Year were falling. The participation rate was also on the rise. And then stimulus faded and re-regulation of the Labour market impacted strongly on new jobs growth. In November 2013, shown at bottom right, the Labour market was back in the GFC doldrums and once again generating jobs for only one in four potential new entrants to the workforce. The participation rate was down 0.8 percent and unemployment was up by 1.3 percent. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 7

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Quarter & Year Agricult Mining Manufact Utilities Construction Wholesale Retail Accom Real & Food Transp Media Finance Estate Nov-2007 353.2 138.9 1050.7 111.4 968.3 376.1 1263.3 691.0 558.8 235.9 404.7 195.1 771.3 338.9 634.1 797.2 1095.4 203.7 489.3 Nov-2008 368.4 182.4 1025.6 132.8 1008.8 397.7 1222.3 712.8 606.0 225.8 391.7 209.3 816.3 341.9 672.0 805.4 1128.8 196.5 459.1 Nov-2009 366.1 167.9 997.2 122.6 993.6 431.3 1213.2 750.8 574.5 215.7 398.9 185.3 835.3 373.1 679.7 846.1 1192.3 195.4 444.2 Nov-2010 367.2 199.5 990.6 147.5 1046.7 403.1 1239.4 765.5 582.2 214.4 378.8 209.7 843.5 407.3 694.6 877.4 1293.0 186.8 471.4 Nov-2011 338.7 243.2 951.4 156.6 1037.5 440.3 1217.7 763.8 580.0 200.1 416.8 193.3 862.6 396.1 736.2 870.8 1353.9 205.2 449.6 Nov-2012 321.1 264.4 973.3 144.2 1017.5 423.8 1235.5 784.8 601.4 216.7 410.8 197.1 905.4 399.8 697.2 910.4 1377.0 206.7 461.7 Nov-2013 335.5 277.2 943.7 155.6 1030.2 403.5 1273.4 772.0 600.7 185.2 404.5 195.9 884.3 390.1 763.5 917.1 1422.4 203.5 476.7 Profess consult Admin consult Public admin Educat Health & social assist Arts & Rec Other Servic Nov 13 minus Nov 07-17.7 138.3-107.0 44.3 61.9 27.4 10.1 81.0 41.9-50.7-0.2 0.8 113.0 51.2 129.4 119.9 327.0-0.2-12.6 Percent Tot Emp 2007 3.3 1.3 9.8 1.0 9.1 3.5 11.8 6.5 5.2 2.2 3.8 1.8 7.2 3.2 5.9 7.5 10.3 1.9 4.6 Percent Tot Emp 2013 2.9 2.4 8.1 1.3 8.9 3.5 10.9 6.6 5.2 1.6 3.5 1.7 7.6 3.4 6.6 7.9 12.2 1.7 4.1 Percent 13 minus 07-0.4 1.1-1.7 0.3-0.2-0.1-0.9 0.2-0.1-0.6-0.3-0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 2.0-0.2-0.5 Percent Union 2012 3.5 18.7 18.9 32.9 15.9 4.8 13.6 3.8 28.8 12.3 10.4 3.0 3.0 6.5 34.1 37.8 30.6 15.5 6.5 Table 2. This table shows quarterly employment levels by industry in 000 s for employed persons in column two of Table 1, above. We saw in Table 1 that there were 10,677,000 employed persons in November 07 and this number is broken into 19 major industry groups in row two. Rows three to eight show the same breakdown for employed persons in November 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Bottom rows show breakdowns for each major industry group for employment changes from 2007 to 2013, the percentage of total persons employed in each industry group in 2007, the percentage of total persons employed in each industry group in 2013, the change in the percentage employed in each industry group from 2007 to 2013 and percentage of each industry group in unions in 2012. The table therefore shows the raw data included in the tables below. It also shows the way in which the major industries have waxed and waned over the six years of Labor Governments from 2007 to 2013 and the extent to which union membership may have been relevant. In the chart below we show how six industries fared under the Rudd and Gillard Governments. We look first at three classic skilled and semi-skilled blue collar industries of manufacturing, construction and transport. Compared to the rest of the mainly private sector, these three industries combined are strongly unionised, dominate our Labor voter profiles and play a leading role in Labor party factions. We would expect them to fare well under Labor Governments which ended Workchoices and re-regulated the Labour market. We also look at the predominantly public sector funded or regulated industries of health, education and public administration. These white collar union workers are strongly unionised but have traditionally played a lesser role in the ALP factions and appear instead in high profile roles at the ACTU. Unlike the blue collar group, these white collar workers feature strongly in Green voting profiles. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 11

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Labour Force Regions Nov-2007 Nov-2013 PR Nov 13 minus Nov 07 Inner Sydney 69.1 75.8 6.7 NORTHERN TERRITORY 74.4 75.4 1.0 Inner Melbourne 71.3 73.7 2.5 Brisbane City Inner Ring 75.8 73.4-2.4 Mackay-Fitzroy-Central West 69.8 72.2 2.4 North Perth 69.5 70.9 1.4 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY 72.5 70.1-2.3 Eastern Suburbs Sydney 65.5 70.0 4.6 Balance WA 73.5 69.8-3.7 Lower Northern Sydney 65.6 69.6 4.0 Outer Eastern Melbourne 67.5 69.4 1.9 East Perth 64.8 69.4 4.6 Central Northern Sydney 69.7 69.1-0.6 Central Perth 65.8 68.7 2.9 Northern Beaches NSW 70.1 68.2-1.9 Southern Melbourne 64.0 68.0 4.0 Brisbane City Outer Ring 67.3 68.0 0.7 Darling Downs-South West 64.2 67.5 3.2 Part Rate Nov 13 Aust Part Rate Part Rate minus Demographic Variables Means Nov 2007 Nov 2013 Nov 07 Females Employed full time 25.9 0.69 0.69-0.01 Med personal income $577 0.64 0.69 0.04 Wages Income Per Capita $24,024 0.58 0.66 0.07 Females earning weekly $1000-1249 6.6 0.66 0.65-0.01 Females earning weekly $1250-1499 4.3 0.57 0.65 0.08 Median family income $1,481 0.56 0.62 0.06 Families earning weekly $3000-3499 5.8 0.51 0.62 0.11 Families earning weekly $2500-2999 8.2 0.54 0.61 0.07 Median household income $1,234 0.61 0.61-0.01 Personal Loan Debt Per Capita $4,524 0.61 0.61 0.00 Females earning weekly $1500-1999 4.5 0.51 0.61 0.10 Males Employed full time 47.9 0.74 0.60-0.14 Families earning weekly $3500-3999 2.6 0.48 0.60 0.12 Males earning weekly $1500-1999 8.5 0.57 0.60 0.03 Males aged 40-44 7.1 0.54 0.59 0.05 Credit Card Debt Per Capita $1,856 0.57 0.59 0.02 Invest Loan Debt Per Capita $12,327 0.47 0.59 0.11 Total Income Per Capita $36,644 0.47 0.59 0.11 Table 3. Labour Force Regions with the highest Participation Rates in November 2013 are shown above left. Above right are the demographic groups disproportionately represented in these regions. The regions are colour coded for each state and the income groups are also colour coded. Shades of blue refer to higher income groups. Regions with the strongest local workforces and high economic demand tend to be in the inner cities of our major capitals and contain full time workers with very high levels of both incomes and debt from a variety of sources. These high wages would include the white collar groups in the table 2 and the chart directly above. A second group of high participation rate regions in West Australia, the NT and Queensland include those benefiting directly and indirectly from the 138,300 mining and gas industry jobs created between 2007 and 2013. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 13

Labour Force Regions Nov-2007 Nov-2013 PR Nov 13 minus Nov 07 Gold Coast North SRS 59.2 38.5-20.6 Wide Bay-Burnett 54.3 51.5-2.9 Richmond-Tweed and Mid-North Coast 54.0 54.5 0.4 Illawarra excluding Wollongong 48.0 56.0 7.9 Fairfield-Liverpool 60.7 56.8-3.9 Inner Eastern Melbourne 65.7 57.2-8.6 West Moreton 67.0 57.2-9.7 Mersey-Lyell SRS Tas 60.0 57.7-2.3 Southern Tas 58.1 57.8-0.4 Northern and Western SA 61.2 58.1-3.1 All Gippsland 63.3 58.3-5.0 Central Western Sydney 60.1 58.4-1.7 Wollongong SRS 55.9 58.5 2.6 Northern SRS Tas 59.9 58.6-1.3 South Eastern NSW 62.6 59.3-3.3 Western Adelaide 57.0 59.7 2.7 Canterbury-Bankstown 56.1 59.8 3.7 Newcastle SRS 62.2 60.4-1.8 Part Rate Nov 13 Aust Part Rate Part Rate minus Demographic Variables Means Nov 2007 Nov 2013 Nov 07 Females Not in labour force 38.7-0.80-0.74 0.06 Males Not in labour force 27.1-0.82-0.72 0.11 Families earning weekly $800-999 7.8-0.63-0.67-0.04 Govt Cash Income Per Capita $3,997-0.73-0.67 0.06 Families earning weekly $400-599 8.6-0.68-0.67 0.01 Aged Pensioners 14.2-0.79-0.66 0.12 Families earning weekly $600-799 8.1-0.66-0.66 0.00 Males earning weekly $400-599 9.2-0.64-0.65-0.01 Females earning weekly $200-299 11.6-0.65-0.64 0.01 Carer Allowance recipients 3.3-0.61-0.64-0.03 Females earning weekly $300-399 12.1-0.66-0.63 0.03 Males earning weekly $300-399 7.5-0.71-0.62 0.09 Males earning weekly $200-299 9.0-0.68-0.61 0.07 Families earning weekly $1000-1249 7.8-0.47-0.61-0.14 Female Industry Retail 13.0-0.47-0.60-0.12 Persons 65-74 Married 6.2-0.60-0.59 0.00 Rent Assistance 7.4-0.47-0.59-0.12 Men aged 70-74 3.2-0.63-0.59 0.05 Table 4. Labour Force Regions with the lowest Participation Rates in November 2013 are shown above left and above right are the demographic groups located disproportionately in these regions. Income groups are colour coded in our database and lower income quartiles are in shades of pink. We are looking here at older sea change regions along the eastern states such as Wide Bay in Queensland or the Richmond Tweed area of northern N SW, both with high concentrations of aged pensioners and carers. There are former industrial regions too such as Newcastle and Wollongong, with high numbers of female retail workers and rent assistance instead of lost skilled blue collar jobs in manufacturing. These are joined by three of the four regions in Tasmania as a melancholy reminder of Tasmania s lost industrial base since Australia was opened to competition from international markets. This future now awaits the car manufacturing regions of Adelaide and Melbourne. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 14

Labour Force Regions Nov-2007 Nov-2013 PR Nov 13 minus Nov 07 Gold Coast North SRS 59.2 38.5-20.6 West Moreton 67.0 57.2-9.7 Inner Eastern Melbourne 65.7 57.2-8.6 Outer South Western Sydney 72.1 63.5-8.5 North Brisbane Balance 68.5 63.0-5.5 Murray-Murrumbidgee 69.6 64.2-5.4 South West Perth 68.3 63.1-5.2 All Gippsland 63.3 58.3-5.0 Far North Qld 69.2 65.3-3.9 Fairfield-Liverpool 60.7 56.8-3.9 Balance WA 73.5 69.8-3.7 South Eastern NSW 62.6 59.3-3.3 Northern and Western SA 61.2 58.1-3.1 Barwon-Western District 64.0 61.1-2.9 Wide Bay-Burnett 54.3 51.5-2.9 South and East Brisbane 67.7 64.9-2.8 Greater Hobart 63.1 60.6-2.6 Sunshine Coast 65.9 63.4-2.6 Part Rate Nov 13 Aust Part Rate Part Rate minus Demographic Variables Means Nov 2007 Nov 2013 Nov 07 Families earning weekly $1500-1999 12.5 0.10-0.24-0.34 Males Jehovahs Witness 0.4-0.18-0.52-0.34 Males earning weekly $1000-1249 9.3 0.41 0.09-0.32 Males Christians not fully defnined 2.1 0.07-0.25-0.32 Female Industry Construction 2.3 0.25-0.07-0.32 Females aged 15-19 6.3 0.03-0.28-0.31 Females Christian not fully defined 2.3 0.09-0.22-0.31 Females aged 15-19 no kids 7.3 0.04-0.26-0.31 Males Other Christian 0.2 0.12-0.19-0.31 Females Pentecostal 1.2 0.25-0.05-0.30 Females aged 30-34 two kids 2.1 0.02-0.27-0.30 Males earning weekly $800-999 9.2-0.03-0.32-0.29 Females Mormons 0.3 0.03-0.26-0.29 Males Pentecostal 1.0 0.24-0.05-0.29 Separate House Bedrooms 4 24.1 0.16-0.13-0.29 Homes Three Cars 11.1 0.02-0.27-0.28 Persons aged 15-19 Not Married 8.0-0.03-0.32-0.28 Work Commute Truck 1.0-0.23-0.51-0.28 Table 5. Labour Force Regions with the biggest fall in Participation Rates between November 2007 and November 2013 and the groups located within these regions. The table shows regions doing it relatively tough in 2013 compared to 2007and they include a disproportionate number of Queensland regions which appear to have suffered from a contraction of the tourist sector, a drop in population growth and a loss of building jobs. We also see a range of outer urban and adjoining rural areas, across most states, where we traditionally find large proportions of the more activist religions, such as Pentecostals and Mormons. Of some political interest are the middle income ranges in the top right of the table and the presence of four bedroomed McMansions and 30-34 year old mothers of two children. We are looking here at middle class outer suburban Australian. No Government can expect to be re-elected if it presides over a fall in participation rates for these classic swinging voter groups. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 15

Labour Force Regions Nov-2007 Nov-2013 PR Nov 13 minus Nov 07 Far West NSW 52.6 63.1 10.5 Illawarra excluding Wollongong 48.0 56.0 7.9 Inner Sydney 69.1 75.8 6.7 East Perth 64.8 69.4 4.6 Eastern Suburbs Sydney 65.5 70.0 4.6 Southern Melbourne 64.0 68.0 4.0 Lower Northern Sydney 65.6 69.6 4.0 Canterbury-Bankstown 56.1 59.8 3.7 North Western Melbourne 60.3 63.6 3.2 Darling Downs-South West 64.2 67.5 3.2 Hunter excluding Newcastle 58.3 61.3 3.0 Central Perth 65.8 68.7 2.9 Western Adelaide 57.0 59.7 2.7 Wollongong SRS 55.9 58.5 2.6 Loddon-Mallee 63.2 65.8 2.5 Outer Western Melbourne 64.7 67.2 2.5 Inner Melbourne 71.3 73.7 2.5 Mackay-Fitzroy-Central West 69.8 72.2 2.4 Part Rate Nov 13 Aust Part Rate Part Rate minus Demographic Variables Means Nov 2007 Nov 2013 Nov 07 Youth Allowance F/T Student 1.4-0.28 0.22 0.50 Females aged 80-84 one kid 0.2-0.43-0.09 0.34 Homes One Car 35.8-0.21 0.10 0.31 Females aged 95-99 0.2-0.40-0.10 0.30 Single Person Home 24.3-0.23 0.08 0.30 Females aged 75-79 one kid 0.2-0.43-0.14 0.29 Male Industry Accom & Food 5.3-0.21 0.08 0.28 Females aged 85+ one kid 0.3-0.34-0.06 0.28 Work Commute Taxi 0.2 0.18 0.45 0.28 Females aged 45-49 no kids 1.4 0.18 0.46 0.28 Females aged 75-79 no kids 0.3-0.41-0.14 0.28 Total Dwellings Bedrooms 2 19.1-0.04 0.23 0.27 Females aged 55-59 one kid 0.9-0.26 0.00 0.26 Females aged 60-64 one kid 0.7-0.33-0.07 0.26 Females aged 80-84 no kids 0.3-0.29-0.03 0.26 Females aged 70-74 no kids 0.4-0.35-0.09 0.26 Females aged 75-79 two kids 0.8-0.58-0.34 0.25 Persons aged 75-84 Not Married 2.4-0.69-0.44 0.25 Table 6. Labour Force Regions with the biggest gains in Participation Rates between November 2007 and November 2013 are shown at top left and the groups located disproportionately within these regions are at top tight. The more obvious points to note are the lack of Queensland maroon in the top right. Only two of Queensland s 14 regions had positive participation rate growth and both of these benefitted from mining or gas jobs. FIFO mining jobs also made an impact in the two WA regions. We also see jobs growth in old rust belt regions in the Illawarra and Hunter. Whenever interest rates are cut we always see rises in participation rates for the older workers (and their even older dependents) shown at the top right. Low interest rates mean they need to find to work to compensate for lower transition to retirement incomes from bank deposits. The biggest group in terms of population numbers would be the inner city regions of Sydney, Melbourne and Perth and these include the men working in CBD hospitality jobs taking a taxi to work from their single person, two roomed home unit. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 16

Pred Part Rate Nov 13 minus Nov 07 Seat STATE Pred Part Rate Nov 13 minus Nov 07 ALP 2013 Green Pmy Vote Pred Part Pred Part Rate Nov Rate Nov ALP 2013 Green Pmy Vote Pred Part Pred Part Rate Nov Rate Nov Seat STATE 2PP Sept 8 2013 07 13 2PP Sept 8 2013 07 13 Grayndler NSW 70.6 23.0 67.0 74.7 7.7 Rankin QLD 55.9 5.3 70.7 64.2-6.6 North Sydney NSW 34.4 15.4 67.4 74.1 6.7 Longman QLD 43.4 3.9 63.8 57.6-6.2 Wills VIC 71.3 22.3 58.6 65.0 6.3 Canning WA 38.2 7.4 63.3 57.2-6.1 Warringah NSW 34.5 15.5 68.3 74.5 6.2 Bruce VIC 51.6 6.6 60.0 54.0-6.0 Wentworth NSW 32.4 14.6 69.1 74.4 5.4 Menzies VIC 36.3 8.6 64.8 59.7-5.1 Hindmarsh SA 48.1 8.8 59.1 64.0 4.9 Pearce WA 41.5 11.2 70.0 65.0-5.0 Batman VIC 70.0 26.4 60.9 65.6 4.7 Chifley NSW 61.1 2.7 63.7 58.8-5.0 Cunningham NSW 60.1 11.8 60.4 65.0 4.6 Scullin VIC 65.0 7.5 65.7 60.7-4.9 Goldstein VIC 39.6 15.9 65.4 69.8 4.5 Brand WA 52.8 7.3 66.2 61.3-4.8 Richmond NSW 53.0 17.7 57.2 61.5 4.3 Calwell VIC 64.2 5.4 63.0 58.2-4.8 Denison TAS 53.0 7.9 63.1 67.4 4.3 Blair QLD 55.7 4.3 65.3 60.5-4.8 Griffith QLD 53.0 10.2 71.8 76.1 4.2 Gorton VIC 66.9 6.4 68.7 63.9-4.8 Table 7. We used statistical modelling to project the regional Labour market figures onto 2013 election boundaries and Table 7 above, shows the 12 electorates with the biggest gains in Participation Rates at top left, and the 12 electorates with the biggest falls in Participation Rates at top right. We also show the State, the ALP 2PP 2013 vote the day after the election and the final primary vote for the Green candidate. We see here the electorates gaining jobs under Labor tended to be wealthy inner city seats with high Green votes, while the electorates losing jobs under Labor were lower income outer urban seats with few Green voters. For the 12 seats which grew increasingly prosperous under Labor at top left, the Green vote averaged almost 16 percent. For the 12 seats which lost jobs under Labor the Green vote averaged only 6.4 percent. The correlation between Green primary votes and the improvement in Participation Rates was 0.78 and significant to 99.9 percent confidence levels. It seems reasonable to infer from the evidence in this table and above, that the biggest beneficiaries of rising participation rates under the Labor Governments of 2007 to 2013 were Green voters rather than either classic swinging voters or traditional Labor voters. More evidence is provided below. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 17

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Labour Market Change Charts The following charts show correlations between some of the variables in our database and the Participation Rates for November 2007, November 2013 and the change in Participation Rates from 2007 to 2013. A strong positive correlation between a given variable and the 2013 Participation Rate means that persons in the relevant demographic group tend to live in Labour Market regions which had very high Participation Rates in 2013. Any correlation more than plus or minus 0.2 from the zero line is significant to 90 percent confidence interval, which means there is a ten percent chance the result is due to random factors and doesn t mean anything at all. If the correlation is.23 the confidence interval is 95 percent, 0.30 is 99 percent and 0.38 is 99.9 percent. In the Current Education chart below we see the correlation between University Students and 2013 Participation Rates is 0.43, well above the zero line in the Chart. This means University students tend to live in regions with very high Participation Rates. These could be close to the CBD or in wealthy areas further out from the CBD, depending on whether the student is living near an inner city university or at home. TAFE Students however are negatively correlated with Participation Rates, which means in their case that they are probably living at home in a lower Participation Rate region with their parents. We also see positive correlations between Participation Rates and Independent school students but negative correlations with Government school students. We can infer that the parents of Government School Students live in low Participation Rate regions, while the Independent school parents live in high Participation Rate areas. In terms of changes in Participation Rates between 2007 and 2013, we see that Government Primary School parents were less likely to be in the Labour force in 2013 than they were in 2007. In other words, the working families with kids in Government schools that Labor allegedly set out to serve faithfully in 2007 were the ones most disadvantaged by six years of Labor Governments. Copyright Australian Development Strategies 2013 22

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