Europe, 1789 1
French Revolution France 1789: Fall of Bastille, National Assembly 1791: Constituent Assembly. 1793: King s execution 1792-93; 1795-97: 1 st Coalition ( Austria, Prussia, GB, Spain, Portugal ) 1792: Republic 2
Britain & French Revolution 3
Britain & the French Revolution 1783: Loss of American colonies 1760-1820: George III 1783-1801; 1803-6: W. Pitt 1792: French Invasion of Belgium 4
French Revolution France: 1792-93; 95-97: 1 st Coalition 1793: Execution of monarchs 1793-94: Reign of Terror 1795: Directory 1799: Consulate 1799-1802: 2 nd Coalition (Portugal, GB, Austria, Russia, Ottoman Empire ) 5
Britain & French Revolution 1792-93; 95-97: 1 st Coalition 1795: Seditious Meetings Act, Treasonable Practices Act permanent to 1817 1799: Combination Acts repealed in 1825. 1800: Act of Union with Ireland 6
Napoleon: Role of the Individual B. 1769 Napoleone Buonaparte, Ajaccio, Corsica, sold to Fr. 1768. Military Academy & School in France officer commissioned in the artillery. 1793: Relieved siege of Toulon brigadier general 1795: Put down Paris uprising field general 7
Napoleon s Rise to Power: 1796-97: Command of the Army of the Alps, won crushing victories: Napoléon Bonaparte 8
Napoleon s Rise to Power 1797: Peace with Austria 9
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Napoleon s Rise to Power 1798-99: Undertook Egyptian expedition/campaign 11
Napoleon s Rise to Power: Egypt 1798-99: campaign into Egypt (British fleet under Nelson defeats French): Battle of the Nile 12
1799: End of Revolution? Break with the past H (53): France made their revolutions and gave them their ideas The ideology of the modern world first penetrated the ancient civilizations Began modern European politics: H (53): France provided the vocabulary and the issues of politics : Right- Left; conservatives, liberals 13
1799: End of Revolution? 1799 Napoleon's coup: Consulate (First Consul to 1802; Consul for life to 1804) 14
Revolution (77): Revolution & Empire: The Napoleonic Wars From 1792 until 1815 there was almost uninterrupted war in Europe The consequences transformed the map of the world. 15
Revolution & Empire: The Napoleonic Wars Revolution (77): the war was one of France and its border territories against the rest The fundamental conflict here was that between France and Britain From the British point of view this was economic. They wished to eliminate their chief competitor [to achieve ] [1] predominance of their trade in the European markets, [2] the total control of the colonial and overseas markets, [3] the control of the high seas. In fact, they achieved this as the result of the wars [cont. ] 16
Revolution & Empire: The Napoleonic Wars In Europe, this objective implied no territorial ambitions, except for the control of certain points of maritime importance [Gibraltar, Malta, Heligoland] 17
Revolution & Empire: Napoleonic Wars Britain was content with any continental settlement in which any potential rival was held in check by the other states [balance of power vs. hegemony]. Abroad, it implied the wholesale destruction of other people's colonial empires [Dutch, Fr., Sp.] and considerable annexations to the British. 18
Napoleon: Role of the Individual Revolution 74: Summing up early career. The extraordinary power of his myth As a man he was brilliant, versatile, intelligent, and imaginative As a general he had no equal; as a ruler he was a superbly efficient planner and an all-round intellectual As an individual he appears to have radiated a sense of greatness 19
Napoleon: Role of the Individual For the French he was the most successful ruler in their long history. He triumphed gloriously abroad: but at home he also [re] established the apparatus of French institutions as they exist today His personal contribution was to make [the ideas of the Revolution] more conservative, hierarchical and authoritarian 20
Napoleonic Wars (Summed up Revolution: 86-87) 1802: Peace of Amiens 1803: Br. Fails to return Malta 1804: Napoleon crowned Emperor 21
The 3 rd Coalition 1805: GB; Russia & Austria defeated at Austerlitz. 22
Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 23
The Continental System 1806: Berlin Decree 1806-7: 1 st /2 nd invasions River Plate Viceroyalty 1807: Orders in Council 24
The Napoleonic Wars (Summed up Revolution: 86-87) 1806: Confederation of the Rhine Revolution: 88-89 1806-7: 4 th Coalition: Prussia, Saxony, Russia defeated 1807: Occupation of Portugal 1808: Occupation of Spain Peninsular War to 1814. 25
The Peninsular War 1808-14 Ferdinand (VII) Francisco de Goya Third of May 1808 Charles IV Joseph Bonaparte Abdication at Bayonne 26
Britain 1807: British blockade 1809: 5 th Coalition (GB, Austria) 1809: Wellington landed in Portugal. May 1810: Junta appointed in River Plate Viceroyalty. 27
French Empire at its Height (c. 1810) 28
Britain Berlin Decree + Orders in Council: impressment War of 1812 (to 1814) 29
The Napoleonic Wars (Summed up Revolution: 86-87) 1811: Wellington drives French from Portugal 1812: Russian campaign 1812-14: 6 th Coalition (GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden) 30
24-25 June: Grande Armée crosses Niemen river, beginning Russian campaign. Map: 1st July 1812 31
Map: 24th July 1812. 14th September: Grande Armée enters Moscow 32
19 th October: retreat from Moscow begins. Map: 4 th October 1812 33
Russian Campaign: The size of Napoleon's army is shown by the dwindling width of the lines of advance (green) and retreat (gold). The retreat information is correlated with a temperature scale shown along the lower portion of the map. 34
1814: The End Part 1 1813: Wellington drives Fr. out of Spain, pushes into France 1813: Leipzig (Battle of the Nations 16-19 Oct.) Fr. Defeated by Austria, Russia, Prussia. 1814: Allies push into Fr enter Paris Mar. 30 th Napoleon s abdication & 1 st exile to Elba 35
Napoleon s first exile 1814 Russian Army enters Paris (March 30th 1814) Elba 36
Restoration: Louis XVIII Congress of Vienna 1814-15 37
End of the Napoleonic Wars 1815 (Revolution: 86-87) 100 Days: Napoleon s escape from Elba, march on Paris 7 th Coalition: GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, German States) June: Waterloo 38
Waterloo 39
Napoleon exiled to St Helena Br. Colony since 1659 (d. 1821) 40
Les Invalides: Napoleon s Tomb 41
Congress of Vienna Restoration Louis XVIII (to 1824) Final Act of Congress of Vienna (14 Nov. 1814-8 Jun. 1815) Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria, Prussia) 42
Congress of Vienna 1814-15 Legitimacy (Revolution:101-106) Prussia: increased territory (predominant power in NW Germany); Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation 43
German Confederation 44
France 1790 frontiers, conciliation 1816: Argentinean independence 45
The Netherlands Belgium (independent 1831) & Holland = Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-39) 46
Switzerland Permanent neutrality 47
Austria Sphere of influence in NE Italy 48
Russia Increased Polish territory + Finland 49
Europe after Congress of Vienna 50
End of Revolution, growth of Empire Revolution:107 Britain: bases for sea power (Royal Navy) Pax Britannica ( Rule Britannia! Britannia rule the waves Mid 18 th c.) 51
British Empire Dutch Empire (from Dutch): Cape Town. Cape Colony, 1853. Province Union of S. Africa 1910 Ceylon (from Portuguese) (British control since 1796) (independent 1948 1972: Sri Lanka) 52
British Empire: Europe Malta (independent 1964) Hanover (passed to male 1837) Heligoland (ruled to 1890), Ionian Islands (ruled to 1864) 53
British Empire: Caribbean Trinidad & Tobago (indep 1962) St Lucia (Commonw ealth) British Guiana (indep 1970) 54
The British Empire, 1815 55
The Congress of Vienna 56
The Long Peace (1815-1914) Revolution 99 After more than 20 years [1792-1815] of almost unbroken war and revolution, the victorious old regimes faced problems of peace-making and peace-preservation [&] no major European war was henceforth tolerable; for such a war would almost mean a revolution, and the destruction of the old regimes 57
World, 1815 58
Nationalism Nationalism, like so many other characteristics of the modern world, is the child of the dual revolution (Revolution:145). Nation = one and indivisible Nationality: ethnic & linguistic State = collective sovereignty 1 Nation = 1 State = 1 Territory 59
Nationalism Nation & nationality: democratic, revolutionary, liberal Citizen = sovereign people = state Dynastic legitimacy # loyalty to state (patriotism patrie). Nationality = citizenship 60