SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES SECURITY CHALLENGES OF AFRICA ieee.es Captain (SPN) IGNACIO JOSÉ GARCÍA SÁNCHEZ Lisbon Treaty and Future of the European Security Policy DEPUTY DIRECTOR (Prague. 06 MAY 2010)
INDEX HARD VS SOFT POWER? AFRICA S FRAGILITY NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS?
HARD VERSUS SOFT POWER? Rules must be binding. Violations must be punished. Words must mean something. The world must stand together. President Obama s speech delivered in Prague. 05 April 2009
HARD VERSUS SOFT POWER? Multilateralism, Comprehensiveness, Sustainability Spanish Defence Policy Secretary General s recent speech balancing the 20 years of the Spanish participation on Peace Operations, with the first operation in Angola under the United Nations mission UNAVEM in January 1989. In that speech, Mr. Luis Civis referred to the intervention of the Spanish Minister of Defence in the Spanish Parliament during the presentation of the National Defence Directive, stating that the response to the treats in the new scenario must be MULTILATERAL, COMPREHENSIVE and SUSTAINED IN TIME.
HARD VERSUS SOFT POWER? Africa-EU Peace and Security Partnership The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership adopted by the Lisbon Summit on 9 December 2007 laid the foundation of a long-term strategic partnership. A GLOBAL RESPONSE FOR FRAGILITY SITUATIONS Mme. Claude-France Arnould Director of Crisis Management & Planning Department
1 SOMALIA 114.7 2 ZIMBABWE 114.0 3 SUDAN 112.4 4 CHAD 112.2 5 DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO 108.7 9 GUINEA 104.6 11 IVORY COAST 102.5 14 KENYA 101.4 151 SPAIN 43.3 152 CZECH REPUBLIC 42.6
15 NIGERIA 99.8 16 ETHIOPIA 98.9 21 UGANDA 96.9 23 NIGER 96.5 24 BURUNDI 95.7 26 CAMEROON 95.3 27 GUINEA-BISSAU 94.8 28 MALAWI 93.8 30 REPUBLIC OF CONGO 93.1 32 SIERRA LEONE 92.1 34 LIBERIA 91.8 35 BURKINA FASO 91.3 36 ERITREA 90.3 Core Five State Institutions Leadership Military Police Judiciary Civil Service Weak Weak Poor Weak Weak
43 EGYPT 89.0 45 RWANDA 89.0 46 MAURITANIA 88.7 47 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 88.3 50 TOGO 87.2 52 COMOROS 86.3 55 ANGOLA 85.0 57 CHINA 84.6 58 ISRAEL/WEST BANK 84.6 60 ZAMBIA 84.2 65 SWAZILAND 82.4 67 LESOTHO 81.8 68 MADAGASCAR 81.6 70 TANZANIA 81.1 71 RUSSIA 80.8 72 MOZAMBIQUE 80.7 73 ALGERIA 80.6 74 DJIBOUTI 80.6
80 GAMBIA 79.0 83 MALI 78.7 84 CAPE VERDE 78.5 87 INDIA 77.8 93 MOROCCO 77.1 96 NAMIBIA 75.6 99 GABON 74.4 102 SENEGAL 74.2 111 BELIZE 69.5 112 LIBYA 69.4 113 BRAZIL 69.1 116 BOTSWANA 68.8 120 SEYCHELLES 67.7 121 TUNISIA 67.6 122 SOUTH AFRICA 67.4 123 TRINIDAD 66.7 124 GHANA 66.2
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 DEMOGRAPHY Millions of persons Año 1920 Año 1950 Año 2010 6% infected by AIDS Lack of Infrastructure Two thirds of those living with HIV are in sub-saharan Africa, most of whom are women Problems of governability
ETHNICITY Parliament: 245 seats 44 seats for each clan Dir, Hawiye, Darod y Digil
GOVERNABILITY Somalia never will become a viable State while capable security structures were not in place. Only in that way, the Transition Federal Government will be able to extent its authority and, eventually, prevent the crime and so, the acts of piracy SP MOD Mrs. Chacón
REGIONALIZATION
875 nm AFRICA S FRAGILITY PIRACY 12 JUN 09 31 May 09 Haradheere 05 Nov 09 24 Nov 09
SUDAN 1956 independence Civil War: North versus South 600 ethnic groups Racism against the black population From 1983: 1 million deaths 2-3 millions displaced/refugees LEADERSHIP CHAD According to the UN, Chad has been affected by a humanitarian crisis since at least 2001. As of 2008, the country of Chad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the Sudan's Darfur region, over 55,000 from the Central African Republic, as well as over 170,000 internally displaced persona On 4 March 2008, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for President Omar al-bashir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC
THE TUAREG PROBLEM bluemen and yellowcake DEPLETION OF WATER AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE FRENCH COLONIZATION NIGER MOVEMENT for JUSTICE DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE for CHANGE ALQAEDA in the ISLAMIC MAGREB (AQIM) Resource exploration and development trigger concerns that the Tuareg will suffer the consequences of these projects without receiving any of the benefits
ARGELIA AREAS OF TERRORISM ACTIVITY MOST IMPORTANTS Year 2009: 250 violent acts 7% against civilians AL QAEDA ORGANIZATION IN THE ISLAMIC MAGREB Abdelmadek Droukel Salafiste Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) was established by Security Council resolution 690 of 29 April 1991 The consolidation of the status quo is not an acceptable outcome Extended mandate until 30 April 2011
GUINEA-BISSAU SSR Pte. João Bernardo Vieira 2-3-2009 Gral. Tagmé 1-3-2009 SSR AFs Reduction and new structure Reduce 9 Policy bodies to 4 Justice
MADEIRA CANARIAS MAURITANIA 2100 THE MEDITERRANEAN BREACH PORTUGAL 21800 AFRICA S FRAGILITY MARRUECOS ALGERIA MOROCCO 4600 SPAIN 33700 7000 FRANCE 32800 ARGELIA TUNEZ TUNISIA 8000 ITALY 30300 LIBYA 15200 LIBIA GREECE 32100 EU: 32.600 $ World: 10.500 $ Maghreb: 6.566 $ EGYPT EGIPTO MAR NEGRO Africa: 4.134 $ 42% population 88% GDP- 5 Countries over the World average 6000 ISRAEL GDP per CAPITA $ (CIA. Fact Book. Estimated 2009) MAURITANIA
Africa in the darkness We will not enjoy development without security, we will not enjoy security without development and we will not enjoy either without respect for human rights. Unless all the causes are advanced, none will succeed (Kofi Annan. In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all. 21 March 2005)
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS Euro-Arabic Dialogue Group 5+5 The Med Dialogue + ICI Euro-Med Partnership Union for the Med The Alliance of Civilizations
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS NATO s Mediterranean Dialogue was initiated in 1994. It currently involves seven non-nato countries of the Mediterranean region: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) Reaching out to the broader Middle East NATO's ICI, launched at the Alliance's Summit in June 2004, aims to contribute to long-term global and regional security. Six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council were initially invited to participate. To date, four of these -- Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates -- have joined. Saudi Arabia and Oman have also shown an interest
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS Administrative centre: Barcelona, Spain Co-presidency: Egypt France
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS We cannot neglect the importance of security and military measures, on the contrary, they are critical. But, ultimately, this is not a struggle that can be won by military means alone. The struggle is one of ideas, of hearts and minds as well as of weapons. And we have to realize that the roots of the alternative narrative which sees Islam pitted against the West, go deep.
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS Strategic Partnership AFRICA-EU AFRICOM Spanish PLAN AFRICA 2009-2012
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS The EU-Africa summit, held in December 2007 in Lisbon, cemented new Africa-EU strategic partnership, marking a qualitative leap in relations between the two continents First ACTION PLAN specifies concrete proposals for 2008-2010, structured along 8 Africa-EU strategic partnerships: 1. PEACE AND SECURITY For Africans partners it means to taking the responsibility for the collective security system set up on the African continent, with full support of the Europeans. For the EU and its member states is an opportunity to move beyond the political support and join in a global strategy. This partnership is indeed a comprehensive commitment that joins development policies and the CFSP, including the CSDP
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS "Multilateral exercises like Phoenix Express are an important part of the U.S. Naval Forces Africa Maritime Supporting Plans and the International Military Partnering Lines of Operations" ROTA, Spain - Lance Corporal Drew Van Hook, assigned to Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team (FAST), Company Europe, at Naval Station Rota, Spain, instructs a Moroccan maritime interdiction operations team on basic close quarter battle training, April 27, 2010, in preparation for Exercise Phoenix Express. The goals of the exercise are to increase participating countries' knowledge and experience with FAST unit core capabilities and highlight common safety and security concerns in the maritime environment such as illegal immigration, criminal activity, narcotics trafficking, and weapons trafficking. (U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 1st Class Paul Cage)
NEW VS OLD PARADIGMS Main Goals Strengthen democracy, respect for human rights, peace and security Combating poverty and contributing to Africa's development agenda Cooperation to adequately regulate migratory flows Development of the EU strategy towards Africa Economic trade and investment promotion Strengthening cultural cooperation Political projection and institutional presence
SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES SECURITY CHALLENGES OF AFRICA ieee.es Captain (SPN) IGNACIO JOSÉ GARCÍA SÁNCHEZ Lisbon Treaty and Future of the European Security Policy DEPUTY DIRECTOR (Prague. 06 MAY 2010)