SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX Immigration Consequences of Criminal Activity, Fifth Ed. A AAO. See Administrative Appeals Office Abuse. See Child abuse; Domestic violence Abuse of discretion standard of review, 25 ACCESS (Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security) immigration law enforcement, 173 Accurint tool in criminal-alien law practice, 32, 594 Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 failure to register as sex offender, 347 48 Addicts controlled substance offenses, 326 ground for deportation, 326 Address, change of registration requirement, 341, 343, 410 Adjustment of status generally, 424 31 advance parole, 7 aggravated felony offenses, 386 87, 429 alien smuggling charges, 406 7 arriving aliens, 444 46 defined, 156, 424 discretionary relief, 27 28, 426 27, 601 2 domestic violence offenses, 401 2, 430 31 export violations, 416 17, 431 failure to register, 410 falsification of documents, 410 firearms offenses, 392 94, 429 30 forms, fees, and attachments, 599 601 ground of inadmissibility, 424 25 jurisdiction, 427 29 money laundering offenses, 396 98 moral turpitude, crimes of, 368 71 Notice to Appear, 18 19 permanent and non-permanent residents, availability, 426 registration offenses, 431 section 212(c) waiver in conjunction with, 486 section 212(h) waiver in conjunction with, 438 U status, 578, 579 81 visa fraud, 410 12, 431 Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) overview, 17 657 T status, denial of, 571 Administrative orders, challenge to as defense to criminal charge of re-entry after removal, 508 9 Administrative Procedure Act rulemaking procedure, 212 Admissions to prosecutor, required for diversion advice to client about, 533 effect of, 101 2 Advance parole adjustment of status, 7 Adverse immigration consequences, avoiding federal first offender treatment, 533 34 juvenile delinquency, 534 methods to, 532 36 petty-offense exception, 535 36 pretrial diversion, 532 33 AEDPA. See Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 A-file with DHS, 12 FOIA requests, 33 method of agencies locating client, 170 Africa temporary protected status (TPS), 7 Agencies, government locating clients with criminal convictions by, 169 73 overview, 12 17 Aggravated assault moral turpitude, crimes of, 266, 267, 269 plea, 540, 555 Aggravated felonies. See also specific offenses adjustment of status, 381 82, 429 alien smuggling, 407 plea, 544 relief from, 501 3 asylum and withholding of removal, 383 85, 390 91 attempts, 318 19 cancellation of removal, 551 case law, 275 77 classification of crimes, 273 319 consequences of conviction, 381 92, 421, 541 49 conspiracy, 275, 318 19 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 385

Aggravated felons, expedited removal of IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. crimes of violence, 295 303, 316 18 definition of, 273 75, 471 72 deportability/removability, 382, 387 89 federal, state, and certain foreign convictions, 275 felony requirement, 316 18 firearms offenses, 393 94 inadmissibility, adjustment of status, and visa eligibility, 386 87 judicial review of particularly serious crime determination, 384 85 loss to victim in excess of $10,000, 543 LPRs and waivers, 434 35 mandatory detention, 382, 389 90, 541 misdemeanors treated as, 316 18 modified categorical approach, 237 39 moral turpitude, crimes of, 266 naturalization, 385 86, 391 92 non-elemental facts, 244 not crimes of violence, 303 4 offenses that depend on amount of funds involved, 313 16 offenses that depend on commercial advantage, 316 offenses that depend on sentence imposed, 313 pardons, 108 personal use exception, 387 88 plea to avoid, 551 political offense exception, 385 section 212(c) waiver, 470 72 sentence for, term of imprisonment, 542 43 theft offenses, 261 voluntary departure, 382 83, 390 92 Aggravated felons, expedited removal of overview, 161 64 relief from, 163 64 Aggravated fleeing and eluding plea, 541 Aggravated stalking moral turpitude, crimes of, 268 plea, 541 Aiding and abetting classification of crime, 244 controlled substance offense, 544 moral turpitude, crimes of, 258 59 AILALink tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33 AILA.org tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33 Alabama detention centers, 48 Alien smuggling adjustment of status, 406 7, 502 aggravated felony, 274, 312 13, 337 39, 407, 501 3 asylum and withholding of removal, 408 9 consequences of, 337 41, 406 10, 422 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 409 crime of, 339 41 defined, 339 deportability/removability, 337 41, 407 immediate family member, exception for, 339, 500 501 inadmissibility, adjustment of status, and visa eligibility, 406 7 mandatory detention, 407 moral turpitude, crimes of, 273 naturalization, 409 10 plea, 544 relief, 500 503 aggravated felony, 501 3 asylum and withholding of removal, 502 3 cancellation of removal, 501, 502 deportability and inadmissibility, absent a conviction, 500 501 naturalization, 503 section 212(c) waiver, 502 section 212(h) waiver, 502 waiver, 500 501 voluntary departure, 408 American citizens derivative citizenship, 492 96 at birth, citizenship at, 493 96 children born outside U.S., 494 95 LPRs, 2 requirements for, 2 3 status of, 2 3 Amnesty programs adjustment of status, 156. See also Adjustment of status reinstatement of removal, 167 68 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) key legislation, 35 retroactive application of, 467 72 section 212(c) waiver, 160, 466 67, 605 6 Appeals AAO. See Administrative Appeals Office Attorney General review, 16 17 BIA. See Board of Immigration Appeals bond determination, 199 automatic stay during, 211 16 federal judicial review, 24 30 Office of Chief Counsel, 16 petitions for review to Court of Appeals, 28 30 removal proceedings, 21 23 T status, denial of, 571 Applicants for admission inadmissibility, 152 58 658 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX AR-11 form change of address, 341, 343, 410 Arizona detention centers, 48 49 immigration courts and judges, 68 Offices of Chief Counsel, 36 REPAT program, 169 Armed Criminal Career Act of 1984 (ACCA) classification of crimes, 237, 402 Arrest at border, 13 14 upon termination of sentence, 14 while out in community, 14 Arriving aliens adjustment of status, 444 46 jurisdiction over custody issues, 204 5 pleas, 554 smuggling. See Alien smuggling voluntary departure, 489, 490 Arson moral turpitude, crimes of, 269 plea, 540 Assault with deadly weapon, 267 on law enforcement officer, 268 moral turpitude, crimes of, 268 69 not crime of violence, 303 plea, 540 Asylum adjustment of status, 156. See also Adjustment of status aggravated felony conviction as bar to, 383 85, 390 91, 542 alien smuggling charges, 408 9, 502 3 controlled substance offenses and, 390 91 Convention Against Torture (CAT) compared, 6 7 defined, 5 domestic violence offenses, 405 6 entry without inspection, 10 export violations, 419 failure to register, 414 filing fee exception, 21 firearms offenses, 395 immigration status, 5 7 money laundering, 400 moral turpitude, 376 Notice to Appear, 18 referral of petition, 18n51 relief under, 453 54 section 209(c) waiver, 450 52 standard of review, 25 temporary protected status (TPS), 7 visa fraud, 414 15 Visa Waiver Program (VWP), 5 Battered spouse withholding of removal distinguished, 6 Athletes nonimmigrant visa holders, 4, 157 Attempt. See also specific offenses aggravated felony, 275, 318 19 controlled substance cases, 294 95 Attempted murder moral turpitude, crimes of, 267 Attempted possession of stolen property aggravated felony, 311 Attorney General discretionary waivers, 449 EOIR, 12 invocation of custody rule, 220 21 review, 16 17 temporary protected status (TPS), 7 Attorneys defense and immigration counsel, importance of working as team, 554 immigration client checklist, 363 66 Legal Net, 610 notice of appearance of counsel, 22 removal proceedings, right to, 19 tools and strategies for criminal-alien law practice, 31 34 Authority over immigration law enforcement. See Government agencies; specific agencies Automatic stay during appeal of bond hearing, 211 16 Automobiles. See Vehicles B Background checks. See Biometrics and background checks Bad checks, passing of moral turpitude, crimes of, 262 Bahamas tourists and temporary workers from, 4 Bail posting early in criminal process, importance of, 170 Bail jumping aggravated felony, 275 Battered child. See Child abuse Battered spouse adjustment of status, 156. See also Adjustment of status cancellation of removal, 463 deferred action, 8 9 review of petitions, 17 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 659

Battery IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. waiver application, 433, 434, 463, 602 4 Battery on law enforcement officer, 268 moral turpitude, crimes of, 268, 269 plea, 540 sexual battery, 304 Bermuda tourists and temporary workers from, 4 Beyond a reasonable doubt standard for conviction defined, 98 BIA. See Board of Immigration Appeals Biographic form, G-325 S status, 565 Biographic form, G-325A adjustment of status, 600, 601 Biometrics and background checks convictions, 160 fees, 21, 599, 608 immigration applications requiring, 170, 593 95 locating clients with criminal convictions, 170 Birth citizenship at, 493 96 Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) attorney general review, 16 17 contact information, 66 notice of appeal requirements, 22 overview, 16 removal proceedings, 21 23 review after BIA appeal, 24, 28 29 Bonds, posting of agency arrests and detention, 198 204 arriving aliens, 204 5 automatic stay and, 211 16 client held in detention, 170 deportable respondents, 206 7 EWI, 206 hearings before Immigration Judge on, 199, 210 Border arrest at, 13 14 Customs and Border Protection (CBP), role of, 12 14 Bribery commercial, 274, 313, 472 of witness, 274, 472 Burden of proof classification of crime, 243, 249 53 post-conviction relief on merits (vacaturs), 112 13 refugee or asylum status, withholding of removal, 6 removal proceedings, 20 21 Bureau of Consular Affairs visa issuance, 14 15 Bureau of Industry and Security export violations, 346 Burglary aggravated felony, 274, 311 classification of crimes, 237 moral turpitude, crimes of, 262, 538 plea, 538, 540 Business professionals nonimmigrant visa holders, 4, 503 660 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association C California detention centers, 49 51 immigration courts and judges, 69 71 Offices of Chief Counsel, 36 38 Canada tourists and temporary workers without visas from, 4 Cancellation of removal admission gained through fraud and, 460 61 aggravated felonies, 551 alien smuggling charges, 501, 502 battered spouses, 463 continuous residence vs. LPR status, 457 60 discretionary determination, 27 28 eligibility for relief and, 457 immigration court filings, 607 ineligible individuals, 461 62 NACARA 203, 463 65 relief under, 457 65 section 212(c) waiver, combined with, 457, 487 special rule, 463 67, 608 CAP (Criminal Alien Program) generally, 15 Caribbean tourists and temporary workers without visas from, 4 CAT. See Convention Against Torture Categorical approach classification of crimes, 236 39, 243, 245, 332, 334 35 Cayman Islands tourists and temporary workers from, 4 CBP. See Customs and Border Protection CCA (Child Citizenship Act of 2000) generally, 495 96 Change of address card registration requirement, 341, 343, 410 Change of status inadmissibility, 157

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX Checklists for immigration clients, 363 66 Child abuse battered children cancellation of removal, 463 deferred action, 8 9 waiver application, 433, 602 4 crime of violence, 335 36, 403 moral turpitude, crimes of, 270 71 sexual abuse, 270 71, 273, 276 77, 317 18, 547 Child born outside U.S. derivative citizenship, 494 95 Child Citizenship Act of 2000 (CCA) generally, 495 96 Child endangerment deportability, 335 36 Childhood arrivals deferred action for, 9 Child pornography aggravated felony, 274 moral turpitude, crimes of, 271 Circumstance-specific approach classification of crimes, 241 44 Citizenship. See Derivative citizenship Citizenship and Immigration Services. See USCIS Classification of crimes. See also specific offenses beyond moral turpitude and aggravated felonies, 319 48 burden of proof, 243, 249 53 immigration client checklist, 363 66 under immigration law, 235 348 methodology, 236 53 burden of proof, 243 categorical approach, 236 39, 243, 245, 332 circumstance-specific approach, 241 44 evidence, 250 51 minimal (or least culpable) conduct approach, 240 41 modified categorical approach, 237 39, 243, 266, 332 realistic probability test, 244 46, 247, 271 step-by-step methodology, 246 49 moral turpitude, crimes of, 245 49, 253 73 non-elemental facts, 241 44, 327 30 overview, 235 36 Clients background checks, running on, 594 confirmation-of-appointment letters, 34, 94 conviction records, 100 107 family members. See Family members immigration client checklist, 363 66 information sheet, 95 96 Controlled substance offenses status of, defining, 1 11 tools and strategies for criminal-alien law practice, 31 34 Coercion and intimidation as defense to criminal charge of re-entry after removal, 509 Colorado detention center, 51 immigration court and judges, 71 Offices of Chief Counsel, 38 Commerce Department export violations, 346 Commercial bribery aggravated felony, 274, 313 Confirmation-of-appointment letters as tool in criminal-alien law practice, 34, 94 Connecticut immigration court and judges, 71 72 Office of Chief Counsel, 41 42 Consequences of criminal act generally, 421 22 aggravated felonies, 381 92 alien smuggling, 406 10, 422 chart of, 421 22 controlled substance offenses, 386 92, 421 domestic violence, 401 6, 422 export violations, 416 20, 422 firearms offenses, 326 30, 392 96, 421 money laundering offenses, 396 401, 422 moral turpitude, crimes of, 368 81, 422 visa/passport fraud, 410 16, 422 Conspiracy aggravated felony, 275, 318 19 drug-related, 544 drug trafficking, 294 95 moral turpitude, crimes of, 258 59 Consular office waiver application, 504 5, 610 11 Continuous residence LPR status distinguished, 442, 457 60 Contributing to delinquency of minor plea, 277, 547 Controlled substance offenses aggravated felonies, 273, 278 79 asylum and withholding of removal, 390 91 consequences of, 386 92, 421 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 390 definition of, 319 22 deportability/removability, 387 distribution without remuneration, 280 82 drug abusers and addicts, 326 drug paraphernalia, 322 24, 387 88 federal convictions, 278 79 federal recidivist statute, 289 90 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 661

Convention Against Torture (CAT) IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. inadmissibility adjustment of status, and visa eligibility, 386 87 deportability compared to, 388 removability and, as independent grounds for, 319 waiver, 432 intent to use, 324 look-alike drugs, 324 25 mandatory detention, 389 90 moral turpitude, crimes of, 272, 319 26 naturalization, 391 92 Ninth Circuit variation on first offender/youthful offender provisions, 103 5 other federal circuits on first offender/youthful offender provisions, 105 6 pardons, 108 personal use exception, 387 88 plea, 544, 550, 553, 554 55 prescription drugs, 283 purchase of amount for personal use, 283 84 reason to believe, 319, 325, 386 87 second or subsequent offense for simple possession, 290 95 simulated or imitation controlled substances, 324 25 solicitation offenses, 322 state convictions, 279, 284 88, 291 94 trafficking in, 279 80. See also Drug trafficking crimes voluntary departure, 390 Convention Against Torture (CAT) aggravated felonies, 385 alien smuggling, 409 controlled substance offenses, 390 domestic violence offenses, 406 filing fee exception, 21 firearm offenses, 395 money laundering, 400 moral turpitude, crimes of, 378 visa/passport fraud, 415 withholding of removal under, 6 7, 385, 390, 395, 400, 406, 409, 415, 452, 456 57, 503 Conviction admissions to prosecutor, required for diversion, effect of, 101 2 beyond a reasonable doubt standard, 98 credit for time served, 229 defined, 97 125 diversion, 101 2 expungements, 102 7 FFOA expungements, 106 7 finality of, 99 first offender/youthful offender provisions, 103, 533 34 foreign convictions, 122 24 juvenile delinquency, acts of, 120 22 LPRs, 3 modification of sentence, postconviction relief, 119 Ninth Circuit variation on first offender/youthful offender provisions, 103 5 nonimmigrant visa holders, 4 other federal circuits on first offender/youthful offender provisions, 105 6 pardons, 107 9 post-conviction relief on merits (vacaturs), 109 18, 126 50 pretrial intervention, 101 2 proof of convictions, 124 25 record sealings, 102 7 suspensions of sentence, 125 withholds or deferrals of adjudication, 99 101 Cooperating witnesses mandatory detention, 196 97 Cooperating witnesses, visas for generally, 4, 557 S status, 558 66 adjustment to permanent resident status, under S status, 562 64 conditions of status, 561 62 deferred action, 8 9 family members, 563 64 I-854 form, 560, 583 88 parole, 566 regulations, 560 61 statute, 559 60 time to acquire, 566 tips and advice on, 564 66 written commitment, 564 T status, 566 71 annual cap, 570 application procedure, 568 70 battered spouse, 8 deferred action, 8 extreme hardship, 568 family members, 570 final order of removal, 569 70 nonimmigrant status, issuance of, 570 71 pending immigration proceedings, 569 permanent residency, 570 71 regulations, 567 68 review, 17 revocation of status, 570 severe form of trafficking, defined, 567 68 statute, 567 U status, 571 82 662 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX adjustment of status, 578, 579 81 battered spouse, 8 9 criminal activity, defined, 573 deferred action, 8 9 family members, 576, 581 filing, 574 76 jurisdiction, 582 permanent resident status, 579 82 regulation, 573 79 removal proceedings, persons in, 576 79 review, 17 statute, 572 73 Counterfeiting aggravated felony, 274, 313, 472 currency or securities, plea, 553 goods, 263 Country-condition experts tool in criminal-alien law practice, 34 Country-condition sources of information (Websites) tool in criminal-alien law practice, 34 Credit card fraud moral turpitude, crimes of, 263 plea, 553 Crimes of violence. See Violence, crimes of Crime victims. See also Cooperating witnesses, visas for in crime of domestic violence, 333 35, 552 nonimmigrant visa holders, 4 Criminal activity. See also Classification of crimes aggravated felons, expedited removal of, 161 64 relief from, 163 64 Attorney General, invocation of custody rule, 220 21 deportability, 158 61 for criminal record holders, 153 distinguished from inadmissibility, 159 61 inadmissibility adjustment of status, 156 57 change of status, 157 for criminal record holders, 153 entry without inspection, 157 58 good moral character, 158 naturalization, 158 parolees, 157 temporary protected status, 158 visa applicants at American embassies, 157 mandatory detention, 164, 193 219 release from custody, 207 9 Criminal Alien Program (CAP) generally, 15 Criminally reckless conduct crimes of violence, 266 Deportability moral turpitude, crimes of, 266 Criminal mischief plea of, 538, 540 Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 adjustment of status, 601 review under, 17 Cuban citizens and nationals. See also Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 order of supervision for, 9 unremovable status of, 216 Currency reporting violation plea, 554 Custody rule. See Transition Period Custody Rules (TPCR) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) application for waiver, 593 deferred inspections, 172 overview, 12 14 parole, 7 8 re-entry after trip abroad, procedures for, 172 structure of (chart), 86 D Deadly weapons plea, 553 Deceit. See Fraud DED (deferred enforced departure) defined, 8 Deferrals of adjudication comparison with pretrial diversion, 532 33 defined, 99 101 Deferred action for childhood arrivals, 9 criminal conviction, effect on, 9 defined, 8 Deferred enforced departure (DED) defined, 8 Deferred inspections clients with criminal records at, 172 Delinquency of minor plea of contributing to, 277, 547 Department of. See name of specific department Deportability aggravated felons, expedited removal of, 161 64 burden of proof, 20 21 for criminal record holders, 153 domestic violence, 402 4 export violations, 417 firearms offenses, 392 94 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 663

Deportation IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. grounds for LPRs, convictions, 4 inadmissibility distinguished from, 159 61 LPRs, convictions, 4 moral turpitude, 371 74 overview, 195 pardons, 107 9 section 212(c) waiver and, 159 60, 485 86 Deportation Criminal Alien Program (CAP), 15 in absentia, 18, 510 naturalization as defense to, 497 500 notice, 510 permission to reapply for admission after deportation or removal, 614 18 permission to re-enter after, Form I-212 not required, 506 7 re-entry after removal, 164 66 stay of, 614 16 withholding of removal, 6 Depositions removal proceedings, 19 Derivative citizenship at birth, citizenship at, 493 96 children born outside U.S., 494 95 LPRs, 2 parents as citizens, 2, 3 relief under, 492 96 requirements for, 2 3 Destructive devices. See also Explosives defined, 326 27 trafficking in, 274, 306 Detainer persons in penal custody to be provided, 14 Detention, mandatory. See Mandatory detention Detention centers list of, 48 65 DHS. See Homeland Security, Department of Discretionary determinations. See also specific applications and waivers adjustment of status, 426 27 federal judicial review, 27 28, 29, 197 Diversion pretrial, 101 2 Divisible statutes aggravated felonies, 305, 311, 548 classification of crimes, 237 39, 240, 247 crime of domestic violence, 332, 333 drug trafficking, 280 firearm offenses, 305 moral turpitude, crimes of, 258, 270, 397, 537, 538 DOJ. See Justice Department Domestic violence. See also Battered spouse; Child abuse generally, 331 adjustment of status, 401 2, 430 31 asylum and withholding of removal, 405 6 child abuse, 335 36 consequences of, 401 6, 422 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 406 definition of crime of, 332 33, 401 deportability/removability, 331, 402 4 inadmissibility, adjustment of status, and visa eligibility, 401 2 mandatory detention, 404 moral turpitude, crimes of, 269, 337 naturalization, 406 offenses, 331 37 pardons, 108 plea, 549 50, 552 53 protection orders, 336 37 reckless, 303 victims, 333 35, 552 voluntary departure, 405 6 DOS. See State Department Driving under influence. See DUI (driving under influence) cases Drug abusers/addicts. See Controlled substance offenses Drug paraphernalia BIA decision, 358 62 controlled substance offenses, 322 24, 387 88 plea, 554 55 Drug trafficking crimes. See also Controlled substance offenses aggravated felonies, 277 84 attempts, 294 95 burden of proof, 282 charging phase vs. sentencing phase, 293 conspiracies, 294 95 federal law, 273, 278 79 felony classification, 284 88 misdemeanors, 279 80 plea, 546 prosecutorial discretion, 293 94 reason to believe non-american citizen is drug trafficker, 325 state law, 284 DUI (driving under influence) cases crime of violence, 297 98 moral turpitude, crimes of, 271 72, 539 plea, 539, 540 Duress as affirmative defense to criminal charge of reentry after removal, 509 664 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX E EAR (Export Administration Regulations) export violations, 346 Electronic monitoring. See also Intensive Supervision Appearance Program alternative to detention, 201, 218, 230 Eligibility for relief cancellation of removal and, 457 naturalization, 552 plea, 550 56 agreement and colloquy, 552 56 section 212(h) and, 551 withholding of removal and asylum, 551 52 El Salvador. See also Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997 (NACARA) reinstatement of removal, 167, 464 special rule cancellation of removal, 463 65 temporary protected status (TPS), 7 Embassies abroad, forms of relief, 589, 610 memoranda of law before, 610 11 visa applicants at, 12, 14 15, 157 waiver applications, 589, 610 Embezzlement aggravated felony, 312, 549 Employment adjustment of status, 600 authorization document, 9, 11 deferred action, 9 EAD, 11 order of supervision, 10 temporary protected status (TPS), 7 Entertainers nonimmigrant visa holders, 4, 503 Entry without inspection (EWI) adjustment of status, 439 bond hearing, 206 defined, 10 inadmissibility, 157 58 mandatory detentions, 206 7 removal proceedings, 10 11 EOIR. See Executive Office for Immigration Review EOIR-27 form notice of appearance of counsel, 22 EOIR-29 form appeal to BIA, 22 EOIR-42A form waiver application, 607 Extreme hardship Equities cancellation of removal, 607 8 section 212(c) waiver, 606 ERO. See Office of Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) Evidence. See also Burden of proof classification of crime, 250 51 removal proceedings, 19 20, 124 25 in support of waiver, 595 99 applicant, evidence relating to, 596 98 family members, evidence relating to, 598 99 before immigration court, 595 EWI. See Entry without inspection Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) BIA contact information, 66 contact information, 66 85 Office of Chief Clerk, 66 overview, 12, 15 17 rules of procedure, 16 Exhaustion of administrative remedies habeas petition, 210 Expert witnesses evidence from, 593 Explosives aggravated felony, 274, 306 defined, 326 27 firearm offenses, 306 7 Export Administration Regulations (EAR) export violations, 346 Export violations adjustment of status, 416 17, 431 asylum and withholding of removal, 419 consequences of, 416 20 deportability/removability, 345 47, 417 inadmissibility and visa eligibility, 346 47, 416 17 mandatory detention, 417 national security issues, 345 47 naturalization, 419 20 voluntary departure, 418 Expungements as convictions, 102 7 under FFOA, 106 7 Extortion crime of violence, 304 moral turpitude, crimes of, 269 Extreme hardship T status, visas for cooperating witnesses, 568 waiver applications, 433, 434, 603 4 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 665

Failure to appear F Failure to appear on felony change, 274 for service of sentence, 274 Failure to register adjustment of status, 410, 431 asylum and withholding of removal, 414 crimes involving, 341 45 deportability/removability, 412 inadmissibility, adjustment of status, and visa eligibility, 410 12 mandatory detention, 413 naturalization, 415 visa fraud and, 343 45 voluntary departure, 413 Failure to register as sexual offender moral turpitude, crimes of, 270 Failure to stop and render aid after fatal car accident moral turpitude, crimes of, 269 False statements moral turpitude, crimes of, 264 65 pleas, 554 Falsification of documents. See Fraud; Visa/passport fraud Family members alien smuggling, exception for immediate family member, 339, 500 501 evidence in support, 598 99 visas for cooperating witnesses S status, 563 64 T status, 570 U status, 576, 581 Fastcase tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) rap sheet request, 92 93 tool in criminal-alien law practice, 31, 594, 596n8 Federal First Offender Act of 1984 (FFOA) adverse immigration consequences, avoiding, 533 34 expungements, 106 7 state counterparts to, 103 5 Federal judicial review arriving aliens, 205 6 constitutionality, 197 detention during review of final removal order, 217 18 discretionary determinations, 27 28, 29 habeas corpus, 29 30, 210 jurisdiction, 24 30 IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. particularly serious crime determination, 454 56 petitions for review to Court of Appeals, 28 30 REAL ID Act, 26 27 review after BIA appeal, 24 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure habeas petitions under, 30 Fees adjustment of status, 599 601 application for relief from removal orders, 21 BIA appeals, 22 biometrics, 21 removal proceedings, application for relief, 21, 22 Felonies aggravated. See Aggravated felonies moral turpitude, crimes of, 255 temporary protected status (TPS), 7 FFOA. See Federal First Offender Act of 1984 Filing fee. See Fees Fingerprinting. See Biometrics and background checks Firearms offenses adjustment of status, 392 94, 429 30 as aggravated felonies, 305, 306 9, 393 94, 553 asylum and withholding of removal, 395 carrying concealed weapons, 273 consequences of, 326 30, 392 96, 421 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 395 crime of violence, 274 definition of firearm and destructive device, 326 27 deportability/removability, 392 94 inadmissibility and visa eligibility, 330, 392 mandatory detention, 394 moral turpitude, crimes of, 273 motion to terminate removal proceedings, 497 naturalization, 395 96 non-elemental facts, 244 pardon, 108 plea, 547, 553 possession by felon, 307 reason to believe, 330 31 voluntary departure, 394 96 First offender, youthful offender provisions convictions, 103, 533 34 Ninth Circuit variation on, 103 5 other federal circuits on, 105 6 Fleeing and eluding plea, 541 Fleuti doctrine elimination of, 153 55 Florida detention center, 51 52 666 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX immigration courts and judges, 72 73 immigration law enforcement, 173n60 Offices of Chief Counsel, 38 39 Force, use of. See Violence, crimes of Foreign convictions effect of, 122 24 Forgery aggravated felony, 274, 472 Former Soviet-bloc countries. See also Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997 (NACARA) reinstatement of removal, 167, 464 special rule cancellation of removal, 463 65 Fraud aggravated felony, 274, 313 amount of funds involved, 313, 543 crimes involving, 262 63, 313, 316 plea, 537, 548 49, 553 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests A-file, obtaining, 33, 481 tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33 G G-325 form S status, 565 G-325A form adjustment of status, 600, 601 G-639 form FOIA requests, 33 Gambling aggravated felony, 274 Georgia detention centers, 52 53 immigration court and judges, 73 Office of Chief Counsel, 39 Good moral character aggravated felonies, 380, 385 alien smuggling, 408, 409 controlled substance offenses, 390, 391 domestic violence convictions, 405, 406 firearms offenses, 395, 396 money laundering, 399 400 moral turpitude, crimes of, 375 76, 379 naturalization, 158, 379, 385, 391, 395, 400, 406, 409, 415 visa/passport fraud, 414, 415 voluntary departure, 375 76, 390, 394, 399 400, 405, 414, 491 Government agencies. See also specific agencies locating clients with criminal convictions by, 169 73 Hurricane Mitch overview, 12 17 Green card holder. See Lawful permanent residents (LPRs) Guatemala. See also Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997 (NACARA) reinstatement of removal, 167, 464 special rule cancellation of removal, 463 65 H Habeas corpus petitions federal judicial review, 29 30, 227 28 mandatory detention, 210 Haitian Refugee and Immigrant Fairness Act of 1998 (HRIFA) adjustment of status, 602 reinstatement of removal, 167 68 Harassment moral turpitude, crimes of, 268 Hardship extreme. See Extreme hardship to family members, waiver application, 603 4 Hawaii immigration court and judge, 73 74 Office of Chief Counsel, 40 Hearings bond hearings, 11, 198 204, 210 removal proceedings. See Removal proceedings video, 169 Homeland Security, Department of (DHS) adjustment of status, 432n35 admissions, making to officers of, 533 deferred action, 9 mandatory detention, 196 order of supervision, 10 overview, 12 14 parole, 7, 9 waiver, 432n35 Honduras temporary protected status (TPS), 7 Hostage taking crime of violence, 304 Humanitarian efforts deferred action, 8 9 parole, 7 Hurricane Mitch temporary protected status (TPS), 7 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 667

I-94 card IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. I I-94 card defined, 11 initial client meeting, 2 I-130 form adjustment of status, 600 I-140 form adjustment of status, 600 I-191 form waiver application, 605 I-192 form section 212(d)(3)(A) waiver, 608 9 I-212 form permission to reapply for admission after deportation or removal, 616, 617 waiver application, 617, 618 I-246 form stay of deportation, 614 16 I-485 form adjustment of status, 426, 563, 599, 601 waiver application, 604 I-601 form waiver application, 602, 603 I-602 form waiver application, 604 I-851 form Notice of Intent to Issue a Final Administrative Deportation Order, 161 I-854 form S status, 560, 583 88 I-918 form U status, 572, 574 76 I-929 petition U status, 581 ICE. See Immigration and Customs Enforcement Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRAIRA) aggravated felonies, 273, 434 applicants for admission, 158 convictions, 99 100 domestic violence and protection orders covered by, 337, 402 Fleuti doctrine eliminated by, 155 key legislation, 35 LPRs not retroactive for convictions prior to effective date, 155 special waiver rules for, 470 72 Notice to Appear, 18 reinstatement after removal, 166, 168 removability, concept introduced by, 151 section 212(c), 465 section 303(b), text of, 225 26 section 309, text of, 222 24 suspension of deportation repealed by, 464 waiver applicability to LPRs, 434 36 Illegal status generally, 10 11 Illinois detention centers, 53 54 immigration courts and judges, 74 Office of Chief Counsel, 40 Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT90) good moral character requirement, 383, 491 key legislation, 35 naturalization, 500 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) deferred action, 9 detention by, 169 70 institutional removal cases, 169 Institutional Removal Program, 15 local police, 172 73 Offices of Chief Counsel, 36 47 order of supervision, 10 parole, 7 role of, 12 14 state or federal detention, individuals in, 169 structure of (chart), 87 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (INA) aggravated felonies, 273 75 classification of crimes, 235 convictions, 97 98, 102 deportability, 20 derivative citizenship, 2 3 evidence at removal proceedings, 124 25 good moral character, 158 inadmissibility, 151, 158 juvenile offenders and crimes of moral turpitude, 122 law of nationality and naturalization, 2 3 local police, 172 mandatory detention, 194 95 nonimmigrant visa holders, 4 refugees, 5 reinstatement after removal, 164, 168 status under, 3 Visa Waiver Program (VWP), 5 Immigration court. See also Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR); specific types of proceedings contact information, 66 85 forms of relief, 593 list of courts and judges, 66 85 pretrial statements to, 611 13, 619 31 section 212(c) waiver, 605 6 section 212(h) waiver, 603 witness list, 613 14 668 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX Immigration law violations moral turpitude, crimes of, 273, 422 Immigration status generally, 1 2 American citizen, 2 3 I-94 card, 11 illegal status, 10 11 lawful permanent resident, 3 nonimmigrant visa holder, 4 5 present without inspection or admission or overstay, 10 11 protective categories, 5 10 Imprisonment. See Sentence INA. See Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Inadmissibility adjustment of status, 156 57 applicants for admission, 152 58 burden of proof, 20 21 change of status, 157 controlled substance offenses, 386 87 deportability distinguished, 159 61 entry without inspection, 157 58 export violations, 346 47 failure to register, 410 12 good moral character, 158 ground of, adjustment of status, 424 LPRs, 152 56 moral turpitude, crimes of, 368 naturalization, 158 pardons, 107 9 parolees, 157 persons physically present in violation of law, 157 58 petty offense exception, 372 scope of, 152 53, 194 95 section 212(a)(2)(A), application of, 152 55 section 212(c) waiver and, 485 86 temporary protected status, 158 visa applicants at American embassies, 157 waiver of, 432 49 Ineffective assistance of counsel Padilla v. Kentucky (2010), 118 19 Infopass appointments on case status, 595 Initial admission seven years of continuous residence and, 458 60 INS, legacy reorganization, 12 INS Operations Instruction (OI) 242.1(a)(22) deferred action, 8 Inspection, evasion of generally, 11 Justice Department (DOJ) Institutional Removal Program (IRP) generally, 15 prisoner removal, 169 Instrument, U.S., falsely making aggravated felony, 274 Intake sheets tool in criminal-alien law practice, 34 Intensive Supervision Appearance Program alternative to detention, 218 19, 231 Intent. See also specific offenses moral turpitude, crimes of, 255 57 non-specific intent crime, 543 44 recklessness. See Recklessness violence, crimes of, 295 98 Interpreters need for, 614 Intimidation moral turpitude, crimes of, 269 Intoxication-related offenses. See DUI (driving under influence) cases Investors nonimmigrant visa holders, 4, 503 Involuntary manslaughter moral turpitude, crimes of, 267 not crime of violence, 303 Iowa detention centers, 54 IRP (Institutional Removal Program) generally, 15 ISAP (Intensive Supervision Appearance Program) alternative to detention, 218 19, 231 Jewish refugees from former Soviet Union unremovable status of, 216 Joyriding intent, 259 60 plea, 537 theft offense, 310 Judges. See Immigration court Judicial review. See Federal judicial review Jurisdiction adjustment of status, 427 29 custody issues, 204 5 federal judicial review, 24 30 nonimmigrant visa waiver, 504 7 U status, 582 Justice Department (DOJ) appeals, 16 17 overview, 12 J 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 669

Juvenile delinquency IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. Juvenile delinquency adverse immigration consequences, avoiding, 534 convictions, effect of, 120 22 moral turpitude, crimes of, 122 K Kentucky detention centers, 54 Kickbacks on government contracts moral turpitude, crimes of, 263 Kidnapping aggravated felony, 274 K nonimmigrant visas Form I-212 to waive existing removal order, 618 L Larceny moral turpitude, crimes of, 259 61 Law enforcement officer, assault or battery on moral turpitude, crimes of, 268 69 not crime of violence, 303 Lawful admission requirement for permanent residence, 460 61 Lawful permanent residents (LPRs) adjustment of status, 156 57, 426. See also Adjustment of status citizenship by derivation, 2 3 continuous residence distinguished, 442, 457 60 criminal convictions, effect of, 3 deferred action, 9 defined, 3 inadmissibility, 152 56 lawful admission requirement, 460 61 moral turpitude, crimes of, 536 refugee or asylum status, 6 seeking admission, 152 56 status of, 3 U status, 579 82 waiver under section 209(c), 451 52 waiver under section 212(c), 470 72 waiver under section 212(h) aggravated felony convictions, 434 35 non-aggravated felony convictions, 441 Legal authority sources of, 34 35 Legal Net section 212(d)(3)(B) waiver denials, contacting, 610 Legend drugs offenses involving, 320, 553 Legislation recent key pieces of, 35 Letters confirmation-of-appointment, 34, 94 LEXIS tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33, 594 Locating clients with criminal convictions biometrics and background checks, 170 immigration application, filing of, 170 71 local police, 172 73 methods for, 169 73 probation or parole officers as source for, 171 72 re-entry after trip abroad, 172 serving time in state or federal detention, 169 70 Louisiana detention center, 54 55 immigration courts and judges, 74 75 Office of Chief Counsel, 40 41 LPRs. See Lawful permanent residents 670 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association M Mail fraud moral turpitude, crimes of, 263 Mail service Notice to Appear, 18 Mandatory detention generally, 164, 193 219 aggravated felony conviction and, 382, 541 alien smuggling, 407 alternatives to, 218 19 arriving aliens, 204 5, 555 bond hearings, 198 204 charge of inadmissibility for crime of moral turpitude and, 374 75 constitutionality of, 197 controlled substance offenses, 389 90 cooperating witnesses, release of, 196 97 deportable respondents and those who enter without inspection, 206 7 domestic violence, 404 export violations, 417 failure to register, 413 falsification of documents, 413 firearms offenses, 394 invocation of custody rule, 220 21

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX legal challenges to, 197 98 money laundering, 398 moral turpitude, crimes of, 374 75, 536 non-mandatory detention cases, 211 16 overview, 164 policy considerations, 231 33 reasons to hold person without bond, 211 release from custody, 207 9 releases on or before October 8, 1998, 210 11 section 303(b) of IIRAIRA, text of, 225 26 section 309 of IIRAIRA, text of, 222 24 Transition Period Custody Rules (TPCR), 194, 225, 374n23 invocation of, by Attorney General, 220 21 visa fraud, 413 Manslaughter moral turpitude, crimes of, 267 not crime of violence, 303 Marijuana offenses. See Controlled substance offenses Maryland detention centers, 55 immigration court and judges, 75 Office of Chief Counsel, 41 Massachusetts detention center, 55 56 immigration court and judges, 75 Office of Chief Counsel, 41 Master calendar hearing defined, 20 Medicaid/Medicare fraud plea, 553 Medical evaluations tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33 Memoranda of law motion for post-conviction relief, 129 50 in support of motion to terminate, 174 87 USCIS or American Embassy, 610 11 waiver applications, 610 14 Mens rea. See Intent Mexico tourists and temporary workers without visas from, 4 5 Michigan detention centers, 56 immigration court and judges, 75 76 Office of Chief Counsel, 42 Military service naturalization and, 3, 498 500 Minimal (or least culpable) conduct approach non-elemental facts, 240 42 Minnesota detention center, 56 57 Moral turpitude. See also specific offenses immigration court and judges, 76 Office of Chief Counsel, 42 Minors. See also Child abuse delinquency of, contributing to, plea, 277, 547 sexual abuse of, 270 71, 273, 317 18, 547 Misdemeanors aggravated felonies, treated as, 316 18 drug trafficking crimes, 279 80 foreign convictions, 123 moral turpitude, crimes of, 255 not crime of violence, 303 sexual abuse of minor, 317 18 temporary protected status, 7 violence, crimes of, 317 Misidentification defense of, 508 Misprision of felony moral turpitude, crimes of, 265 66 plea, 544, 545, 546 Missing element statutes classification of crimes, 239 40 Missouri immigration court and judges, 76 Office of Chief Counsel, 40 Modified categorical approach classification of crimes, 237 39, 243, 266, 334 35 Money laundering adjustment of status, 396 98 aggravated felony, 313, 330 31, 400, 401 amount of funds involved, 543 asylum and withholding of removal, 400 consequences of, 396 401, 421 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 400 deportability/removability, 398 findings of Court, 355 57 inadmissibility, adjustment of status, and visa eligibility, 396 98 mandatory detention, 398 moral turpitude, crimes of, 263, 397 98 naturalization, 400 401 plea, 541, 546 reason to believe, 331 state offenses, 397 voluntary departure, 399 400 Moral turpitude. See also specific offenses adjustment of status and inadmissibility, 368 71 admission of essential elements, 368 73 aggravated felonies, 429 asylum and withholding of removal, 376 78 avoiding conviction for crime involving, 536 41 burden of proof, 243 classification of crimes, 245 49, 253 73 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 671

Motion to dismiss consequences of, 368 81, 421 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 378 defined, 254, 536 39 deportability/removability, 371 74 domestic violence offenses, 337, 402 elements of criminal statute as controlling, 255 eligibility for LPR status, 536 intent, 255 57 juvenile offenders, 122 mandatory detention, 374 75, 536 multiple criminal convictions, 373 74, 421 naturalization, 378 81, 536 negligence vs. recklessness, 257 58 non-elemental facts, 249 petty offense exception, 370, 402, 459 plea, 536 41 political offense exception, 370 71, 377 78 realistic probability test, 245 recklessness, 256, 266 67, 268, 296, 537 specific offenses as crimes involving, 259 73, 536 39. See also specific offenses step-by-step classification methodology, 246 49 violence, crimes of, 266 70, 296, 538. See also Violence, crimes of visa eligibility, inadmissibility, 410 11 voluntary departure, 375 76 youthful offender exceptions, 370 Motion to dismiss renewed motion to dismiss remaining charge and terminate proceedings, 188 92 Motion to pretermit waiver application under Section 212(h), 512 26 Motion to reopen postconviction relief on merits (vacaturs), 113, 126 50 removal proceedings, 113 Motion to terminate removal proceedings, 174 87, 498 Motor vehicles. See Vehicles Multiple counts plea, 539 40, 555 Multiple criminal convictions crimes involving moral turpitude, 373 74, 421 Murder aggravated felony, 273, 275 76 moral turpitude, attempted murder as crime of, 267 IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. N N-400 form naturalization, 497 Nationality-based legalization program. See specific groups National security export violations, 345 47, 417 as grounds of inadmissibility, 507 Section 212(d)(3) waiver, 507 National Security Act sabotage and treason under, 274 Naturalization after section 212(c) waiver, 488 aggravated felonies, 385 86, 391 92, 542 alien smuggling charges, 409 10, 503 controlled substance offenses, 391 92 as defense to deportation, 497 500 termination of removal proceedings, 497 98 domestic violence offenses, 406 eligibility for relief, 552 export violations, 419 20 failure to register, 415 falsification of documents, 415 16 firearms offenses, 395 96 good moral character, 158, 498 memorandum in support of eligibility for, 632 38 money laundering, 400 401 moral turpitude, crimes of, 378 81, 536 Notice to Appear, 17 termination of removal proceedings, 497 98 veterans and soldiers, 498 500 visa fraud, 415 16 Nebraska detention centers, 57 immigration court and judges, 76 Office of Chief Counsel, 42 Negligence vs. recklessness crimes of violence, 296 moral turpitude, crimes of, 257 58, 269 Nevada immigration court and judges, 76 Office of Chief Counsel, 37 New Jersey detention center, 57 59 immigration courts and judges, 77 Office of Chief Counsel, 43 New Mexico detention center, 59 New York (city) immigration courts and judges, 78 79 672 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association

SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX Pardons New York (state) detention centers, 59 immigration courts and judges, 77 78 Offices of Chief Counsel, 43 44 REPAT program, 169 Nicaragua temporary protected status (TPS), 7 Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997 (NACARA) adjustment of status, 437 reinstatement of removal, 167 68 special rule cancellation of removal, 463 65 Ninth Circuit first offender/youthful offender provisions, 103 5 Non-elemental facts. See Classification of crimes Nonimmigrant visa holders adjustment of status, 156. See also Adjustment of status change of status, 157 criminal convictions, effect of, 4 defined, 4 5 status of, 2, 4 5 tourists and temporary workers from Caribbean, Canada, and Mexico, 4 5 Visa Waiver Program (VWP), 5 Nonimmigrant visa waiver (section 212(d)(3)) factors to consider, 503 4, 507 8 jurisdiction, 504 7 permission to re-enter after deportation, Form I- 212 not required, 506 7 port of entry application, 507 relief under, 503 8 security or terrorism, as grounds of inadmissibility, 507 Non-mandatory detention cases overview, 211 16 Nonreviewability of consular action generally, 26 North Carolina immigration court and judges, 79 Office of Chief Counsel, 39 Notice of Appeal Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), 21 23 Notice of Intent deportability, 161 Notice to Appear (NTA) arrest upon termination of sentence, 14 deferred inspections, 172 defined, 11 removal proceedings, 18 19, 379 sample, 89 91 state or federal detention, individuals in, 209 10 O Obstruction of justice aggravated felony, 274, 313 moral turpitude, crimes of, 265 66 plea, 545 Office of Chief Counsel burden of proof, 20 list of locations, 36 47 overview, 16 Office of Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) custody determinations, 205 stay of deportation, 614 15 voluntary removal, 490 92 Offices of Chief Counsel contact information, 36 47 Ohio detention centers, 59 60 immigration court and judges, 79 80 Offices of Chief Counsel, 42 Oklahoma detention center, 60 Offices of Chief Counsel, 45 Operating vehicle under influence. See DUI (driving under influence) cases Operation Tarmac DHS investigation of undocumented workers at airports, 342 Order of supervision defined, 9 Orders, administrative, challenges to as defense to criminal charge of re-entry after removal, 509 10 Oregon immigration court and judge, 80 Office of Chief Counsel, 47 Overstay generally, 11 PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) tool in criminal-alien law practice, 32 Pardons conviction, 107 9 foreign, 109 full and unconditional, 108 9 P 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association 673

Parole Parole arriving aliens, 204 criminal conviction, effect on, 8 Customs and Border Protection (CBP), role of, 7 8 definition of, 7 document, 8 Parolees inadmissibility, 157 locating clients with criminal convictions via, 171 72 Parole officers locating clients with criminal convictions via, 171 72 Passport fraud. See Visa/passport fraud Pennsylvania detention centers, 60 61 immigration courts and judges, 80 Offices of Chief Counsel, 44 Peonage aggravated felony, 274 Perjury aggravated felony, 274, 313 subornation of, 274, 313 Permanent residents. See Lawful permanent residents Petitions for habeas corpus. See Habeas corpus petitions Petitions for review to court of appeals after BIA appeal, 28 29 removal proceedings, 29 30 Petty-offense exception adverse immigration consequences, avoiding, 535 36 moral turpitude, crimes of, 370, 402, 459 Photographs. See Biometrics and background checks Pleas adverse immigration consequences, avoiding, 532 36 aggravated felonies, to avoid, 541 49 agreements to avoid, 552 54 bad deal pleas, 554 56 domestic violence offenses, 549 50, 552 53 eligibility for relief, creating, 550 56 moral turpitude, to avoid, 536 41 violence, crimes of, 538 39, 545 46 Political offense exception aggravated felonies, 385 moral turpitude, 370 71, 377 78 Polygraph examinations tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33 IMMIGRATION CONSEQ. OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY, FIFTH ED. Pornography, child. See Child pornography Port of entry waiver application, 505 6 Possession of burglary tools plea, 540 Possession of stolen property aggravated felony, 311 12 attempted, 310 11 moral turpitude, crimes of, 260 Post-conviction relief ineffective assistance of counsel, 118 19 on merits (vacaturs), 109 18, 126 50 modification of sentence, 119 motion to vacate, 126 50 memorandum of law in support of, 129 50 plea, 542 Pretrial detention arrest from, 14 Pretrial diversion programs avoiding conviction through, 532 33 Pretrial intervention effect of, 101 2 Pretrial statements to immigration court waiver application, 611 13 sample, 619 31 Prior statements, use of removal proceedings, 19 Probation locating clients with criminal convictions on, 171 72 Professionals nonimmigrant visa holders, 4 Proof of convictions documents and electronic records, 124 25 Prostitution enterprises aggravated felony, 274, 316 Protection orders domestic violence, 336 37 inadmissibility and deportability, 336 37 Protective categories deferred action, 8 9 immigration status, 5 10 order of supervision, 9 10 parole, 7 8 refugees and asylees, 5 7 temporary protected status, 7 Psychological evaluations tool in criminal-alien law practice, 33, 597 Puerto Rico immigration court and judges, 80 81 Office of Chief Counsel, 44 674 2012 American Immigration Lawyers Association