Index. Note: Page numbers with n denotes notes

Index Note: Page numbers with n denotes notes A agglomeration force, 18 aggregate employment (Vietnam), 71 2 Agricultural Census, 251, 262 Agricultural Farm Produce Trading Corporation (AFPTC), 152 annual enterprise survey (AES), 236 ASEAN Common Industrial Classification (ACIC), 239 ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), 14, 30, 45, 88, 123, 203 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 4, 45, 46, 123, 200 Asian highway, 8, 11, 126, 177, 184, 187, 189, 196 7 Asian International Input-Output Table, 223n5 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 45, 90 assembly stage, of industry, 21 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 4, 30, 31, 45, 48, 89 90, 98, 123, 203 Ayeyawady Chao Phraya Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS), 91, 117n3 B backward linkages, 16 baseline simulation, of TTFMs GDP growth by region, 204 6 population, 204, 205 Bavet, 94 5 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 185, 193 Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), 44, 45, 47, 89 border-crossing clearance time, 203 border regions, in Cambodia Bavet, 94 5 Poi Pet, 95 Bulgaria, economic geography in, 23 Burma Companies Act, 271 Burma Standard Industrial Classification (BSIC), 267, 268 business establishments, 236, 237, 245n6 Business License, 262 business statistics, 270 3 C Cambodia, 246 administrative divisions, changes in, 253 7 Asian highway, 196 7 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 193 border gates, 196 7 border regions Bavet, 94 5 Poi Pet, 95 commercial enterprises, 250 data from ministries and organizations, 250 1 econometric model, 114 economic development characteristics of regions, 93 5 infrastructure development, 91 3 Law on Investment and subdecree on SEZs, 90 subregional cooperation with neighboring countries, 91 trade liberalization, 89 90 employment, growth of, 112 291

292 Index Cambodia continued export products, 98 import products, 99 industry classifications, 249 investment by country of origin, 97 links, 95 8 by sector, 96 manufacturing activities, 113 14 map, 252 MFN status, 88, 89 multinational enterprises (MNEs) in, 180 National Institute of Statistics, surveys conducted by, 247 Nationwide Establishment Listing, 248 50 Population Census, 248 Provincial Business Environment Scorecard, 251 regional analysis, 100 geographical concentration, 103 5 industrial specialization, 101 3 regional disparities, 109 11 regional structure, 105 8 regional boundary change, 251 regional disparities, 227 regional trade agreements, 90, 194 regression analysis of, 113 16 sample provinces, 192 seaport, 196 7 statistical system, 246 8 trade links, 98 100 Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV), 4, 14, 24 economic integration, progress of, 225 6 geographical concentration of industries, 226 heterogeneous geographic characteristics, 25 6 industry location, determinants of, 228 9 multinational enterprises (MNEs), 175 data sources, 184 5 empirical results, 185 90 major home countries, 179 81 nested-logit model, 182 3 overview, 177 81 variables, 183 5 policy implications addressing regional disparities, 231 production networks, participation in, 229 31 urban growth and industrial agglomerations, 231 regional disparities, 227 8 specialization of regions, 226 weak infrastructure and industrial bases, 26 Cambodia Investment Board (CIB), 177, 250 1 Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES), 246, 258n2 Cambodia Special Economic Zone Board (CSEZB), 90, 251 CAMCONTROL, 90, 116n2 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), 3, 4, 23, 226 Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM), 244 central state-owned enterprises (CSOE), 69 Central Statistical Organization (CSO), 185, 267 Central Sub-Corridor, 206 China, 49 core periphery structure, 204 foreign direct investment (FDI), 14 GDP growth rate, 204 6 industry agglomerations, 14 population growth rates, 204 urban rural income disparity, 206 closed markets, 16 Common Control Areas (CCA), 203 Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT), 30, 45, 90, 203

Index 293 composite input production stage, 21 concentration definition, 31 see also geographical concentration of industries conditional logit model, 183 congestion model extension, 19 20 trade liberalization, 27n5 constant elasticity of substitution (CES), 219 constant returns to scale in transportation (CRST), 20 core periphery model, 17, 24 spatial heterogeneity, 18 trade liberalization, 18, 27n5 Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC), 90, 250, 251 cross-border infrastructure, development of, 122, 124 6 cross-border regional development projects, 200 Cross-Border Transport Agreement (CBTA), 91, 94, 95, 117n4, 202 3, 230, 231 CSEC, 248, 258n2 Customs and Excise Department, 90 customs facilitation (CF), 202 3, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 218, 230 1 D Department of Household Industry, 274 Digital Agricultural Atlas of the Union of Myanmar, 157, 159 diminished trade barriers, 14 Directorate of Industrial Supervision and Inspection (DISI), 273, 274 dispersion force, 18 dispersion of industry, 31 dissimilarity index, 6, 34 5, 102, 103 diversified region, 31 Doi Moi policy, 43, 49, 50 domestic market integration (Myanmar) liberalization, 152 4 rice mills, distributions of, 158 64 rice production per capita and potential for rice trade, 156 8 small rice mills, 154 6 domestic rice market, liberalization of, 152 4 E East Asia economic integration, 5, 14 15 trade liberalization, 14 15 Eastern Sub-Corridor, 206 East West Economic Corridor (EWEC), 14, 124, 126, 208 10, 212, 213 basic results, 209 decomposing layered effects, 209 10 real GDP, gains in, 209, 210 eclectic views, 18 congestion model, extension of, 19 20 idiosyncratic factors, 20 1 econometric model of Cambodia, 111 13, 115, 117 variables, 114 of Laos, 137 8 correlation matrix, 142 variables, 139 of Vietnam, 68 70 DLOCATION variables, 69, 72 income level, 68 manufacturing diversity, 69 manufacturing employment, 68 SOE bias, 69 70 specialization, 69 variables, 65 7 VAR2002 variables, 68 9, 72 Economic Census Cambodia, 247, 250, 251, 258n3 Laos, 262, 264 5

294 Index economic corridors, 204, 211 12 Gini coefficients, 213, 215 real GDP, gains in, 213, 214 relative impacts, 212 15 see also cross-border regional development projects economic development (Cambodia) characteristics of regions, 93 Phnom Penh and neighboring provinces, 93 SEZs near borders, 94 5 Sihanoukville, 94 infrastructure development, 91 electricity, 92 3 ports, 92 road infrastructure, 91 2 Law on Investment and subdecree on SEZs, 90 subregional cooperation with neighboring countries, 91 trade liberalization, 89 90 economic integration definition, 122 diminished trade barriers, 14 in East Asia, 5, 14 15 in Europe, 5, 16 and industry location, 14 analytical framework, 3 in Cambodia, see Cambodia CLMV, implications for, 24 7 eclectic views, 18 21 in European Union, 23 4 in North America, 21 2 spatial concentration models, 17 18 spatial dispersion models, 16 17 in Laos, 121, 122 cross-border infrastructure, development of, 124 6 economic integration, progress of, 126 8 institutional arrangements, 123 in North America, 5 progress, 5, 225 6 in Vietnam expansion and structural changes of trade, 47 9 foreign economic relations, 45 6 physical infrastructure development, 46 7 Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), 123 Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), 223n1 electricity, in Cambodia, 92 3 enterprise, definition of, 236 Enterprise Census (Vietnam), 236 7, 244n1 Enterprise Law, 44, 236 enterprise reform, 50 2 entropy index, 36, 169 Establishment and Management of Special Economic Zones, 90 Establishment Census (Vietnam), 52, 68, 236 7, 238, 239, 244n3 establishments definition, 87n14 increase in, 53, 54 in manufacturing sector, 52 and private factories, 275, 276 regional economic data on, 264 5 see also business establishments Estonia, economic geography in, 23 Europe, 4 CEECs and Western European countries, 3 economic integration, 5, 16 regional agreements in, 14 Europe Agreements, 3 European Union (EU), 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 18, 23 4, 25, 30, 45, 88, 89, 94, 98, 99, 100, 123, 128, 177, 201, 225 economic integration and industry location, 23 4 enlargement, 7 trade liberalization, 23 exports in Laos, 129 in Vietnam, 46, 47 9

Index 295 external market integration, 164 changing milling sector, 166 emerging re-milling factories in Yangon, 166 8 liberalization of rice exports, 164 6 F first liberalization, 152 3 fixed entry costs, proxy variables for, 184 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 154 foreign direct investment (FDI), 4, 5, 14, 44, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 64, 77, 98, 100, 123, 128, 175, 225, 251 Foreign Direct Investment Law, 236 foreign economic relations, 45 6 forward linkages, 16 free trade agreements (FTA), 3, 23, 122, 123, 230 frontier regions, development of, 230 G General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 21 generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, 182 generalized system of preferences (GSP), 88, 89, 94 General Population Census of Cambodia (GPCC), 246, 247, 248, 249, 251 General Statistics Office (GSO), 43, 236, 244 geographical concentration of industries, 5 6, 226 in Cambodia, 103 5 definition, 31 dissimilarity index, 35 Gini coefficient, 33 Herfindahl index, 32 in Laos, 128 36 in Myanmar industrial clusters, features of, 283 7 overview, 277 83 size distribution, features of, 287 9 Theil index, 37 in Vietnam, 55 8 Geographic Simulation Model (GSM), 228 Gini coefficient (Gini location quotient), 6, 33 4, 62, 101, 103, 213, 215, 223n10 global centrifugal force, 19 Government of Myanmar (GOM), 267 Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), 4, 11, 15, 46, 47, 91, 123, 126, 200 cross-border regional development projects, 200 transport and trade facilitation measures (TTFMs), 200 IDE Geographical Simulation Model, 201 4, 219 22 simulation results, 204 17 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 259 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), 183 4, 185, 187 H Herfindahl index, 6, 31 2, 33, 34, 35, 69, 101, 103 highly specialized region, 31 Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), 43 home market effect (HME), 6, 170n13 Hoover-Ballasa Index (coefficient), 35 Hungary, economic geography in, 23 I IDE Geographical Simulation Model (IDE-GSM), 11, 201 4, 219 22 customs facilitation, 202 3

296 Index IDE Geographical Simulation Model (IDE-GSM) continued labor migration, dynamics of, 222 manufactured goods price index for, 220 regional expenditures on, 220 nominal wages in agricultural sector, 219 in manufacturing sector, 221 in service sector, 221 physical infrastructure development, 202 population employed in sector, 221 price index for services at location, 220 real wage, in given location, 222 trade and transportation facilitation measures, 203 4 imports in Laos, 127 in Vietnam, 46 import substitution policy in Mexico, 3, 21 rise of, 16 and trade liberalization, 22 increasing returns to scale in transportation (IRST), 20 independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA), 183 Indonesia GDP growth rate, 204 6 population growth rates, 204 urban rural income disparity, 206 industrial agglomerations, 228, 229, 231 in Cambodia, 88 in China, 14 and urban growth, 231 in Vietnam, 62 industrial classification Cambodia, 249 of data sets, 37 8 Myanmar, 267 70, 276 Vietnam, 239 industrial clusters, features of, 283 7 industrialization, in Cambodia, 93 Phnom Penh and neighboring provinces, 93 SEZs near borders, 94 5 Sihanoukville, 94 industrial location determinants, 7 8, 228 9 diminished trade barriers, 14 and economic integration, 14 analytical framework, 3 in Cambodia, see Cambodia CLMV, implications for, 24 7 eclectic views, 18 21 in European Union, 23 4 in North America, 21 2 spatial concentration models, 17 18 spatial dispersion models, 16 17 in Laos, 136 econometric model, 137 8 descriptive statistics, 138 41 empirical analyses, results of, 141 7 in Southeast Asia, 4 and trade policy, 3 in Vietnam factors determining, 63 84 geographical concentration of industries, 55 8 industrial specialization in provinces, 58 62 manufacturing sector and regional development, 52 5 policies affecting patterns, 49 52 regional disparities, 62 3 industrial sector (Vietnam), 72 7 industrial specialization, 226 in Cambodia, 101 3 in Laos, 128 36 in region, 5 6 definition, 31 dissimilarity index, 34 Gini coefficient, 33 Herfindahl index, 32 Theil index, 37 in Vietnam, 58 62

Index 297 industrial statistics (Myanmar) data source, 273 4 private manufacturing, growth of, 274 7 infrastructure development, 230 1 in Cambodia, 91 electricity, 92 3 road infrastructure, 91 2 seaports, 92 in Vietnam, 46 exports, 46 imports, 46 road infrastructure, 46 7 seaports, 46 Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), 223n1 institutional arrangements (Laos), 123 intermediate goods, price index for, 184 International Monetary Fund, 45 international road networks, in Vietnam, 46 International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), 38, 239, 248, 250, 251, 268 Investment Instruments Online, 185 investment links (Cambodia), 95 8 Iron Curtain (1989), 3 J Japan, 49, 97, 99, 123, 201, 277, 287 Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), 47 K key economic zones (KEZs), 49 50 Krugman index, 34 L labor-force distribution, 270 Lao Expenditure and Consumption Surveys (LECS), 262 Laos, 121, 259 Asian highway, 196 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 193 border gates, 145, 196 border impacts, 137 8, 141 5 business establishments, 262 econometric model, 137 8 economic integration, 121, 264 cross-border infrastructure, development of, 124 6 descriptive statistics, 138 41 econometric model, 137 8 empirical analyses, results of, 141 7 institutional arrangements, 123 progress, 126 8 exports, 129 external funding, 260 geographical concentration of industries, 128 36 imports, 127 industrial location, 264 industrial specialization, 128 36 Lao Expenditure and Consumption Surveys, 262 multinational enterprises (MNEs) in, 180 New Economic Mechanism, 259 non-agricultural regional economic data, 262 Normal Trade Relation status, 123 physical border districts, 141 Population Census, 259, 260, 262, 263 provinces, 124 provincial agricultural information, 262 regional disparities, 227 regional socio-economic statistical data, 260 on establishments, 264 5 local authorities, 263 ministries in central government, 262 3 National Statistical Center (NSC), 260 2 on populations, 263 4 regional trade agreements, 194 sample provinces, 192

298 Index Laos continued seaport, 196 statistical data, management of, 259 trade arrangements, 122 see also Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) Law on Administration and Management of Factory and Handicraft (2006), 250 Law on Commercial Enterprises (2005), 250 Law on Cooperatives, 236 Law on Investment (Cambodia), 89, 90 Law on Statistics of Vietnam, 235 liberalization of domestic rice market, 152 4 of non-state sectors, 44 of rice exports, 164 6 in Vietnam, 44, 50 2 see also trade liberalization local centrifugal force, 19 local state-owned enterprises (LSOE), 69 location choices of MNEs, see Multinational enterprises (MNEs) location quotient, 35 6 Lorenz curve and Gini coefficients, 33, 34 manufacturing employment, cumulative distribution of, 109 11 M Manhattan SEZ, 94 manufacturing sector in Cambodia, 105 8 establishments in, 52 geographical concentration of industries, 56 7 in Laos, 129 36 in Myanmar, 150 in Vietnam, 52 5 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 117n5 Mexico, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 125, 226 import substitution policy, 3, 21, 22 manufacturing activities, 3 offshore assembly, growth of, 22 production network, 21 regional disparities, 22, 227, 228 regional employment, trade reform on, 22 trade liberalization, 3, 7 milling sector, 166 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 262 Ministry of Commerce (MoC), 90, 116n2, 250, 271 Ministry of Cooperatives, 274 Ministry of Economy and Finance, 90 Ministry of Finance, 262 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, 271 Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME), 250 Ministry of Industry and Commerce, 262 Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training, 90 Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development (MNPED), 267, 268 Ministry of Planning and Investment, 59, 185, 236, 244, 259 most favored nation (MFN), 45, 88, 89 multinational enterprises (MNEs), 175, 229 in Cambodia, 180 data sources, 184 5 empirical framework, 182 nested-logit model, 182 3, 192 variables, 183 5 empirical results, 185 Asian MNEs vs. Western-country MNEs, 190

Index 299 estimation result, 188 90 explanatory variables, results for, 187 nested-logit model, 185, 187 tree structures, 185, 186 unexpected results, 188 in Laos, 180 location distribution, 178, 179 location elements, 176 major home countries, 179 81 in Myanmar, 181 overview, 177 81 substitution of location, 176 7 in Vietnam, 181 multinomial logit model, see conditional logit model Multi-purpose Household Survey (MPHS), 239 Myanmar, 267 agricultural sector, 150 Asian highway, 197 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 193 border gates, 197 business statistics, 270 3 classification of industries, 267 70 estimation results, 189 food industry, 150 GDP by industrial sector, 269 geographical distribution of industries industrial clusters, features of, 283 7 overview, 277 83 size distribution, features of, 287 9 industrial statistics data source, 273 4 private manufacturing, growth of, 274 7 labor-force distribution, 270 large-scale plants, 287 map, 281 milling sector, 151 MNEs in, 181 private factories and establishments, 275, 276 regional trade agreements, 194 registered private industries in major regions, 286 by product group, 278 80 by size, states, and divisions, 288 state, division, and sector, 284 5 by state and division, 282 rice exporter, 151 rice industry, 150 1 rice mills, see Myanmar rice mills, distribution of sample provinces, 192 seaport, 197 small-scale plants, 287 9 see also Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) Myanmar Agricultural Produce Trading (MAPT), 152, 154, 156, 164, 166 Myanmar Companies Limited, 271 Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC), 166 Myanmar Industrial Development Committee (MIDC), 273 Myanmar rice mills, distribution of, 150, 162 domestic market integration liberalization, 152 4 rice mills, distributions of, 158 64 rice production per capita and potential for rice trade, 156 8 small rice mills, 154 6 domestic price, 165 entropy index, 169 export price, 165 external market integration, 164 emerging re-milling factories in Yangon, 166 8 milling sector, 166 rice exports, liberalization of, 164 6

300 Index Myanmar rice mills, distribution of continued interregional movement of rice, 153 4 medium- and large- sized rice mills, 155 paddy production, and population, 163 rice-surplus and -deficit areas, 153 N NAFTA, 22 National Assembly, 235 national border gates, 8, 72, 177, 184, 187, 188, 189, 196 7 National Institute of Statistics (NIS), 185, 246, 247, 248, 251 National Statistical Center (NSC), 185, 259, 260 2 National Statistical Indicators System (NSIS), 235, 244n2 Nationwide Establishment Listing (EL), 247, 248 50, 250, 251 nested-logit model, 182 3 new economic geography (NEG), 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 20, 175, 183, 200, 201, 220 eclectic views, 18 21 spatial concentration models, 17 18 spatial dispersion models, 16 17 New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 121, 259 New Trade Theory (NTT), 6 non-state sectors, liberalization of, 44 non-tariff barriers (NTBs), 202, 223n6 North America, 4 economic integration, 5 and industry location, 21 2 regional agreements in, 14 Northern Sub-Corridor, 223n8 North-South Economic Corridor (NSEC), 14, 47, 126, 206 8, 209, 210, 212, 213 basic results, 206 7 Central Sub-Corridor, 206 decomposing layered effects, 207 8 Eastern Sub-Corridor, 206 real GDP, gains in, 207, 208 Western Sub-Corridor, 206 O open markets, 16 Ordinance on Accounting and Statistics (1988), 235 P Partnership Act, 271 Phnom Penh and neighboring provinces, 93 physical infrastructure (PI) development TTFMs, 202 in Vietnam, 46 7 Poi Pet, 95, 117n6 policy and cultural barriers (PCBs), 12, 202, 203, 215 16, 217, 218, 223n5, 223n6, 223n11 Population and Housing Censuses, 239 Population Census Cambodia, 248 Laos, 259, 260, 262, 263 populations, regional economic data on, 263 4 private factories and establishments, 275, 276 Private Industrial Enterprise Law, 273, 276 private manufacturing, growth of, 274 7 production networks, participation in, 229 frontier regions, development of, 230 infrastructure, development of, 230 1 production stages, of an industry, 21

Index 301 Promotion and Protection of Investment Agreement, 123 Promotion of Cottage Industries Law, 274 provincial and industrial data, indexes for dissimilarity index, 34 5 Gini coefficient, 33 4 Herfindahl index, 31 2 location quotient, 35 6 Theil index, 36 7 Provincial Business Environment Scorecard (Cambodia), 251 Q Qualified Investment Projects (QIPs), 90, 250, 258n4 R random utility model (RUM), 183 regional agreements in Europe, 14 in North America, 14 regional analysis (Cambodia), 100 geographical concentration, 103 5 industrial specialization, 101 3 regional disparities, 109 11 regional structure, 105 8 regional development (Vietnam), 49 50, 52 5 regional disparities addressing, 231 in Cambodia, 109 11, 227 Geographic Simulation Model (GSM), 228 Laos, 227 and trade liberalization, 6 7 in Vietnam, 62 3, 227 regional production networks, 21 regional socio-economic statistical data (Laos), 260 on establishments, 264 5 local authorities, 263 ministries in central government, 262 3 National Statistical Center (NSC), 260 2 on populations, 263 4 regional structure, of Cambodia, 105 8 regional trade agreements, 90 Regional Trade Agreements Information System, 185 regions characteristics (Cambodia), 93 Phnom Penh and neighboring provinces, 93 SEZs near borders, 94 5 Sihanoukville, 94 registered private industries (Myanmar) in major regions, 286 by product group, 278 80 by size, states, and divisions, 288 state, division, and sector, 284 5 by state and division, 282 Regulation (Prakas) on The Registration in the Commercial Register (2008), 250 re-milling factories, in Yangon, 166 8 rice mills in Myanmar, see Myanmar rice mills, distribution of rice production per capita and potential for rice trade, 156 8 road infrastructure in Cambodia, 91 2 in Vietnam, 46 7 Romania, economic geography in, 23 RTAs, 184, 185, 189, 190 S seaport, 83, 229 in Cambodia, 92, 93, 94 in CLMV countries, 177, 184, 187, 188, 189, 196 7 in Thailand, 130 in Vietnam, 46 Sihanoukville, 92, 93, 94

302 Index single-stop/single-window customs inspection, 203 Slovenia, economic geography in, 23 small rice mills, in Myanmar, 154 6 Socio-economic Statistical Data (Vietnam), 185 Southeast Asia industry location, 4 trade liberalization, 4 Southern Costal Sub-Corridor, 223n8 Southern Economic Corridor (SEC), 14, 47, 91, 93, 94, 210 11, 212, 213, 215, 216, 223n8, 228 basic results, 210 11 Central Sub-Corridor, 210 decomposing layered effects, 211, 212 real GDP, gains in, 211, 212 spatial concentration models, 17 18 spatial dispersion models, 16 17 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 22, 90, 93, 94 5, 116, 117, 176, 230, 251 Law on Investment, 90 near borders, 94 5 sub-decree on, 90 specialization definition, 31 of regions, 226 see also industrial specialization State-Owned Enterprise Law, 236 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 44, 51, 52, 53, 55, 64, 68, 69, 72, 76, 81, 83, 87n11, 110, 228, 236, 273, 274 statistical system Cambodia, 246 8 Myanmar, 267, 270 7 Statistical Yearbook Myanmar, 184 Vietnam, 43, 47, 239 strongly specialized region, see highly specialized region Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), 260 T Tai Seng SEZ, 94 Thailand core periphery structure, 204 GDP growth rate, 204 6 population growth rates, 204 urban rural income disparity, 206 Theil index, 6, 36 7, 102, 103 trade expansion, 47 8 structural changes, 49 trade costs, proxy variables for, 184 trade liberalization in Cambodia, 89 90 congestion model, 27n5 core periphery model, 18, 27n5 diminished trade barriers, 14 in East Asia, 14 15 impact, 17 import substitution, 22 labor-intensive activities, specialization in, 14 in Mexico, 3, 7 production networks, participation in, 14 and regional disparities, 6 7 Southeast Asia, 4 trade reform on regional employment, 22 Vietnam, 227 on wages, in apparel industry, 21 2 trade links (Cambodia), 98 100 trade policy, 3, 20 traditional trade theory, 5 6 transport and trade facilitation measures (TTFMs), 11, 200 IDE Geographical Simulation Model (IDE-GSM), 201 customs facilitation measures, 202 3 description, 219 22 physical infrastructure development, 202 TTFMs, 203 4 simulation results, 204

Index 303 baseline simulation, 204 6 East West Economic Corridor (EWEC), 208 10 economic corridors, 211 15 interpretation and generalization of results, 216 17 North South Economic Corridor (NSEC), 206 8 policy and cultural barriers (PCBs), 215 16 Southern Economic Corridor (SEC), 210 11 structures, 202 U United Nations, 260 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 185 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 223n3 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 259 United States of America (USA), 5, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 44, 45, 46, 48 9, 89, 90, 94, 98, 123, 126, 176, 201 urban growth and industrial agglomerations, 231 V value-added tax (VAT), 90 variables, 183 5 Vietnam, 235 administrative divisions, 237 9 Asian highway, 196 7 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 193 border gates, 196 7 CEPT scheme, implementation of, 45 data collection and processing, 244 data sources, 239, 244 Doi Moi policy, 43 donor conference, 45 economic integration expansion and structural changes of trade, 47 9 foreign economic relations, 45 6 physical infrastructure development, 46 7 Enterprise Census, 236 enterprise reform and liberalization of economic activities, 50 2 Establishment Census, 236 7 estimation results, 189 factors determining industrial location aggregate employment by ownership type, 71 2 econometric model, 68 70 empirical analysis, 81 2 industrial sector, analysis by, 72 7 ownership type and industrial sector, 77 81 previous studies, 63 8 and foreign governments, 236 GDP growth rate, 43 industrial location geographical concentration of industries, 55 8 industrial specialization in provinces, 58 62 manufacturing sector and regional development, 52 5 regional disparities, 62 3 industrial production, 43 industry classification, 239 international trade, 44 MNEs in, 181 non-state sectors, liberalization of, 44 provinces, 238 regional development and key economic zones, 49 50 regional disparities, 227

304 Index Vietnam continued regional trade agreements, 194 5 sample provinces, 192 seaport, 196 7 socio-economic regions, 239 SOE reform policy, 44 trade liberalization, 227 Vietnamese regions, provincial make-up of, 240 1 Vietnam Standard Industrial Classifications (VSIC), 242 3 see also Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) Vietnamese regions, provincial make-up of, 240 1 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS), 239 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 239 Vietnam Seaport Association (VPA), 46 Vietnam Standard Industrial Classification (VSIC), 239, 242 3 Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement, 44, 45 W Western Sub-Corridor, 206 World Bank, 45 World Trade Organization (WTO), 4, 14, 44, 45, 88, 90, 116, 185, 225, 230, 244 Y Yangon, re-milling factories in, 166 8