Rudolf Bernhardt (Ed.) Interim Measures Indicated by International Courts Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Contents Preface List of Abbreviations V XI Part One: Reports 1 The Indication of Provisional Measures by the International Court of Justice 1 H. W. A. THIRLWAY I. The legal basis for the indication of provisional measures Powers of the President of the Court 2 II. The purpose of provisional measures 5 A. Preservation of rights 7 B. Prevention of irreparable prejudice 8 C. Non-anticipation of Court's decision 11 D. Non-aggravation or extension of dispute 12 E. Preservation of evidence 16 III. The conditions for the indication of provisional measures... 16 A. Existence of jurisdiction 17 B. Existence ofa prima fade case 23 C. Urgency 25 IV. The content of provisional measures: the "interim judgment". 27 V. Binding or non-binding effect of provisional measures.... 28 VI. The consequences of measures 33 Addendum 34 Interim Measures in the Law and Practice of the Court of Justice of the European Communities 37 FRANCIS G. JACOBS Introduction 37 I. Legal bases for the grant of interim measures 38
VIII Contents A. The founding Treaties 38 1. Article 185 of the EEC Treaty 39 2. Article 186 of the EEC Treaty 40 3. Artides 187 and 192 of the EEC Treaty 41 B. The Statutes of the Court of Justice 41 C. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice 42 II. Conditions for the grant of interim measures 44 A. Conditions of admissibility of an application for interim measures 44 B. Conditions of substance concerning the grant of interim measures 47 1. The admissibility of the main action 47 2. The pleas of fact and law establishing a prima fade case for the interim measures applied for 48 3. Urgency: the risk ofserious and irreparable härm... 51 (a) The concept of urgency 51 (b) The bürden of proof 52 (c) The imminent nature of the härm 52 (d) The characteristics of the härm 53 (i) The requirement of härm to the applicant in person 53 (ii) Non-material härm 54 (iii) Potential härm 55 (iv) Financial härm 55 4. The balance of interests 56 III. Permissible content o interim measures 59 IV. Binding force and enforceability of interim measures 60 V. Legal consequences of measures later found unjustified.... 62 VI. Interim measures in respect of Community provisions in the national courts 63 A. Interim measures in national courts to protect Community rights 64 B. Interim measures in national courts to suspend national measures implementing Community regulations 65 C. Interim measures in national courts and the duty to adopt coercive measures required by Community law.. 66 Concluding remarks 68
Contents IX Interim Measures in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 69 THOMAS BUERGENTHAL Introduction 69 I. Jurisdictional Issues 71 II. The Scope of Article 63(2) 77 III. The Nature of Provisional Measures 81 IV. Inherent Powers 83 V. Legal Effect of Provisional Measures 84 VI. Procedural Issues 89 Conclusion 93 Interim Measures of Protection under the European Convention on Human Rights 95 RUDOLF BERNHARDT Introduction 95 I. Texts and Practices under the European Convention 97 II. The Case of Cruz Varas and the Obligation of States to Adopt Interim Measures of Protection 100 III. General Problems of Interim Measures in Human Rights Matters 101 Annex: Extracts from the Statements in the Case Cru^ Varas. 104 1. Opinion of the Commission of 7 June 1990..' 104 2. Judgmentof the Court of 20 March 1991 109 Part Two: Colloquium 115 Opening Address 115 JOCHEN ABR. FROWEIN Discussion 119 Steinberger, Chairman (119, 120), Tomuschat (120), Rodriguez Iglesias (121), Pescatore (121), von Mangoldt (122), Golsong (124), Hailbronner (125), Herdegen (126), Mosler (127), Delbrück (129), Mosler (129), Zemanek
X Contents (129), Klein (130), Stein (131), Partsch (132), Sir Ian Sinclair (133), Macdonald (134), Seidl-Hohenveldern (134), Bos (135), Thirlway (135), Jacobs (137), Thirlway (139), Bernhardt (140), Doehring (140), Frowein (141), Schiedermair (142), Tomuschat (143), Rodriguez Iglesias (143), Puente Egido (144), Oellers-Frahm (146), Pescatore (147), Hailbronner (147), von Mangoldt (148), Bernhardt (149), Thirlway (150), Jacobs (151), Steinberger (152) List of Participants 153