Examrace Examrace 289K Login & Manage NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and the Russia YouTube Lecture Handouts Get video tutorial on: https://www.youtube.com/c/examrace Watch video lecture on YouTube: NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and Russia NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and Russia Find this video at: https://www.youtube.com/video/132rqecxhv0?rel=0 Timeline 1850s -1880s: Debates over socialism in Russia. 1898: Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. 1905: The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905. 1917: 2nd March - Abdication of the Tsar & 24th October - Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd. 1918-20: The Civil War. 1919: Formation of Comintern. 1929: Beginning of Collectivization. 18 th Century: Divided into estates and orders & aristocracy and church controlled economic and social power In India, Raja Rammohan Roy and Derozio talked of the significance of the French Revolution Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. It opposed uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. But these were not democrats (not believed in universal adult suffrage) and believed that man of property should vote. Conservatives: wanted change but wished for a gradual shift, respected past Radicals: restructured society radically, wanted right to vote for everyone including women, opposed privilege of landowners and factory owners, against private property and concentration of property in hands of few Industrial Society & Social Change 1 of 9
New industrial regions developed Railways expanded Industrial revolution occurred Brought men, women and children to factories issues of poor wages, unemployment, housing and sanitation Value of individual effort, labor and enterprise and not by birth Bring end to the kind of government established in Europe in 1815 Socialism: against private property (individuals owned property for personal gains but didn t thought of those who made it productive), change for social interest Robert Owen: build cooperative community called New Harmony of Indiana (USA), encouraged governments for cooperatives Louis Blanc in France: encourage cooperatives (association of people and divide profit according to work done by members) Marx argued that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories, and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers. Workers must construct socialist society where all property is socially controlled. This is called as communist society. Support for Socialism Second International: international body formed for socialism Workers in England and Germany formed associations to better out living and working conditions reduction of working hours, right to vote Germany: Social Democratic Party won seat in parliament 1905: socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France Paris Commune of 1871: when the town council (commune) of Paris was taken over by a peoples government consisting of workers, ordinary people, professionals, political activists and others occurred due to discontent of policies of French state. Two important legacies: Association with the workers red flag that was the flag adopted by the communards (revolutionaries) in Paris Marseillaise, originally written as a war song in 1792, it became a symbol of the Commune and of the struggle for liberty Russian Revolution 2 of 9
October Revolution of 1917, fall of monarchy in Feb 2017 and events in October as Russian Revolution Russian Empire in 1914 ruled by Tsar Nicholas II included Finland, Lativia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. It stretched to the Pacific and comprised today s Central Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan Main religion: Russian orthodox Christianity (grown from Greek Christianity) 85% population thrived on agriculture in Russia as compared to 40-50% in France Industrial pockets in St. Petersburg and Moscow; craftsmen near large factories; factories were set up in 1890s, railway expanded and foreign investment increased; coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled. Govt. supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited work hours (craftsman worked 15 hours while in factories people worked 10 or 12 hours) Workers were divided social group metal workers required more training and skill; women included 31% factory labor force by 1914 but were paid less than men Strikes about dismissals or work conditions in 1896-97 & in metal industry in 1902 Peasants were also divided and were religious; nobles got to power and position through service to Tsars & not by local popularity Peasants refused to pay rent and murdered landlords (in 1902 in south Russia and in 1905 in overall Russia) They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families Socialism in Russia All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx s ideas. Because of government policing, it had to operate as an illegal organization. It set up a newspaper, mobilized workers and organized strikes. Peasants became the main force of revolution Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900 struggled for peasants rights and demanded that land to nobles must be transferred to peasants Lenin (led Bolshevik group) - believed that peasants were not united (were rich and poor) with differentiation party must be disciplined, control number and quality of its members Mensheviks (in Germany) party should be open to all 3 of 9
1905 Revolution Russia was autocracy and Tsar was not subject to parliament Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries along with peasants and workers demanded constitution They were supported in the empire by nationalists (in Poland) and in Muslim-dominated areas by jadidists who wanted modernized Islam to lead their societies 1904: price of essential goods rose, real wages declined by 20% 4 members of the Assembly of Russian Workers, which had been formed in 1904, were dismissed at the Putilov Iron Works next day 110,000 workers in St. Petersburg went to strike for reducing working hours to 8 hours, increasing wages and improving working conditions Father Gapon led procession to Winter Palace 100 killed and 300 wounded incidents were known as Bloody Sunday with Strikes across country Universities closed down Demand for civil liberty & constituent assembly Allowed creation of elected consultative Parliament or Duma (large number of trade unions and factory committees made up of factory workers) After 1905, many committees worked unofficially, 1 st Duma dismissed within 75 days and next re-elected in 3 months (not wanted any questioning); changed voting rights and packed 3 rd Duma with conservative politicians 1 st World War & Russian Empire 1914 war b/w two alliances: Germany, Austria and Turkey (Central powers) France, Britain & Russia (later Italy and Romania) Russia - high anti-german sentiments (renamed St. Petersburg to Pterograd). Tsarina Alexandra s German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular. Russia s armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917. While retreating they destroyed crops and buildings led to 3 million refugees in Russia 4 of 9
1 st world war eastern front (armies moved) and western front (armies fought from trenches stretched along eastern France) Impacted industry industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia, by 1916 railway lines broke down, riots at bread shops, bread and flour became scarce in cities February Revolution in Petrograd 1917: conditions of Petrograd were grim with division among people River Neva right bank (quarters and factories) & left bank (fashionable areas) Shortage of food supply Excessive cold winters with heavy snowfall People wanted to preserve elected government and oppose Tsar s desire to dissolve Duma 22 Feb: lockout on factory at right bank 23 Feb: strike in 50 factories for sympathy and was called International Women s Day, workers crossed to center of capital Nevskii Prospekt, curfew was imposed 25 Feb: government suspended Duma 26 Feb: Demonstrators on left bank 27 Feb: Police headquarters were ransacked slogans were raised Cavalry refused to fire on workers; 3 regiments mutinied and joined striking workers Striking workers met to form soviet or council and was called as Petrograd Soviet 2 March: Tsar abdicated, Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country Monarchy was brought down in Feb 1917 After February Soviets were set up everywhere with no common election system Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed April 1917: Lenin returned from exile opposed war since 1914, war must close, land to peasants and banks should be nationalized (3 demands as Lenin s April theses ) Bolshevik Party renamed itself the Communist Party to indicate its new radical aims Factory committees were formed questioned industrialists Trade unions grew 5 of 9
Soldier committees were formed in army 500 Soviets sent representatives to an All Russian Congress of Soviets Resisted attempts by workers to run factories and began arresting leaders July 1917: demonstrations by Bolsheviks were repressed Land committees were formed for redistribution of land (b/w July & Sept 1917) October Revolution, 1917 Russia followed the Julian calendar until 1 February 1918. The country then changed to the Gregorian calendar, which is followed everywhere today. The Gregorian dates are 13 days ahead of the Julian dates. So by our calendar, the February Revolution took place on 12th March and the October Revolution took place on 7th November. Conflict b/w Provisional government and Bolsheviks grew Lenin feared Provisional Government would set up dictatorship Bolshevik supporters in the army, soviets and factories were brought together 16 October 1917: Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to organize the seizure. The date of the event was kept a secret. 24 Oct: Uprising started, military under Prime Minister Kerenskii seized two Bolshevik newspapers, troops sent to protect Winter Palace By night city under committees control and ministers surrendered, at a meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action. By December Bolsheviks controlled Moscow-Petrograd area 6 of 9 After October Revolution Bolsheviks opposed private properties Nov. 1917: Industries and banks were nationalized Land declared social property & peasants allowed to seize land of nobility Banned old titles under aristocracy Enforced partition of large houses according to family requirements New uniform for army after competition and Soviet hat (budenovka) was chosen Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) November 1917: Bolsheviks conducted elections to the Constituent Assembly, but they failed to gain majority support.
January 1918: Assembly rejected Bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the Assembly & All Russian Congress of Soviets was more democratic March 1918: Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at Brest Litovsk Later, Bolsheviks became the only party to participate in the elections to the All Russian Congress of Soviets, which became the Parliament of the country Russia became one party state Trade unions were kept under party control Secret police (Cheka first, OGPU and NKVD) punished those who criticized Bolsheviks Civil War When Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, Russian army began to break up Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight the Bolsheviks ( reds ). During 1918 and 1919, the greens (Socialist Revolutionaries) and whites (pro-tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire. They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops all those forces who were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia. Looting, banditry and famine became common. Whites took harsh steps with peasants who seized land By Jan 1920: Bolsheviks controlled most of Russia In Khiva, in Central Asia, Bolshevik colonists brutally massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism. Non-Russian nationalities were given political autonomy in USSR (created by Bolsheviks) in Dec 1922 Bolsheviks had harsh discouragement of nomadism (attempts to win different nationalities were partly successful) Socialist Society Industries and banks were nationalized Cultivate land that was socialized Confiscated land to demonstrate what collective work could be Centralized planning was introduced officials assessed economy and set targets for 5-year period (made five year plans) 7 of 9
Govt. fixed prices to promote industrial growth during first two plans Centralized planning led to economic growth Industrial production increased New factory cities came into being Extended schooling system developed & arrangements made for factory workers to enter universities Creches were established in factories Cheap public health care Model living quarters Factories became symbol of socialism In Magnitogorsk, construction of a steel plant was achieved in three years. Workers lived hard lives and the result was 550 stoppages of work in the first year alone Stalinism and Collectivisation 1927-28: towns of Soviet Russia were facing acute problems of grain supplies govt. fixed the prices but peasants refused to sell it at that price Stalin after death of Lenin introduced emergency measures rich peasants were holding stock in hope of price rise and aimed to stop speculation and confiscated supplies 1928: kulaks (well to do peasants) were raided, grain shortage was due to small size of holdings and decision was taken for collective farms & eliminate kulaks Collectivization Program 1929 all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz); land and implements were transferred to ownership of collective farms Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared. Who resisted collectivization were punished, deported and exiled Bad harvests of 1930-1933 led to one of most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million died (despite collectivization) Critics: 2 million in prison and labor camps 8 of 9 Global Influence of Russian Revolution & USSR Encouraged Communist Party of Great Britain Non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern (an international union of pro-bolshevik socialist parties)
Indian Views M. N. Roy was an Indian revolutionary, a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and prominent Comintern leader in India, China and Europe Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore wrote about Soviet Socialism. In Hindi, R.S. Avasthi wrote in 1920-21 Russian Revolution, Lenin, His Life and His Thoughts, and later The Red Revolution. S.D. Vidyalankar wrote The Rebirth of Russia and The Soviet State of Russia. There was much that was written in Bengali, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu. -Manishika 9 of 9