Standard 1-Colonization and Revolution 3 countries explore o Spain- Reason: 3 G s (God, Gold, Glory) Area: Central/South America o France- Reason: Fur trapping/trade Area: Northern territories such as Canada Key point: used waterways and relied on Native American help o Britain -Reason: came to stay because of religious disagreements or the promise of wealth Area: 13 original colonies along eastern seaboard This course focuses on the British perspective: 1st successful colony-jamestown, VA o Chose poor location, bad water, mosquitoes, swampy- almost all died o John Rolfe saves colony with introduction of TOBACCO o Had Representative Government o elected reps called legislatures and served in the House of Burgesses o Only property owners could vote (white males) o set precedent of self-governing in the colonies Southern colonies: Economyo staple crops: tobacco, indigo, and rice o Used plantation system o Worked by indentured servants originally then moved to slaves Southern Society- Different classes o Gentry- Wealthy upper class o Poor farmers o Slaves Education: wealthy whites only Religion: o wealthy-anglican o Poor- Methodist or Baptist New England colonies: Founded by Puritans (pilgrims) Economy: o Fishing, shipbuilding, trade o Poor soil-very bad for farming Society: o Strict laws established in Massachusetts Colony o No separation of church and state, Social conformity important o No religious freedom, either the Puritan way or banished and branded a dissenter o Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island and promoted the ideas of freedom of religion and separation of church and state. o Education: first to promote public education
Middle colonies: Economy: o Farming (wheat, barley, rye) and trade o Fur trade with Native Americans Society: o Culturally diverse o Slaves not as numerous as in South because of the type of work o Religiously tolerant o PA homeland for Quakers o Quakers did not recognize social class differences, promoted equality, were fair to the Native Americans African-Americans & Colonial Women 1st Africans were indentured servants o As agriculture grew so did slavery, especially in the South o In Middle and New England colonies slaves were often trained in a craft and then worked in a shop Women were not granted rights o Cook, clean, take care of children o Exception if they were widows Colonial Government How were the colonies governed? salutary neglect English government basically left the colonists to govern themselves o **The colonists considered themselves to be English citizens.** Some Representative Government in the Colonies Mayflower Compact- example of people forming own government Town Meetings- people can voice their opinions o BUT: only men of the Puritan church could vote House of Burgesses- people have a say in government by electing representatives o BUT: only property owners were allowed to vote Influences: Greeks: democracy Romans: republic Magna Carta: limited government; rule of law English Bill of Rights: protection from the gov t John Locke s theories: o natural rights (life, liberty, property) o Social Contract Theory- citizens make sacrifices for protection; if gov t fails to protect they have the right to replace the gov t So who was in charge? Colonial governors -appointed by the king & possessed most of the power. Colonial legislatures-elected by the people to create most of the laws & really had more influence.
Revolution All stems from $$$ The French And Indian War- French/Indians v. Brits/colonists o Cause: colonists moved westward (past Appalachian mts) for more land o nine years later, French surrender o Brits gained land east of the Mississippi Who should pay for the war? ***Great Britain was in debt from the war and wanted the colonists to help pay for the war. Colonists were only supposed to pay taxes to their colonial assemblies NOT directly to England- This made the colonists angry!*** More laws against Colonists: Proclamation of 1763- can t use land gained from F&I War! writs of assistance search warrants allowing any colonist to be searched Quartering Act- colonists had to house and supply British soldiers Stamp Act- tax on paper goods o Leads to boycotts by Sons of Liberty Declaratory Act- Parliament can make laws w/o colonists consent Townshend Act- tax on glass and tea o Boston Tea Party leads to Intolerable Act- MA is put under military rule Questions: 1. Who was John Locke and what theories did the colonists steal from his philosophy? 2. How did the colonists respond to English policies of salutary neglect? 3. What is Mercantilism and how did he British implement it? 4. What was the French and Indian War? 5. What is the Proclamation of 1763? 6. What were some of the new ideas colonists started to follow? Colonists are angry, now what?! Colonists meet @ 1st Continental Congress Ask King if they can govern themselves War begins MA began to stockpile weapons in Concord, outside Boston o April 18, 1775 800 British Redcoats moved towards Concord and encounter 70 minutemen o Someone fires a shot to start the Revolutionary War Next Step Second Continental Congress- ready to fight for independence Common Sense written by Thomas Paine, 1776 & called for a break from England July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence signed
o We re FREE! o drafted by Thomas Jefferson o Strongly influenced by John Locke-Inalienable rights o Jefferson asserted egalitarianism in document- All men are created equal o Document concluded with list of complaints against the King o Says England failed to fulfill its duty to the people of upholding their rights British Strengths American Strengths Disciplined army; worlds best Navy Hessians German hired soldiers 1/3 colonists were loyalists, Tories Home-field advantage Fighting for freedom and a homeland British Weaknesses Colonists were also familiar with British War tactics from the French/Indian War British citizens didn t want to pay a tax for this war Unknown geography American Weaknesses Lack of effective fighting force Weak government Treaty of Paris in 1783 Officially ended the Revolutionary War Great Britain recognized USA Set Mississippi River as western border Okay, so the US declared independence. Now what? How will this new country operate? Articles of Confederation Est. during the war-1781 Loose alliance of states did not want to give too much power to a national government Had only the legislative branch Each state held all judicial powers Weakness of the Articles of Confederation No army Couldn t tax No nat l $ No regulation of interstate commerce No President Required Unanimous Vote to Amend Shays Rebellion
After war the United States was in an economic crisis- many farmers not able to repay loans MA raised taxes to pay for their war debt & brought back memories of British taxes 1786, Daniel Shays led a rebellion Congress couldn t do anything because there was no money to raise an army so MA dealt with the problem on its own Made it evident that a stronger national government was needed US Constitution VA Plan Proposed Plans NJ Plan 3 branch system: Judicial Executive Legislative- two house system (Bicameral) representation based on population; More people = more rep. Large states loved this plan 3 branch system: Judicial Executive Legislative- Rep. based on set # Small states loved this plan Great Compromise/CT Comp. 3 branch system: Judicial Executive Legislative- two house system Senate: set # House of Reps: based on population Solution 3/5 & Slave Trade Comps. o Should slaves be counted? (greater the pop., more rep.) o North said no o South said yes o Three-fifths Compromise counted each slave as 3/5 of one person o Slave trade Compromise let congress impose regulations on slave trade after 25 years Ratification? North supported Constitution o Federalist Papers helped to persuade N South was hesitant to adopt o Bill of Rights helped persuade S ***Ratified by 9 states in 1787, the last states waited until 1789 when the Bill of Rights was added.*** Questions 1. Who controlled the colonies?
2. Why and when did this change? 3. What were the Articles of Confederation? 4. Why did they drop them? 5. What was the compromised solution for how our government would operate? 6. What purpose does the Bill of Rights serve? 7. What s the difference between Anti Feds/Feds? Political Parties Anti-Federalists/Democratic Republicans Federalists Included T. Jefferson Strong fed/weak state Favored B o R Included J. Adams, A. Hamilton strict interpretation of the Constitution: gov t can only do what is specifically stated in the Constitution Believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution: Gov t can take action even if it s not specifically stated in the Constitution as long as the action is necessary for the gov t to function Weak fed/strong state North South Loved tariffs Hated tariffs Wealthy should have power Common man in power Whiskey Rebellion Middle states were mad about tax o less whiskey sold w/ tax 1794 PA rebelled against tax by refusing to pay it; forced courts to close and attacked tax collectors GW called up 12,000 troop and showed the power of the federal gov t, but most people felt oppressed by it and started to call for state rights John Adams Presidency Adams was a Federalist o Naturalization Act required 14 years of residency before being a citizen o Alien Act allowed the gov t to arrest or remove foreigners deemed untrustworthy o Sedition Act severely limited free speech and expression (used to silence critics) Democratic-Republicans saw this as an abuse of power o Virginia and Kentucky Resolution Jefferson produced a response to Alien/Sedition Acts Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- if they believed a Federal Law to be unconstitutional they did not have to obey it or enforce it Doctrine of Nullification- idea that states have this authority 1. Who were the Anti-Federalists and what did they believe? 2. Who were the Federalists and what did they believe? 3. How was Hamilton s going to fix the economic crisis? 4. Why was Jefferson opposed to Hamilton s plan? 5. How did the Democratic-Republicans respond to the Alien and Sedition Acts? 6. What was the Doctrine of Nullification?
The United States Constitution Constitutional Principles 1. Popular sovereignty- majority rule 2. Separation of powers- each branch has certain duties 3. Limited government- everyone has to follow rules 4. Democracy- the people make the decisions 5. Republicanism- we appoint representatives 6. Checks and Balances- branches check each other s actions; no group should hold more power 7. Federalism-State and Federal gov t share powers Constitutional Principles Delegated powers- powers reserved for national government Reserved powers- powers reserved for state Concurrent powers- shared powers between the state and national government Three Branches Executive Branch (President) Proposes laws, administers laws and spending Legislative Branch (Congress) Writes laws and gives out money Judicial Branch (Supreme Court) Interprets the laws by hearing and deciding cases Article I Sets up the Legislative Branch (makes laws) - Congress Two houses: House of Representatives (based on population); Senate (2 representatives per state) Each have unique responsibilities Can not suspend Habeas Corpus- right to go before a judge after being formally charged Article II Set up the Executive Branch (enforces laws)- President President voted in by the Electoral College a group of delegates who vote for the President and VP Article III Set up the Judicial Branch the Supreme Court but its vague Supreme Court is highest court in the land Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 to establish the federal court system and the authority of the court Goal is to make sure laws are applied properly Courts use Precedence means courts use past decisions to make rulings. Marbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison Chief Justice John Marshall said judges were entitled to their jobs, but could not make the President issue those jobs. o establishes Judicial Review- if Congress passes a law and President signs it, the Federal Courts can still nullify it if it violates the US Constitution
Bill of Rights First ten amendments passed in 1789 Purpose was protecting Civil Liberties Greatly influenced by the English Bill of Rights 1. 1st Amendment a. Freedom of speech, religion, petition, assembly, and press; Free Exercise Clause forbids Congress from making any law prohibiting religious practices; Establishment Clause Forbid the govt from instituting a national religion 2. 2nd Amendment a. Right to bear arms- Created to make sure that states had militias on hand 3. 3rd Amendment a. Protects against quartering (housing) of soldiers in private homes-passed because during the AmRev, British soldiers were forced to stay in homes of American 4. 4th Amendment a. Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures- From the British writs of assistance 5. 5th Amendment a. Right to: due process (fair trial) protects against double jeopardy (being tried twice for the same crime) self-incrimination (testifying against yourself) Places limits on eminent domain- government s ability to take private property for public use 6. 6th Amendment a. Protects rights to a public and speedy trial by jury, and legal representation 7. 7th Amendment a. Right to a jury in civil cases 8. 8th Amendment a. Protects against excessive bail/fines b. Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment 9. 9th Amendment a. The rights specifically mentioned in the Bill of Rights are not the only rights that we have 10. 10th Amendment a. Powers not restricted or given to the federal government are reserved to the states