World War II Russia Stalin Italy Mussolini (1922) Germany Hitler (1933) Nazi Party Rome-Berlin Axis Japan Hirohito wanted more land (Manchuria-1931) Japan Hirohito wanted more land (Manchuria-1931) Italy invaded d Ethiopia 1935 no involvement in Europe Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937 Spanish Civil War US did not support either side American disarmament THREAT Realized 1938 Naval Construction Act 1937 Japan invaded China FDR said there was no war aid to Chinese Japan sank us boat Dec. 1937 1936 Rhineland March 1938 Anschluss annexed Austria Sept. 1938 Munich Conference Hitler wanted Sudetenland appeasement March 1939 annexed Czechoslovakia 1
Aug. 1939 Nonaggression Pact Hitler and Stalin Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland Poland fell in 3 weeks - blitzkrieg Sept. 3 Britain, France declared war Neutrality declared Neutrality Act of 1939 cash and carry phony war April 1940 Denmark & Norway May 1940 Belgium & Netherlands May-June 1940 invaded d France Dunkirk evacuation Only Britain stood in Germany s way FDR military buildup $37 billion Sept. 1940 peacetime draft America First Committee August 1940 June 1941 bombing raids US sympathy y toward Britain grows propaganda radio broadcasts Edward R. Murrow FDR aids Britain 50 old destroyers Republicans Wendell Willkie Democrats FDR Results FDR won by 5 million pop votes Electoral 449-82 Dems retained majority in Congress 2
March 1941 lend or lease weapons to Allies Results US arsenal of democracy $50 billion in supplies Germany unofficial dec. of war began attacking US merchant ships Germany invaded USSR June 1941 US aids Soviets Lend-Lease L Soviets stopped Germans at Moscow August 1941 FDR & Churchill Atlantic Charter US more involved Neutral? isolationists upset July 1941 US escort ships to Iceland Attacks on US ships Sept. Nov. 1941 US Ends Neutrality Nov. 1941 ended Neut. Act of 1939 began to arm merchant ships Late 1940 US embargo mid-1941 froze all Japanese assets in US Japan felt loss of supplies Nov. & Dec. 1941 US attempted to keep peace US wanted Japan out of China Japan refused US cracked Japanese code Japan ready for war Hideki Tojo new prime minister US believed attack would be in the Philippines 3
Dec. 7, 1941 nearly 3000 casualties 8 battleships destroyed/damaged many planes lost 3 aircraft carriers at sea Dec. 8 FDR addressed Congress a date which will live in infamy Dec. 8 war declared on Japan only 1 vote against war Dec. 11 Germany/Italy declare war on US Tripartite Pact Sept 1940 Pearl Harbor even isolationists supported war keep Britain from being defeated stop Japanese Pacific expansion appeasement did not work Defeat Germany, then Japan Hitler a bigger threat Provisions food/war supplies for US and Allies transport troops around the globe War Production Board Office of Price Administration Nat. War Labor Board Office of War Information Office of War Mobilization central agency James Byrnes wartime production factory conversion Henry Kaiser shipbuilding Willow Run Plant Ford auto production stopped Arsenal of Democracy 4
Rationing raw materials for production rationed certain products gasoline, meat, butter, sugar rubber led to synthetic rubber ration books inflation wage ceilings no-strike pledge UMW John Lewis (4 strikes in 1943) Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act 1943 gov t seize & operate industries most workers contributed to the war effort propaganda promote patriotism posters to promote the war 16 million men GI 300,000 women noncombat duties clerical, communications, health care WAVES - Navy WASPS Air Force WACS - Army Blacks 1 million Mexican Americans 300,000 Native Americans 25, 000 code-talkers Japanese Americans 17,000 Women Rosie the Riveter 1945 36% workforce day care centers Roles after the war? 5
Blacks lower pay discrimination in hiring Mexican Americans Bracero program discrimination LA shipyards Blacks Double V Campaign A. Philip Randolph Executive Order 8802 Organizations NAACP CORE Mexican Americans Bracero program barrios Zoot Suit Riots 1941 110,000 West Coast 2/3 American born (Nisei) Executive Order 9066 internment camps Korematsu v. U.S. 442 nd Regimental Combat Team 1942 Midterm Election Republicans gained seats New Deal programs ended Servicemen s Readjustment Act 1944 GI Bill of Rights Democrats FDR Republicans Thomas Dewey FDR FDR won 432-99 Electoral votes 6
Economy Grew Cost of war $330 billion taxes & war bonds Nat. Debt $49 billion to $259 billion $10 million per hour Guam, SE Asia Philippines same day as Pearl Harbor Gen. Douglas MacArthur Bataan MacArthur fled I shall return Bataan Death March New Guinea, Solomon Islands Battle of the Coral Sea May 1942 stopped Japanese Battle of Midway June 1942 last Japanese offensive get closer to Japan Guadalcanal Gilbert Islands Marshall Islands Mariana Islands submarines Allied strategies convoys air patrol radar cracked German codes 7
Erwin Rommel Desert Fox defeat at El Alamein Gen. Dwight Eisenhower Morocco Rommel surrendered May 1943 Casablanca Conference FDR & Churchill Sicily August 1943 Mussolini overthrown Italy surrendered Sept 1943 Germans continue fighting Rome captured June 1944 fighting ended May 2, 1945 Battle of Stalingrad Sept. 1942 Soviets stopped German advance Soviet counterattack Germans surrendered Turning Point battle D-Day June 6, 1944 Normandy not as heavily defended Eisenhower led invasion Germans believed attack would be further North near Calais Allies still had difficulty eventually broke through Germans forced to retreat Gen. George Patton troops in S. France Aug. 1944 Paris liberated Sept. 1944 Belgium, Netherlands 1 st German city fell Oct. 1944 8
Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944 Feb. 1945 Yalta Conference March 1945 - US troops reach Rhine River April 1945 US reaches Elbe River Soviets enter Berlin April 12 FDR died April 30 Hitler commits suicide May 8 Germany surrenders V-E Day Concentration Camps Liberated US, Soviet troops horrors of Holocaust revealed 6 million Jews, 6 million others died Oct. 1944 MacArthur returns to the Philippines Battle of Leyte Gulf kamikazes battle for the Philippines Manila captured March 1945 Philippines reclaimed July 1945 March 1945 city of Tokyo bombed Battle of Iwo Jima March 1945 Battle of Okinawa Apr-June 1945 9
Einstein letter to FDR 1940 - $2 billion for development J. Robert Oppenheimer Enrico Fermi July 15, 1945 1 st successful test Japan no signs of surrender several options considered invasion may be very costly Potsdam Conference July 1945 Japan given ultimatum surrender or be destroyed Aug. 6, 1945 Hiroshima 180,000 casualties Aug. 8 USSR joins US against Japan Aug. 9 Nagasaki 80,000 casualties Aug. 15 V-J Day Sept. 2 official surrender aboard USS Missouri Gen. Douglas MacArthur US 1 million (300,000 dead) USSR nearly 20 million dead Germany 6 million dead Japan 2 million dead 10
US little damage Pearl Harbor Europe mostly in ruins Britain to USSR great success in carrying out war great military leaders Industry successful Democracy was Victorious 11