U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY AND STRATEGY, 1987-1994 Documents and Policy Proposals Edited by Robert A. Vitas John Allen Williams Foreword by Sam <C» Sarkesian Greenwood Reference Volumes on American Public Policy Formation Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut London
Contents Foreword by Sam C. Sarkesian Preface Acknowledgements xvii xix xxiii 1 The Study of U.S. National Security 1 2 The National Security Establishment 5 INTRODUCTION 5 THE INSTITUTIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY 7 President Reagan's Radio Address to the Nation on the Defense Budget 7 President Reagan's Message to the Congress on United States Military Combatant Commands 8 President Reagan's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate on Low Intensity Conflict Policy 8 Review by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney 9 Public Law 102-88: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 11 Public Law 102-496: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 15 President Clinton's Radio Address to the Nation on Defense Conversion 17 TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM 19 Terrorism and the Rule of Law 19 Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Arsht on the Crash of an American Jetliner in Lockerbie, Scotland 26 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Execution of Lieutenant Colonel William R. Higgins 27 President Bush's Statement on United States Emergency Antidrug Assistance for Colombia 27
vi U.S. National Security President Bush's Statement Announcing Joint Declarations on the Libyan Indictments 28 Public Law 101-222: Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Amendments Act of 1989 29 SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE MILITARY 33 Statement by the Director of Communications on President Clinton's Meeting With the Joint Chiefs of Staff 33 President Clinton's News Conference: Gays in the Military 34 President Clinton's Remarks Announcingthe New Policy on Gays and Lesbians in the Military 35 3 Changing Visions of the World 39 INTRODUCTION 39 DOCUMENTS 39 President Reagan's Address to the 42nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly 3 9 President Reagan's Remarks at the United States Military Academy in West Point 44 White House Fact Sheet on the National Security Strategy Report 46 President Bush's Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly 49 4 From Cold War to an Uncertain Alliance 53 INTRODUCTION 53 U.S.-SOVIET RELATIONS 54 U.S. Inspects Soviet Military Exercise 54 Joint Statement on the Soviet-United States Summit Meeting 57 President Reagan's Remarks Announcing the Signing of the Afghanistan Accords 65 President Reagan's Statement on the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan 65 White House Fact Sheet on the Meeting with Soviet Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev in Malta 66 FROM SOVIET UNION TO RUSSIA: CHANGING THE GUARD AT THE KREMLIN 69 President Bush's Statement on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union 69 President Bush's Statement on the Resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union 70
Contents vii Address to the Nation on the Commonwealth of Independent States 71 Vancouver Declaration: Joint Statement of the Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation 71 THE INTEGRATION OF THE EAST 75 President Bush's Statement on Signing the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [Public Law 101-179] 75 Public Law 101-179: Support for EastEuropean Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 76 President Bush's Statement on Signing the FREEDOM Support Act [Public Law 102-511] 79 Statement by the Presidents of the United States, Russia, and Ukraine 80 Statement on Withdrawal of Russian Forces from Eastern Europe 82 THE REORIENTATION OF NATO 83 Improving the Balance of Conventional Forces in Europe 83 London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance 88 President Bush's Statement on German Membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 93 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany 93 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 96 Text of the Joint Declaration of Twenty-Two States 98 Presidential Determination No. 91-37 Memorandum to the Secretary of Defense on End Strength Level of United States Armed Forces in Europe 100 Declaration on Developments in the Soviet Union by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Rome 101 President Clinton's Remarks to the Departing United States Troops in Berlin 102 5 Nuclear Strategy, Weaponry, and Arms Control 105 INTRODUCTION 105 ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT 106 Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles 106 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Communique: A Comprehensive Concept of Arms Control and Disarmament 111
viii U.S. National Security President Bush's Address to the Nation on United States Nuclear Weapons Reductions 116 START 118 President Reagan's Statement on the United States Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Proposal 118 Soviet-United States Joint Statement on Future Negotiations on Nuclear and Space Arms and Further Enhancing Strategic Stability 120 White House Fact Sheet on the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 121 Joint Understanding on Reductions in Strategic Offensive Arms 126 Joint United States-Russian Statement on a Global Protection System 127 President Bush's Message to the Senate Transmitting the Russia-United States Treaty on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms 128 SDI AND CONTINUED VIGILANCE 131 Public Law 102-190: Missile Defense Act of 1991 131 United States Involvement in Central America 137 INTRODUCTION 137 REGIONAL LEVEL ACTIONS 138 President Reagan's Message to the Congress on Economic Assistance for Central America 138 Central American Peace Plan 141 Fitzwater on the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Honduras. 143 Bipartisan Accord on Central America 144 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Soviet Policy in Central America 145 NICARAGUA 146 Presidential Determination No. 87-10 Assistance for the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance 146 President Reagan's Address to the People of Nicaragua on the Central American Peace Plan 147 Radio Address to the Nation on the Situation in Nicaragua 148 White House Statement on the Presidential Determination on Assistance to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance 149 President Reagan's Request to Congress for Assistance for the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance 150
Contents ix President Reagan's Statement on the House of Representatives Disapproval of Aid to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance 153 President Reagan's Statement on Aid to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance 153 Fitzwater on the Situation in Nicaragua 154 President Bush's Statement on the Upcoming Elections in Nicaragua 155 President Bush's Statement on the Election of Violeta Chamorro as President of Nicaragua 157 VIOLATIONS OF JUDGEMENT AND LAW: THE IRAN- CONTRA CONTROVERSY 158 Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Speakes on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy 158 Fitzwater on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy 158 Report of the President's Special Review Board 159 President Reagan's Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy 166 President Reagan's Letter to the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on Covert Action Procedural Reforms 168 President Reagan's Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy and Administration Goals 170 PANAMA 171 Fitzwater on the Situation in Panama 171 Fitzwater on the Situation in Panama 172 President Reagan's Statement on Economic Sanctions Against Panama 172 Fitzwater on the Transfer of United States Funds to Panama 173 President Bush's Statement on the Presidential Elections in Panama 174 President Bush's Remarks on the Situation in Panama 175 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Banning of Panamanian-Flag Vessels from United States Ports 177
17.5. National Security President Bush's Address to the Nation Announcing United States Military Action in Panama 177 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on United States Military Action in Panama 179 President Bush's Memorandum to the Secretary of Defense on the Arrest of General Manuel Noriega in Panama 179 President Bush's Memorandum to the Secretaries of State and Treasury Terminating Economic Sanctions Against Panama 179 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on United States Military Action in Panama 179 President Bush's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on United States Military Action in Panama 181 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Situation in Panama 182 President Bush's Remarks Announcing the Surrender of General Manuel Noriega in Panama 183 President Bush's Letter to Congressional Leaders Transmitting Certification of Panama's Cooperation in the Control of Illegal Narcotics 183 President Bush's Statement on Signing the Urgent Assistance for Democracy in Panama Act of 1990 [Public Law 101-243] 184 President Bush's Statement on the Sentencing of Manuel Noriega 184 7 The Persian Gulf 185 INTRODUCTION 185 THE SEEDS OF TENSION 186 U.S. Interests in the Persian Gulf 186 U.S.S. Stark Hit by Iraqi Missiles 189 President Reagan's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on the United States Air Strike in the Persian Gulf 198 President Reagan's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on the United States Air Strike in the Persian Gulf 199 President Reagan's Statement on the United States Reprisal Against Iran 200
Contents xi President Reagan's Statement on Trade Sanctions Against Iran 200 Fitzwater on the United States Military Strike in the Persian Gulf 201 President Reagan's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on the United States Military Strike in the Persian Gulf 202 President Reagan's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on the Destruction of an Iranian Jetliner by the United States Navy over the Persian Gulf 203 Fitzwater on United States Policy Regarding the Accidental Attack on an Iranian Jetliner over the Persian Gulf 204 President Reagan's Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on United States Military Action in the Persian Gulf 205 OPERATION DESERT SHIELD 205 Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Popadiuk on the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait 205 President Bush's Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters on the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait 206 President Bush's Memorandum to Heads of All Departments and Agencies on the Withholding of Assistance to Iraq 207 President Bush's Message to the Congress on the Declaration of a National Emergency with Respect to Iraq 207 President Bush's Address to the Nation Announcing the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia 208 Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Saudi Arabia and the Middle East 211 President Bush's Letter to Congressional Leaders on Additional Economic Measures Taken with Respect to Iraq and Kuwait 212 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Arab League's Statement on the Persian Gulf Crisis 214 Excerpts of a Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Persian Gulf Crisis 214
xii U.S. National Security Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Persian Gulf Crisis 215 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Treatment of Foreign Nationals in Iraq and Kuwait 215 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Mobilization of Un ited States Reserves 216 Executive Order 12727 Ordering the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty 217 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on United Nations Authorization of Enforcement of Economic Sanctions Against Iraq 217 Excerpt of a Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's Endorsement of United Nations Economic Sanctions Against Iraq 218 President Bush's Remarks at a White House Briefing for Members of Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis 218 Extension of Active Duty of the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces 219 Deployment of Additional United States Armed Forces to the Persian Gulf 220 OPERATION DESERT STORM 221 President Bush's Message to Allied Nations on the Persian Gulf Crisis 221 Persian Gulf Crisis 223 Public Law 102-1: Joint Resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 223 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater Confirming Iraqi Missile Attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia 225 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on United States Response to Iraqi Missile Attacks on Israel 225 Persian Gulf Conflict 225 Activation of the Ready Reserve 226 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Allied Bombing in Baghdad 227 President Bush's Remarks on the Persian Gulf Conflict 227 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Persian Gulf Conflict 228
Contents xiii Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Persian Gulf Conflict 230 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Persian Gulf Conflict 230 President Bush's Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Ground Action in the Persian Gulf 230 President Bush's Address to the Nation on the Suspension of Allied Offensive Combat Operations in the Persian Gulf 231 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's Use of Force Against the Iraqi People 232 State Department Fact Sheet: UN Security Council Resolution 687 Cease-fire in the Gulf 233 Situation in the Persian Gulf 235 SADDAM HUSSEIN LINGERS 23 6 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Iraq 236 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Free Elections in Kuwait 237 President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Strike on Iraqi Intelligence Headquarters 238 President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders on Iraq 239 President Clinton's Address to the Nation on Iraq 242 Nagging Conflicts 245 INTRODUCTION 245 THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT: U.S. AND WESTERN INACTION 246 President Bush's Statement on Humanitarian Assistance to Bosnia, 246 President Clinton's Statement Announcing Airdrops Providing Humanitarian Aid to Bosnia-Herzegovina 248 President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on the No-Fly Zone over Bosnia 249 Executive Order 12846-Additional Measures with Respect to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) 250 Presidential Determination 93-20 252 Presidential Determination 93-22 252 President Clinton's Letter to Senate Leaders on the Conflict in Bosnia 252 Remarks at the Bosnian Federation Signing Ceremony 253
xiv U.S. National Security President Clinton's Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services on the Arms Embargo on Bosnia-Herzegovina 254 President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders on Bosnia-Herzegovina 255 Executive Order 12934 Blocking Property and Additional Measures with Respect to the Bosnian Serb-Controlled Areas of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 256 SOMALIA: AN UNCERTAIN HOPE RESTORED 257 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the Military Airlift for Humanitarian Aid to Somalia 257 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Additional Humanitarian Aid for Somalia 258 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on the United Nations Vote to Authorize Use of Military Forces in Somalia 259 President Bush's Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia 259 Statement by Press Secretary Fitzwater on Operation Restore Hope 261 Situation in Somalia 261 President Clinton's Remarks Welcoming Home Military Personnel from Somalia 263 President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Situation in Somalia 264 President Clinton's Address to the Nation on Somalia 266 President Clinton's Message to the Congress Transmitting a Report on Somalia 269 HAITI: SUCCESSFUL STANDOFF 271 President Bush's Statement on Denying Use of United States Ports to Vessels Trading with Haiti 271 President Bush's Message to the Congress Reporting on the National Emergency with Respect to Haiti 272 President Bush's Notice on Continuation of Haiti Emergency 275 Statement by the Director of Communications on the Situation in Haiti 276 President Clinton's Statement on Sanctions Against Haiti 277 Executive Order 12853 Blocking Government of Haiti Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Haiti 279 Executive Order 12872 Blocking Property of Persons Obstructing Democratization in Haiti 282
Contents xv President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders on Haiti 283 Executive Order 12927 Ordering the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty 284 President Clinton's Address to the Nation on Haiti 284 President Clinton's Address to the Nation on Haiti 285 Letter to Congressional Leaders on Haiti 286 President Clinton's Letter to Congressional Leaders on Haiti 288 9 Notes on Primary Sources 289 Select Bibliography 293 Index 297