Audrey Singer, Immigration Fellow Twenty-first Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America Annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers April 18, 2007
New metropolitan geography of immigrant settlement The 1990s was a time of extraordinary growth of the U.S. immigrant population Many new areas of settlement outside the traditional Southwestern states and large metropolitan areas Following opportunities, more immigrants are locating in suburban areas
New Metros: changing destinations in the 1990s More immigrants live in Atlanta than Long Island, Philadelphia, or Detroit (612,000) The same number of immigrants currently live in Salt Lake City as Cleveland (115,000) Washington, DC and Dallas-Ft. Worth have nearly as many immigrants as Houston or San Francisco (greater than 1 million)
New Contexts: suburbia is the dominant landscape More immigrants now live in suburbia than in central cities (52% vs. 48% nationwide) Most of the foreign-born in Atlanta and Washington, DC live in the suburbs (94 & 91 percent), but the same is true for only 56 percent of Chicago s and 49 percent of San Francisco s The fastest growing immigrant populations are in 21 st Century Gateways which are largely sprawling, lower density, and suburban in form
States with the most recent growth are in the Southeast Percent Foreign Born 1.09-4.54 4.55-12.40 12.41-15.91 15.92-27.24 Percent of foreign born who entered since 2000 30 or above U.S. = 12.4
Top 10 metropolitan areas, 2005 New York Los Angeles Miami-Fort Lauderdale Chicago San Francisco-Oakland Houston Washington Dallas-Fort Worth Riverside-San Bernardino Boston %FB 27.9 34.7 36.5 17.5 29.5 21.4 19.9 17.7 21.6 16.0 Millions 5,117,290 4,407,353 1,949,629 1,625,649 1,201,209 1,113,875 1,017,432 1,016,221 827,584 684,165
Immigration is at an all time high Total Foreign Born and Share Foreign Born in the United States, 1900-2005 Population in Millions 40 35 30 25 20 15 13.6% Population 14.7% 13.2% 11.6% 8.8% 6.9% Percent of Population 12.4% 11.1% 7.9% 6.2% 5.4% 4.7% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% Percent of Total Population 10 4% 5 2% - 10.3 13.5 13.9 14.2 11.6 10.3 9.7 9.6 14.1 19.8 31.1 35.7 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 0% Source: Source: U.S. U.S. Census Census Bureau
Few cities have maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century 1900 2000 New York 1,270,080 37.0 New York 2,871,032 35.9 Chicago 587,112 34.6 Los Angeles 1,512,720 40.9 Philadelphia 295,340 22.8 Chicago 628,903 21.7 Boston 197,129 35.1 Houston 516,105 26.4 Cleveland San Francisco St. Louis Buffalo Detroit Milwaukee 124,631 116,885 111,356 104,252 96,503 88,991 32.6 34.1 19.4 29.6 33.8 31.2 San Jose San Diego Dallas San Francisco Phoenix Miami 329,757 314,227 290,436 285,541 257,325 215,739 36.8 25.7 24.4 36.8 19.5 59.5
Former gateways are no longer major destinations Percent foreign born 35 30 25 20 15 Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000 Former Baltimore Buffalo Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis 10 Former 5 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Continuous gateways have always attracted more than their fair share of immigrants 40 Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000 35 30 Continuous Percent foreign born 25 20 15 10 5 Continuous Boston Chicago Jersey City Newark New York Bergen Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Post-WWII gateways became destinations during the past 50 years 40 Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000 35 Post-WWII 30 Percent foreign born 25 20 15 10 5 0 Post-WWII Fort Lauderdale Houston Los Angeles Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino San Diego Miami 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Emerging gateways experienced very recent and rapid growth in their foreign-born population 40 Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000 35 Percent foreign born 30 25 20 15 10 Emerging Atlanta Dallas Fort Worth Las Vegas Orlando Washington, DC West Palm Beach Emerging 5 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Re-Emerging gateways are once again major destinations for immigrants Percent foreign born 40 35 30 25 20 15 Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000 Re-Emerging Denver Minneapolis-St. Paul Oakland Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Jose Seattle Tampa 10 Re-Emerging 5 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Emerging gateways represent a new context for immigrant integration Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000 40 35 30 Continuous Post-WWII Percent foreign born 25 20 15 Re-Emerging 10 Emerging 5 0 Former 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
Six types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 Former Baltimore Buffalo Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis Continuous Boston Chicago Jersey City Newark New York Bergen Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco Post-WWII Fort Lauderdale Houston Los Angeles Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino San Diego Miami Emerging Atlanta Dallas Fort Worth Las Vegas Orlando Washington, DC West Palm Beach Re-Emerging Denver Minneapolis-St. Paul Oakland Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Jose Seattle Tampa Pre-Emerging Austin Charlotte Greensboro-Winston Salem Raleigh-Durham Salt Lake City
The social science literature shows a surprising lack of comparative metropolitan studies Roger Waldinger wrote in 1989 that in the past, the study of cities was largely the study of immigrants, however now much research on immigrants is about people who just happen to live in cities; but how the particular characteristics of the immigrant-receiving areas impinge on the newcomers is a question immigration researchers rarely raise (Waldinger 1989: 211).
A new wave of immigration studies is illuminating the fact that immigrants are in new destination areas PLACE-FOCUSED rural areas, the South, the Suburbs INDUSTRY-FOCUSED Carpets, poultry, meatpacking, mushrooms, technology ORIGIN COUNTRY-FOCUSED Mexicans in New York, Salvadorans on Long Island, Chinese in Monterey Park
21 st Century Immigrant Gateways: Why we are doing the book Percent of U.S. foreign-born, 2000 Nine Gateways in Book 10.3% Other 21st- Century Gateways 9.9% Remainder of U.S. Immigrants 79.8%
21 st Century Immigrant Gateways 100% 21st Century Gateways Established Gateways Remainder of US 90% 28.5% 28.6% 24.9% 25.9% 26.6% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 63.8% 61.5% 62.5% 56.2% 53.5% 30% 20% 10% 0% 17.9% 19.9% 7.7% 9.9% 12.6% 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
The 9 metropolitan areas featured in the book are located in states on the perimeter of the United States [_ Portland Minneapolis [_ [_ Sacramento Washington [ [_ Emerging Re-emerging Pre-emerging Post-WWII Continuous Former Book Chapter Metro Phoenix [_ Dallas [_ Austin Charlotte [_ [_ Atlanta
Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster 8,000,000 Number Foreign Born by Gateway Type, 1970-2000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 1970 1980 1990 2000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 - Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-emerging
Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways 90 % Change in Total Population % Change in Population without Foreign-Born 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 20 10 0 Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-Emerging Pre-Emerging
Growth rates are greater in suburban areas, yielding more immigrants in absolute terms Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 37 metro areas (in millions) - 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 Foreign born in cities and 1980 4.9 suburbs, (millions) 5.0 1980-2005 1990 6.9 7.9 Central Cities Suburbs 2000 9.9 13.1 2005 10.5 15.7
All but one metro has Mexican immigrants at the top of the list, but after that they vary in origin countries Atlanta Mexico: 28% Top Ten: 58% Washington El Salvador: 13% Top Ten: 46% Dallas Mexico 59% Top Ten: 79% Minneapolis Mexico: 14% Top Ten: 60% Sacramento Mexico: 26% Top Ten: 67% Portland Mexico: 29% Top Ten: 67% Phoenix Mexico: 65% Top Ten: 82% Charlotte Mexico: 34% Top Ten: 63% Austin Mexico: 55% Top Ten: 78%
7 of the metros in the book were top refugee resettlement areas, differing from the top foreign-born destinations Refugee Rank FB Rank Metropolitan Area Refugees Resettled, 83-04 1 2 New York 186,522 2 1 Los Angeles 114,606 3 3 Chicago 63,322 4 6 Orange County 50,714 5 23 Seattle 48,573 6 12 San Jose 42,565 7 7 Washington 41,795 8 30 Twin Cities 41,239 9 16 Atlanta 40,149 10 29 Sacramento 37,436 12 31 Portland 34,292 18 10 Dallas 25,867 20 15 Phoenix 23,072
All gateway types doubled the number of refugees resettled in the 1990s, except for Post-World War II gateways Refugees Resettled in Metropolitan Areas by Gateway Type, 1980s and 1990s 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Pre-emerging 16,391 Former 74,471 Emerging 76,168 Re-emerging 157,376 Pre-emerging 8,088 Former 28,079 Emerging 35,550 Re-emerging 72,647 Continuous 225,680 Continuous 92,814 Post-WWII 138,831 Post-WWII 112,128 1983-1989 1990-1999
THE INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS: The Policy Context No uniform set of policies and programs to aid in the social, economic, and political incorporation of immigrants The grey zone : local responses to federal failures, i.e., day labor, language policies, occupancy policies, local police enforcement Local efforts may be compounded by the large number of recent arrivals and local governance Social networks will ensure further immigration
Goals of the project Provide in-depth, comparative, interdisciplinary analysis of 21 st century gateways Explore the underlying dimensions of foreign-born growth in 21st century gateways Generate new knowledge about suburbs as the current context for immigrant incorporation Help local leaders understand their area s transformations in a broader context