Index 1.5 generation, Australia 110 457 visa programme, Australia 6, 38 41, 42, 84, 85 7, 147 8, 188 9 abuses of 86 7, 88 485 visa programme, Australia 7 9/11, effects of 66, 69, 71, 114, 116 Aboriginal Australians 108, 121 accommodation and food sector, US 134 5, 136 acculturation 93 4, 99 100 administrative changes, US 70, 166 7 admissionists, US 25 9, 31 Advanced Passenger Processing system 75 Afghan immigrants 37, 76, 79, 148, 158, 185 African immigrants 50, 147, 150, 151, 154 6 age effects on employment, US 24 Agricultural Job Opportunities, Benefits and Security Act (AgJobs), US 72, 167 agricultural sector 15, 20, 42, 133, 134 5, 136, 166 7 AgriProcessors 28 9 air arrivals, Australia 38, 75 American Farm Bureau 166 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL CIO) 31 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) 17, 18 ancestry, unemployment effects by 150 anti-discrimination models 95 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1988), US 65 anti-immigration laws, US 10, 58, 169 72 anti-immigration sentiments Australia 106 7, 157 8 US 13, 26, 67 9 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), US 65 Arizona economic problems 171 2 employment 136 40 illegal immigration 170 71 legislation 10, 58, 67, 68, 69, 170, 172 arts, entertainment and recreation sector, US 134 5, 136 Asian Americans 153, 154 Asian immigrants 107, 113, 147, 151, 155, 156, 162 Assisted Migration Agreement, Australia Italy 118 asylum seekers, Australia 8 9, 36 7, 53, 75 80, 176, 185 6 see also boat people Australian Population portfolio 184 Australian-born workers, unemployment 49 50 big Australia policy 176, 180 83 black US-born workers 62 3, 129 30, 131 6, 137 44, 153 boat people, Australia 8 9, 14, 37, 38, 75 80, 157 8, 185 6 border control, Australia compliance 80 83 policy changes 185 6 quality control 83 9 physical control 75 80 border control, US 4, 10, 25 6, 27, 30, 59 60, 66, 170 71 Border Patrol, US 9, 170 71 Border Protection, Antiterrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act (2005), US 25 6 Border Security (TV drama) 74 Brazilian migrants 153 British immigrants 3, 86, 148, 151 2 219
220 Immigration and the financial crisis Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), US 22, 23 Bush, George W. 26, 27 8, 166 business associations, Australia 8 California employment 136 40 illegal immigration 170 71 Proposition 187 57, 67, 162 Cambodian migrants 76 Canada, labour market 43 Canadian immigrants 46, 47, 48, 148, 151, 155, 156, 160 career development 45 category jumping, Australia 44 Chamber of Commerce, US 30 China, Australian migrants 46 Chinese Exclusion Acts 57 Chinese immigrants 19, 41, 42, 86, 151, 164, 168 Christmas Island detention centre 78, 80 Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), US 66, 165, 166 citizenship test, Australia 113 14 classic assimilation 93 4, 95 Commonwealth Ombudsman 82, 83 compliance arrangements, Australia 80 83 Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act (CIRA), US 26, 164 Comprehensive Immigration Reform for America s Security and Prosperity Act (CIR ASAP) 30 Congressional polarization, US 70 Congressional reform efforts, US 25 7 construction sector Australia 51, 86, 149, 179, 187 US 17, 18, 20 21, 59, 61, 133, 134 5, 136 country of birth, unemployment rates by 151 7 criminal aliens, US 171, 172 criminal legislation, US 65 Cronulla riots, Australia 113, 114 15, 116, 147 cross generational incorporation, US 92 104 Cuban immigrants 19, 23 cultural change 68 9 cultural competences 112 cultural retention/affirmation 120 cultural support 95 6 cyclical sectors/occupations, US 127, 133, 136, 139 data matching, Australia 82 3 demand-driven immigration Australia 7, 14, 38, 41, 88 9, 179 80 US 160 61 Democratic Party, US 70 71, 162 3 demographic challenges, Australia 54, 119 20, 180 83 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), US 6, 9 10, 28 30, 60, 66, 70, 160 Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC), Australia 38 9, 177, 184, 186 Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA), Australia 75 Department of Labor, US 14 15, 165, 166 8 Employment and Training Administration (DOL-ETA) 167 8 deportable crimes, US 65 deportations Australia 82 US 28 9, 64, 125 detention policy, Australia 76 7, 78 9, 83, 185 6 dispersion 12 Dob-in Line, Australia 82 Dutch immigrants 41, 151 E-Verify system 9, 30, 70 East Timor solution 79, 158 economic context Australia 35 6, 145 6 US 17 20, 20 21, 59 64, 125, 171 2 economic impact of foreign-born workers, US 23 4 economic incorporation, Mexican immigrants 97 9, 102 3 education export industry, Australia 7 8, 10 12, 186 7
Index 221 education sector, US 134 5 educational profiles Australia 148 US 19, 24, 98 9, 126, 127, 129 30, 132, 136, 138 44 El Salvadorean migrants 19, 63 emigration, Australia 42 4 Employ American Workers Act (EAWA) 164, 165, 166 employee verification system, US 25, 27, 28 9, 30, 66 employer-sponsored migration, Australia 179 80 employment Australia 49 51, 115 US 18, 20, 21, 61 3, 97 8 see also unemployment employment outcomes, US discussion 140 44 economic context 125 geographic mobility and state effects 136 40 research methodology 129 31 research results 131 6 theoretical background 126 8 Endgame plan, US 65, 69 enforcement Australia 74 90 US 25 9, 30, 64 6, 67 8, 70, 71, 170 71 see also border control enforcement policy reforms 6 10 English-speaking countries of origin 49, 50 environmental challenges, Australia 181, 184, 187 8 Essential Worker Immigration Coalition, US 18 Estrada v. Rhode Island 170 ethnic disadvantage 94 ethnic endogamy 111 ethnic identity 108 13 Europe anti-immigration sentiments 157 Australian migrants 45 6, 47, 48 labour markets 43, 44, 45 6 European immigrants 3, 93, 107, 148, 151, 152, 155, 156 Evans, Chris 36, 78, 88 9, 152 family admissions Australia 36 7, 52, 53, 148, 149 50, 156 7, 180 US 164 family support, Italian immigrants 119 20 Federal Reserve Act, US 164 feminization of migration 147 Filipino immigrants 19, 96, 151, 164, 168 finance and insurance sector, US 134 5, 136 first generation employment effects, Australia 150 51, 152 Fix, M. 44 Florida, employment 136 40 foreign-born naturalized workers, US 129 30, 131 6, 137 44 foreign-born non-citizens, US 129 30, 131 6, 137 44 foreign-born residents and workers, US 19 24 gender division of labour, Australia 149 gendered unemployment, Australia 152, 154, 155, 156 geographic area/mobility, US 127 8, 129 30, 140 44 state effects 136 40 Georgia, employment 136 40 German immigrants 41, 151 Gillard, Julia 8 9, 79, 158, 185 globalization and immigration, Australia 146 51 Greek immigrants 151 gross domestic product (GDP) 1, 2, 5, 17, 22, 23 Guatamalian immigrants 28 9 H-visa programmes, US 30, 31, 160, 164 6 certification process 166 8 Hamilton, Lee 16 health sector Australia 41, 50 51, 86, 147, 149, 179 US 23, 134 5, 136 Higley, J. 1 2 Hispanic workers, US 129 30, 131 6, 137 44
222 Immigration and the financial crisis Honduras, remittances 63 Hong Kong, Australian migrants 46 housing market, US 18, 21, 59, 61, 64, 171 housing sector, US 134 5 humanitarian migrant status, Australia 36 7, 52, 113, 149, 150, 156 7, 189 illegal immigrants 8 10 Australia 37, 38, 75 83 numbers of 24, 59 60, 63 US 14 15, 21, 25 31, 64 7, 69 70, 169 72 see also asylum seekers Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), US 65 6 Illinois, employment 136 40 immigrant flow dynamics 5 6 immigrant numbers, US 59 61 immigration (1990s 2008) 1 2 Immigration Act (1990), Australia 159 Immigration Acts, US 58, 65, 165 Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE), US 29, 66, 70 Office of Detention and Removal 65 Immigration and Nationality Act, US 166 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), US 66, 70 Immigration and Technical Corrections Act (1994), US 65 Immigration Department, Australia 80 Cash Economy Working Group 82 3 Safeguards System 81 2 immigration experts, role of 71 immigration policy, Australia 2009 10 178 80 development process 176 8 drivers for/adjustment of 183 7 policy changes 6 10 policy dilemmas 13 15 immigration policy, US future direction of 29 31 outlook for reform 24 9 policy changes 6 10 policy dilemmas 13 15 statutory changes 163 6 immigration pressures, US 167 8 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), US 27, 70, 72 Special Agricultural Worker programme 167 Immigration Restriction Act (1901), Australia 107 income levels, US 62 3, 97, 98, 99, 102 incorporation, Australia definitions, statistics and studies 108 13 Italian immigrants 117 20 Lebanese immigrants 113 16 incorporation, US concepts and models of 93 6 Mexican immigrants 96 103 Indian immigrants 19, 86, 151, 164, 168 Indian students 11, 42, 85, 152, 186 7 Indochinese immigrants 8 9 Indonesia, people smuggling 77, 79 80 industrial structure, US 127, 130 31, 132, 140 44 industrial mix, US 133 6, 139 40 information services sector, US 134 5, 136, 165 infrastructure provision, Australia 14, 179, 181, 182, 184, 187 8 institutional support 95 6 Intergenerational Reports (IGRs), Australia 181, 183 4 internal migration 12 US 20 21, 24, 127 30, 136 44 Internal Security Act (1950), US 58 international students 10 12 Australia 42, 53, 84 5, 88, 152, 180, 184, 186 7, 189 internment, Italian immigrants 118 investment benefits, US 24 Iranian immigrants 76 Iraqi immigrants 76, 158 Irish immigrants 151 Italian immigrants 151 incorporation of 105, 109, 111, 117 20, 121 2 Japan 41, 153 job creation benefits, US 24 job losses, US 124 44
Index 223 Kennedy, Edward 26, 27 Khoo, S.-E. 111 12 Kyl, Jon 26, 27 Labour Condition Applications (LCAs), US 164 5 labour force challenges, Australia 180 83 labour force participant rate (LFP), US 62 labour market competition 13, 14, 86 labour market developments, US 17 20 labour market dynamics 5 6 Australia 49 56 US 167 8 labour market interactions, US 23 4 labour market projections Australia 53 6 US 22 3 labour market segmentation, US 126 labour shortages, Australia 14, 54, 86, 147 8, 179, 180 83 language ability of Italian immigrants 120 and identity 112 employment effects 49 50 requirements 85 Las Vegas, economic conditions 20 22 Latino immigrants Australia 147, 148, 151, 155, 156 US 21, 59 72, 162 law enforcement officers, US 170 Lebanese immigrants 150, 151 incorporation in Australia 105, 111, 113 16, 121 2 legalization, US 25 7, 30 31, 67, 69 70 liberal conservative coalitions, US 70 71 Lines in the sand (Noble) 114 15 linguistic acculturation 99 100 local immigration policy, US 169 72 long-term departures and arrivals, Australia 43 4, 47 9 long-term migrants, Australia 146 7 Los Angeles, Mexican incorporation 96 103 low-skilled migrants, US 69, 126 low-wage industries, US 20 McCarran-Walter Act (1952), US 58 Maltese immigrants 151 manufacturing sector Australia 41, 50 51, 86, 149 US 17, 133, 134 5 Mares, Peter 7 8 Markus, Andrew 13 Mass Immigration Reduction Act, US 163 Massachusetts, employment 136 40 media responses, Australia 181 Melbourne, unemployment 150 Mexican immigrants 5 6, 19, 64, 66, 128, 160, 164, 168 incorporation in Los Angeles 96 104 numbers of 59 61, 92 Mexico economy 5, 6 remittances 6, 63 return immigration 60 61 Middle Eastern immigrants 50, 113 16, 148, 150 51, 154 6, 158 Migration Act, Australia 82, 83 Migration Occupations in Demand List (MODL), Australia 7, 84 5, 148, 152, 180 mining sector, Australia 179, 187 mixed-marriages 107 8, 111 multiculturalism 95, 111, 112, 116, 118 19, 122 multiple identities 110 Muslim immigrants 113 16, 148, 158 as security threat 107, 108, 157 unemployment 150 51, 154 6 National Governors Association, US 169 National Security Act (1939), Australia 118 national security threats Australia 108, 118 US 69, 71 Nations of Immigrants (Higley et al.) 1 2 Neerup, S. 1 2 New Jersey, employment 136 40 New South Wales 41, 187 New York State, employment 136 40 New Zealand immigrants 37, 39, 52, 84, 148, 149, 151, 189
224 Immigration and the financial crisis Nieuwenhuysen, J. 1 2 no-match strategy, US 28 Noble, G. 114 15 non-english-speaking countries of origin 49, 50 North American Free Trade Agreement 160 North-East Asian immigrants 46, 47, 48, 155, 156 Obama, Barack 9, 10, 29, 31, 166 offshore processing, Australia 78 9, 186 Oklahoma, population 12 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries 2, 6, 45, 51 2, 53, 148, 153 Orrenius, P.M. 127, 128, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141 othering 112, 116, 121 overstayers, Australia 80 83, 185 Pacific Island migrants 148, 150, 151, 155, 156 Pacific solution 77, 79, 186 party systems 4 permanent arrivals and departures, Australia 45 6, 53 permanent emigration, Australia 42, 52 permanent immigration Australia 7 8, 36 7, 42, 85 6, 147, 148 50, 179 80, 189 US 161, 164, 165 6, 167 8 permanent labor (PERM) certification, US 167 8 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, US 65, 169 physical border control, Australia 75 80 points systems, Australia 61, 68, 156 Polish immigrants 151, 152 political contexts 3 4 political processes, Australia 176 8 politics of immigration Australia 147, 157 8 US 161 3 population sustainability, Australia 8, 176, 180 85, 187 8 poverty, US 126, 142 4 primary labour market, US 124 5, 126 prison population, Arizona 171 professional services sector, US 134 5, 136 public administration sector, US 133, 134 5, 136 public fear 68 9, 74, 116, 117, 185 6 public opinion 13 Australia 14, 106 7, 119, 157 8, 182 3 US 10, 58, 66 9, 162 3 quality control, Australia 83 9 Queensland 41, 47, 150 racial attacks, Australia 11, 85, 152, 186 7 racial profiling 10 racial riots, Australia 114 15, 116 racialization 93 racism, Australia 14, 106 8, 118 recession-proof industries, US 126, 133, 136, 139 refugees see asylum seekers religion, effects of 113 16, 150, 152 see also Muslims remittances Australia 55 US 5 6, 63, 101 Republican Party, US 70 71, 162, 163 residential integration, US 100 102, 117 18 resources and energy sector, US 134 5 restrictionists, US 25 9 restrictive immigration, US 58, 164 6, 169 70 retail trade sector, US 134 5 return migration Australia 43, 44 9, 52 US 60 61, 66 Rich, Frank 68 9 risk-profile alert system, Australia 81 2 Rudd, Kevin 8, 77 9, 158, 181 Scanlon Social Cohesion Surveys (SSCs) 182 3
Index 225 sea port arrivals, Australia 75 80 second generation employment effects, Australia 150 51, 152 second generation incorporation, Australia 105 22 secondary labour market, US 124 5, 126 sectoral employment Australia 41 2, 50 51, 86, 147, 148 9, 179, 187 US 17 18, 20 21, 23, 59, 61, 133 6, 165, 166 7 Secure Communities programme, US 10 segmented assimilation 94 6, 121 segregation, Italian immigrants 117 18 selective assimilation 95, 121 semi-skilled immigrants, Australia 51 service sector Australia 41 2, 50 51, 86, 149 US 18, 20 21, 23, 134 5 services provision, Australia 187 8 settlement policy, Australia 188 9 settler loss, Australia 48 9 SIEV X tragedy (2001) 77 Singapore, Australian migrants 46 skilled immigration, Australia 6 7, 36 7, 46 7, 50 51, 83 9, 147 8, 149, 152, 179 84 Skills in Demand list, Australia 53, 152 Skills Occupation List (SOL), Australia 180 social cohesion 13 Australian challenges 188 9 social inclusion/exclusion 12 Australia 114 15, 121, 157 8 US 99 100 social provision Australia 119 20 US 18, 20, 65, 162, 169, 171 2 Social Security Administration (SSA), US 28 social status, Italian immigrants 119 societal contexts 3 4 socioeconomic background, Lebanese immigrants 115 South Korean migrants 19 South-East Asian migrants 46, 47, 48, 155, 156 spatial incorporation, Mexican immigrants 100 103 Sri Lankan migrants 37, 79, 185 State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP), US 171 state effects of mobility, US 136 40 state immigration policy, US 169 72 status quo, US 25, 162 statutory changes, US 163 6 structural differentiation theory 96 Sudanese immigrants 156 Sydney Lebanese community 113 16 unemployment 150 symbolic ethnicity 110 11 Tampa affair (2001) 76 7, 116 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, US 172 temporary emigration, Australia 42 temporary immigration Australia 52, 84, 85 8, 89, 147 8, 149, 156 7, 188 9 US 11 12, 27, 30, 31, 161, 164 7 temporary protection visas (TPVs), Australia 76, 77, 185 6 Texas employment 136 40 illegal immigration 170 71 population 12 third-country migration 49 50 Tichenor, D.J. 57 8, 68, 69 70, 71 Trans-Tasman Agreement 37, 56 transport and warehousing sector, US 134 5 Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), US 164 UK 44, 46 unemployment Australia 36, 49 51, 115, 147, 149 57, 182 US 5, 16, 17 18, 19 20, 22, 61 3, 125, 153 see also job losses, US unemployment insurance (UI), US 18 unemployment projections, Australia 178 9 United Nations Convention on Refugees 79, 158, 186
226 Immigration and the financial crisis unskilled migrants, Australia 51, 148 US-born workers 19 20, 62 job impacts 124 44 protection of 164 8 US Mexican border 9 10, 25 6, 71 Victoria 11, 41, 187 Vietnamese immigrants 19, 76, 150, 151 Virginia, employment 136 40 visa processing Australia 81 2 US 166 8 visible difference, notion of 106 8, 116 vocational courses, Australia 84 5 vocational qualifications, recognition of 7 8, 49 wage levels, US 20, 23 4, 126 7, 141 wage requirements, US visas 167 Washington DC, population 12 Western Australia 41, 147, 150 White Australia policy 107, 113, 117, 118 white US-born workers 129 30, 131 6, 137 44 wholesale trade sector, US 134 5 work-site raids, US 9, 28 9 worker exploitation, Australia 86 7, 88, 89 Working Holiday Maker (WHM) programme, Australia 41 2, 44, 53, 55, 84, 87 8, 189 youth unemployment, Australia 154, 155, 156 Z-1 visas, US 27 Zavodny, M. 127, 128, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141