The Jacksonian Era & the Rise of Sectionalism (c. 1820s c. 1840s)
SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it. a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny. c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school. d. Explain women s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference. e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism. SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing northsouth divisions and westward expansion. c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism. Georgia Standards
Early 1800s industrial advances drove national economy Eli Whitney Developed cotton gin to make the cotton production method faster and use less slave labor (the opposite effect happens) Developed the process of making interchangeable parts for firearms The Industrial Revolution
Reform Movements of the 1800s
Alcohol became a dominant drink in American society due to its use as an anesthetic and as a dilution for salted meats being sold in market. Alcohol was also more regulated and typically safer (cleaner) to drink than water The 2 nd Great Awakening brought about a return to religious precedents in American society Many preachers and a growing women s movement spoke out against the evils of alcohol in American society. Beginning in the 1830s there was a large movement that intended to make alcohol illegal in the United States Temperance Movement
In the early 1800s no form of public education existed in the United States Children were generally educated at home by their parents, older siblings, private schools, or in rare cases professional tutors Education was thought important in order to maintain freedom in America (freedom through education/knowledge was originally proposed by Ben Franklin) Horace Mann led education reform in America and pushed for curriculum reforms, more money for public education, and teacher training programs Public School Reform
Women s Rights The movement for women s suffrage rose directly out of the temperance movement Suffrage the right to vote Two outspoken women s rights supporters, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention to discuss the issue of women s rights in America and push for reform Because of the Convention the U.S. approved all the rights pushed for women except for one, the right to vote
The Development of the American Identity and Manifest Destiny
After the War of 1812, the United States was determined not to be dragged into partisan political fights again. This time period became known as the Era of Good Feelings and was dominated by one political party, the Democratic Republicans, and one man, James Monroe (the last Founding Father to hold the Presidency). The goal of the Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) was to promote and strengthen the United States by focusing on internal improvements. The Era Of Good Feelings
Election of 1816 Election of 1820 Democratic Republican: James Monroe Federalist: Rufus King Democratic Republican: James Monroe Independent: John Quincy Adams
The Rise of Popular Political Culture
The disputed election of 1824 would bring an end to the Era of Good Feelings. Democrat Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but not a majority (51%) of the electoral vote. The election was then sent to the House of Representatives where each state was given one vote. In the end, John Quincy Adams became President despite not winning the popular or electoral vote. An End to the Era of Good Feelings
ELECTION OF 1824 John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson William Crawford Henry Clay
RUN-OFF ELECTION IN CONGRESS (1825)
Adams victory in Congress was known as the Corrupt Bargain because of the methods he used to rally support for him. As a result of this scheming, the two-party system reemerged. When Jackson ran for President again in 1828, the campaign was full of mud-slinging and false accusations from both sides. Voter turn out increased dramatically after Jackson was robbed of the Presidency in 1824. The Corrupt Bargain
PERCENTAGE OF VOTER TURN-OUT IN THE U.S. (1824-2008)
PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON - #7 Military hero from War of 1812 (this background gained him much support, the hero of the Battle of New Orleans) Member of the NEW Democratic Party Wealthy slave owner from Tennessee Andrew Jackson
ELECTION OF 1828 Democrat: Andrew Jackson National Republican: John Q. Adams
In Jacksonian Democracy, the right to vote was granted to more people. Now, regardless of whether or not one owned land, ALL white males were allowed to vote. Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson began using a system of rewarding his friends and political supporters with government jobs. This practice was known as the spoils system. To the victor go the spoils Jackson wanted to get as many of his supporters in positions of authority in order to increase his own power and authority Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson, being a supporter of states rights, distrusted the power of the National Bank. He felt that the National Bank s first priority was profit not public service. Jackson used the power of Presidential veto to strike down the Bank s recharter in 1832 declaring the Bank unconstitutional. Even though the Supreme Court declared the Bank of the United States constitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Jackson regarded the Executive Branch as superior to Judicial Branch This veto drastically increased the power of the President. Jacksonian Democracy
As a firm believer in Manifest Destiny Jackson used his power as President to secure more land for American settlers. Manifest Destiny the idea that the U.S. was destined to occupy all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (from sea to shining sea ) The Indian Removal Act forced many Native American tribes in the South and Midwest off their land and onto reservations in the Great Plains. The path they were forced to walk was known as the Trail of Tears and has become a dark moment in US History. Jacksonian Democracy
THE TRAIL OF TEARS ROUTE
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled the Indian Removal Act unconstitutional. In response, Jackson is said to have replied: You ve made your decision Mr. Marshall, now ENFORCE IT! What did this comment show about Jackson s feelings of Presidential power? Jacksonian Democracy
Nullify: 1. make something invalid 2. cancel something out Nullification the process of a state declaring a federal law unconstitutional within that state The Nullification Crisis
JOHN C. CALHOUN Jackson s Vice President From South Carolina Staunch supporter of states rights The Nullification Crisis
The issue of state s rights had been at the center of American politics since the Constitutional Convention (remember the Bill of Rights). Remember that under the Constitution, the federal and state governments share power. But, the Federal government has supremacy. A state MUST follow a federal law. Still many believed that an individual state had the right to nullify a federal law. The Nullification Crisis
In 1828, Congress passed a tariff (tax on imported goods) to protect American interests from cheaper British goods. Many leaders in the Southern states believed that the adoption of the tariff should be left up to the states. As a result, South Carolina chose to nullify the federal tariff. (Known to them as the Tariff of Abominations ) and even threatened secession (breaking away) from the Union. Calhoun, in support of his home state, resigned as Vice- President out of protest. Calhoun s loyalty to his region (South) showed how divided or sectionalized the nation had become. The Nullification Crisis
In response to South Carolina s nullification of the tariff and talk of secession, Jackson threatened military intervention to enforce the tariff in South Carolina. Jackson even threatened to have Calhoun captured and put to death for treason. In the end, a compromise was reached on lowering the tariff and South Carolina ceased secession talks. The Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis only served to strengthen the divide between North and South. Calhoun (Jackson s Vice-President) and other states rights supporters continued to advocate (support) the power of individual states. The crisis also left many Southerners wondering what else the federal government might decide to enforce by federal law? The Nullification Crisis
NORTH ISSUE SOUTH Industrial ECONOMY Agricultural More formal education EDUCATION More private education Greater push toward Humanistic views RELIGION Maintained strong Christian views Large urban areas GEOGRAPHY Mostly rural Larger POPULATION Small Sectionalism
Ticket Out Door: In one paragraph (3-4 sentences, explain how this cartoon shows Andrew Jackson s push to consolidate more political power under the Presidency (NOTE: if you are unsure then review your notes and do additional research to find out the answer)