Name Date Chapter 15: The New Deal 1932-1941 Section1: FDR Offers Relief and Recovery (pages 396-403) As gripped the country, many Americans wondered if the nation could survive the crisis. They hoped a new leader could bring back prosperity and their faith in. I. Roosevelt Takes Charge A. In 1932, President Hoover ran for reelection. But he had little chance of winning. 1. Unemployment stood at 2. Bank failures had wiped out. 3. The hungry waited for food at. B. Americans were ready for a. C. Hoover s opponent in the election was Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. 1. graduate 2. New York State 3. Assistant Secretary of the 4. 1920 Nominee for President 5. survivor 6. of New York 1
D. The two candidates offered very to the problems of the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover State and local governments and private agencies Franklin Roosevelt Leadership should come from the E. Roosevelt won in a landslide. II. The First Hundred Days Provide Instant Action A. Together with his, Roosevelt moved quickly to carry out his promise of giving Americans a New Deal. 1. During his first 100 days in office, bills were Passed. 2. The legislation had three goals:. B. Roosevelt began with the bank crisis. 1. FDR declared a four-day, closing the banks so they could get their accounts in order. 2. In the first of many, FDR explained that his actions were to halt bank failures. 3. When the banks reopened, there were no more. C. FDR took other steps to reform the financial system. 1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). 2
2. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 3. Such measures helped restore in the economy. D. Roosevelt then turned to a series of New Deal programs to bring relief to the country. 1. Some programs helped and those in the rural South. 2. The AAA sought to end and crop prices. 3. The TVA built dams to. E. Many programs focused on job relief. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Federal Emergency Relief Agency (FERA) Civil Works Administration (CWA) F. The Public Works Administration (PWA) created millions of jobs. 1. Workers built bridges, dams, power plants, and buildings. 2. These projects improved the nation s. 3. Roosevelt also took steps to speed economic recovery. 3
4. National Recovery Administration (NRA) a. Established codes of fair b. Set for workers and minimum prices for goods. III. Opposition to the New Deal A. Not everyone, however, supported the New Deal. B. charged that it was making the too powerful. 1. Destroying 2. Undermining C. Such critics formed the. D. While conservatives thought the New Deal did too much, others took the opposite position. E. Some argued that the New Deal did not do enough to end the depression. 1. 2. Dr. Francis Townsend F. The opponents who gained the largest audience were Populist critics. Father Charles Coughlin Senator Huey Long 4
G. Despite the critics, the New Deal was popular with most Americans. 1. In his inaugural address, Roosevelt told Americans,. 2. FDR succeeded in, but the. Section 2: The Second New Deal (pages 404-411) Though progress had been made toward easing the problems of the Great Depression, Roosevelt knew that much. I. Extending Social and Economic Reforms A. In 1935, FDR launched a new campaign to help meet the goals of. 1. The B. As FDR planned a new round of spending, critics charged that New Deal programs, and their high price tags, were wasteful. 1. The government was. 2. The had soared to $4.4 billion. C. Economists such as John Maynard Keynes disagreed. 1. Public-works projects put money in the hands of. 2. Consumer spending would the economy. 5
3. was needed to end the depression. D. continued under the second New Deal. E. The (WPA) created millions of jobs on publicworks projects. 1. Workers built highways and public buildings, dredged rivers and harbors, and promoted soil and water conservation. 2. Artists were hired to enhance public spaces. F. The created a pension system for retirees. It also provided: 1. unemployment 2. insurance for victims of work-related 3. aid for poverty-stricken mothers and children, the blind, and the disabled G. Such benefits helped reduce poverty among the nation s. H. helped bring power to isolated rural areas. 1. The government provided for agriculture. I. The government continued to give aid to farmers. J. The government also funded irrigation systems, dams, and other water projects in the West. II. Labor Unions Find New Energy A. Roosevelt believed that improving the for industrial workers would benefit the entire economy. 1. Wagner Act a. Recognized the right of workers to labor unions 6
b. Gave workers the right to 2. Fair Labor Standards Act a. Set a and maximum workweek b. Outlawed B. As union activity rose, a split emerged in the American Federation of Labor. 1. The AFL represented who joined craft or trade unions. 2. The union made little effort to organize workers in the major industries. 3. John L. Lewis formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to unionize industrial workers. C. In 1936, the CIO s United Auto Workers Union staged a at General Motors. 1. After 44 days, GM recognized the new union. 2. This success led to others, and union membership. III. Challenges to the New Deal A. After an overwhelming reelection victory, FDR decided to fight back against the, which had struck down many of his programs. 1. In 1937, FDR proposed adding up to six new to the Court. 2. Critics attacked his as an attempt to power. 3. The failed plan Roosevelt politically. 7
B. After the economy had begun to improve in 1935 and 1936, FDR to reduce the deficit. At the same time, interest rates rose. 1. The combination caused the economy to sink again, and unemployment soared. 2. With his support wavering, FDR did not try to push further through Congress. Section 3: Effects of the New Deal (pages 412-421) The New Deal affected people of many different backgrounds and ways of life. It also brought. I. Women help lead the New Deal A. Eleanor Roosevelt inspired many women in her leadership role during the New Deal. 1. Transformed the role of First Lady from ceremonial to 2. Traveled widely 3. Campaigned for FDR 4. Offered policy advice 5. Wrote a newspaper column B. Other women also played important roles in the administration, such as Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, the first female Cabinet member. 1. However, the New Deal did not fight to end gender discrimination in the workplace. a. The WPA and other agencies made an effort to employ first. b. Women could not work for the. II. African Americans make advances and Face Challenges A. African Americans were hit especially hard by the depression. 1. The unemployment rate for African Americans was nearly. 2. Many people urged FDR to help end. 8
B. Roosevelt asked advice of members of his, such as Mary McLeod Bethune. C. But he did not always listen. FDR refused to support an law, fearing political fallout. D. Some New Deal measures unintentionally hurt African Americans. 1. Farm led landowners to evict. 2. African Americans often did not receive wages. 3. and farm workers were exempted from New Deal programs. III. The New Deal Affects Native Americans A. The New Deal s Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier, tried to improve for Native Americans. 1. The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged native religions, languages, and customs. 2. The Indian New Deal: a. Provided funds to build and b. Created an Indian Civilian Conservation Corps B. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was considered the centerpiece of the Indian New Deal. 1. This law restored over native lands. IV. The New Deal Creates a New Political Coalition A. The New Deal coalition included southern, northern workers, farmers, and African Americans. B. Democrats were now in the majority. C. Roosevelt s New Deal programs also helped unify a struggling nation. 1. Social and ethnic divisions. 2. Immigrant communities gained a greater sense of. 9
3. Programs such as the WPA and CCC allowed people of different backgrounds to get to know one another. V. The Role of Government Expands A. With the New Deal, FDR broke from the tradition of and greatly expanded the role of government. 1. New Deal measures strengthened and encouraged the post-wwii economic boom. a. Restored in the banks and the stock market b. Increased c. workers d. Helped rural America B. Thousands of WPA and PWA projects benefited communities and local economies across the country. C. At the same time, the New Deal led to the rise of the. 1. In a major policy change, the New Deal established the principle that the. D. FDR also favored federal action to the environment. 1. The government established 12 million acres of new national parks. 2. The restored forests and preserved the environment. E. Despite its benefits, the TVA had a mixed environmental impact, disrupting natural habitats. F. Finally, FDR and the New Deal changed the nature of the itself. 10
Section 4: Culture of the 1930s (pages 422-426) Entertainment helped Americans struggling to survive the depression their worries at least for a time. Federal support for the arts added to the era s rich cultural heritage. I. Movies and Radio Captivate Americans A. Entertainment was big business during the 1930s. 1. Movies, radio, and music reflected the mood of the country. B. Most Americans went to the movies to escape their worries. 1. The Wizard of Oz 2. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 3. Frankenstein 4. Top Hat 5. Gone with the Wind C. In the early 1930s, gangster films such as Public Enemy reflected the public s distrust of government. D. As the New Deal restored confidence, films such as G-Men began portraying government officials as heroes. E. Director Frank Capra focused on the triumph of the common man over adversity in such films as Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. F. Radio was a vital part of everyday life. 1. Radio networks such as NBC and CBS entertained millions. 2. People listened to comedy, drama, news, and FDR s. 3. Orson Welles 1938 radio drama War of the Worlds was so realistic that it caused a national panic when listeners thought that Martians were invading. 4. Radio disc jockeys played the latest tunes on shows like Your Hit Parade and Make Believe Ballroom. II. The New Deal and the Arts A. Music provided a happy diversion and a serious outlet for social concerns. 1. Swing music played by big bands topped the charts. 2. Latin music and dances like the rumba and the samba were popular. 3. The folk singer Leadbelly described the harsh lives of African Americans. 4. Woodie Guthrie wrote ballads about the Dust Bowl and the Okies. B. During the New Deal, the federal government provided for the first time in history. 11
1. The Federal Art Project, Federal Writers Project, and Federal Theater Project were all funded by the WPA. 2. WPA writers created a series of state guidebooks that recorded the nation s history and folklore. 3. Photographers like Dorothea Lange created powerful images of impoverished farmers and migrant workers. 4. Critics charged that the Federal Art programs were promoting views. a. This led to a drop in funding. b. Though its funding was cut, the Federal Art programs set a precedent for future funding of the arts and humanities. III. The Literature of the Great Depression A. Depression-era writers reflected the concerns of Americans from all. 2. In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck told the story of an Okie family escaping the Dust Bowl. 3. In Native Son, Richard Wright explored racial prejudice. 4. Lillian Hellman 5. portrayed strong women in her plays. 6. Comic strips and comic books also were very popular. 12