Virginia Immigrants in the Economy:

Virginia Immigrants in the Economy: Pillars of Our Prosperity The Commonwealth Institute April 2017 By Laura Goren, Chad Stewart, and Michael Cassidy

The Commonwealth Institute The Commonwealth Institute for Fiscal Analysis provides credible, independent and accessible information and analyses of state public policies with particular attention to the impacts on low- and moderate-income persons. Our products inform state economic, fiscal, and budget policy debates and contribute to sound decisions that improve the well-being of individuals, communities, and Virginia as a whole. Support The Commonwealth Institute The Commonwealth Institute is grateful for the generous support of our many contributors. Foundation, organization and individual contributions of all sizes sustain our capacity to produce clear and reliable information and analysis about policy choices facing the commonwealth. Part of the analysis in this report relies on data extracted from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), Version 5.0 developed by the University of Minnesota. Where used, we have referenced this source as IPUMS. To learn more about how you or your organization can support The Commonwealth Institute, please visit our Web site, www.thecommonwealthinstitute.org or call us at 804-396-2051. Cover photo: Aerial image of Northern Virginia at night by Tom Hart. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

Virginia Immigrants in the Economy: Pillars of Our Prosperity Virginia s immigrants are diverse, growing in number, and are major contributors to our state s economy. Immigrants in Virginia today are more educated, higher earning, naturalizing at faster rates and living in more communities throughout the state than in recent generations. Part of the Community Today there are more than one million immigrants in Virginia. From 2007 to 2015, the number of immigrants in Virginia has grown four times as fast as the U.S.-born population. Immigrant Virginians now make up 12.2 percent of the state s overall population, slightly below the national average of 13.5 percent. Virginia s immigrants come from all over the world. In the national debates, immigration from Mexico tends to dominate the image of immigrants. Nationally, Mexican immigrants are indeed the biggest group, making up about 27 percent of all immigrants. But in Virginia, no single group dominates. Mexican immigrants make up just 6 percent of all immigrants in Virginia, third after people born in El Salvador (10 percent) and India (8 percent). Looking at continent of birth, rather than country of birth, there is a similar diversity. Forty-two percent of Virginia s immigrant population was born in Asia, the largest group from any continent. Diverse Origins Countries of birth for Virginia immigrants All Other 61% 10% El Salvador India 8% Mexico 6% 5% Korea 5% 5% Philippines China Breakdown of Virginia Residents U.S.- Foreign- 87.8% 12.2% The Commonwealth Institute 1

The majority of immigrants that come to the state choose to live in Northern Virginia. Over two-thirds of the state s immigrant population lives in Northern Virginia, making up around 27 percent of the total population in that region. Most of the immigrant growth in the commonwealth over the past decade has been driven by an increase in naturalized citizens foreign-born residents who have lived in the United States for at least five years, applied for naturalization, and passed a citizenship test in addition to other requirements. The naturalized immigrant population in the state has grown nearly 50 percent in Virginia since 2007, almost twice as fast as the national rate. By comparison, the state s population of noncitizen immigrants has only grown by 12 percent since 2007. Contrary to the impression of some, most immigrants in Virginia are not newcomers to the U.S. Most of Virginia s immigrants have been in the U.S. for a long time. Around 83 percent of Virginia immigrants have now been in the United States for more than 5 years. In fact, nearly 70 percent of Virginia s immigrants have been here for more than 10 years up 12 percentage points since before the recession. Most Virginia Immigrants Have Lived Here More than 15 Years Share of foreign-born Virginia residents living in the United States over different lengths of time 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0-5 6-10 11-15 Years 16-20 21+ More than Half of Virginia Immigrants Now U.S. Citizens In 2015, 51 percent of Virginia immigrants were naturalized U.S citizens. This is up from 44 percent in 2007. Naturalized 2007 44% 56% Noncitizen 2015 51% 49% 0 200K 400K 600K 800K 1M 1.2M Source: American Community Survey, 2007 and 2015 Photo: Bill Morrow 2 The Commonwealth Institute

Core Contributors There are many economic advantages of a strong immigrant population Overall, Virginia s state workforce is aging. For example, an estimated 25 percent of our state government workforce will be eligible to retire over the next five years. It will be vital for the state to look to replace these baby-boomers with a new generation of educated and productive workers. Legislators often bemoan the fact that workforce participation within the state has declined recently, leaving the state vulnerable to a shrinking tax base. What s less commonly noted is the role Virginia immigrants play in supporting the labor force overall. Immigrants participate in Virginia s workforce at a much higher rate than U.S.-born residents 73 percent compared to 65 percent and at a rate 7 percentage points higher than the national participation for foreign-born residents. Virginia and Maryland are fortunate to have Virginia immigrants the highest immigrant workforce participation are relatively young, rates nationally, excluding D.C., and below average well educated, fluent unemployment rates. Most immigrants in Virginia are in English and more within the prime working ages of 25-54, compared to likely to participate in a much smaller share who are children or seniors. the workforce. There are strong benefits to the state s economy from having such an age distribution. Children and seniors often require more public resources in the form of education and health care. The fact that a larger share of Virginia s immigrant population are of prime working age, coupled with the fact that workers within the 25 to 54 age span have the highest workforce participation rates, means that they are making an outsized contribution to the state s economy. In terms of education, Virginia immigrants are more likely to hold a bachelor s or advanced degree compared to U.S.-born residents. Of the top 10 states with the largest immigrant populations, Virginia leads in the share of foreign-born residents with a bachelor s degree or higher. 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Virginia Works Share of Virginia adults who are working or looking for work, 2015 Foreign- 73% U.S.- 65% Foreign- Virginians More Likely To Be Working-Age Share of U.S. and foreign-born Virginians by age distribution 0% Under 5 to 18 to 25 to 5 17 24 44 45 to 54 Educational Attainment 25% 20% 15% 55 to 64 Share of Virginians over 25 by educational attainment 30% 29% 19% 25% 20% 20% 65 to 74 U.S.- Foreign- 75 to 84 22% 21% Over 85 U.S.- Foreign- 15% 18% Immigrants in Virginia are becoming increasingly fluent in English (meaning they speak it very well or only speak English). They are significantly more likely to speak English very well compared to all U.S. immigrants and rank fifth for most fluent out of all states. Over 60 percent of immigrants five and older in Virginia speak English very well. In sum, Virginia immigrants are relatively young, well educated, fluent in English, and more likely to participate in the workforce. This powerful combination reflects the substantial capacity for immigrants to contribute to the state s economy. 10% 5% 0% 10% Less than high school High school Some college Bachelor's Graduate or professional The Commonwealth Institute 3

Virginia s Immigrants Live and Work Across a Variety of Settings Immigrant Virginians work in a wide range of industries throughout the state. While participation rates of immigrants and U.S.- born residents are mostly similar across several industries including agriculture and retail trade, there are some areas of more pronounced difference. A greater share of U.S.-born workers are in manufacturing; finance; education, health services, and social assistance; and public administration. Immigrant workers in Virginia are more likely to work in professional, scientific, and management jobs. the fourth lowest rate of employment among immigrants in manufacturing and the fifth lowest in wholesale trade out of all states and D.C. And looking at occupations, instead of industries, the same story is true. Only 22 percent of the state s immigrant population works in blue-collar jobs. Like all other states, Virginia s immigrant workers are much less likely to work in the public sector than U.S.-born residents. Almost 80 percent of Virginia s immigrant workers are in the private sector compared to only 74 percent for U.S.-born workers. Still, immigrants living in Virginia are more likely than in the U.S. as a whole to work in the public sector, reflecting their high educational levels and the large role that the federal government plays in Virginia s economy. Only Maryland and D.C. have a higher rate of public sector employment for their immigrant populations. Compared to the average employment of all foreign-born workers in the United States, Virginia s immigrant workers are much more likely than their immigrant peers nationally to be employed in generally high-skill, high-wage sectors. Indeed, Virginia is somewhat unique out of all states in that its immigrant population is shifting away from working in mostly blue-collar industries that demand more physical labor and are moving to majority white collar fields. Behind only D.C., the state s immigrant population has the highest rate of employment in the professional, scientific, management, and administrative service industry. At the same time, Virginia has U.S. and Foreign- Working in Similar Fields Share of U.S.-born and foreign-born Virginians by selected industries. 22.7% U.S.- 14% 10.9% 9.3% 7.7% 6.6% 1.1% Agriculture 0.8% Finance, insurance and real estate Manufacturing 4.7% Public administration 5.8% Retail trade Professional, scientific and management Education, health care and social assistance Foreign- 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Foreign- Virginians Increasingly Working in White Collar Industries Percentage change from 2007 to 2015 in the number of Virginia s foreign-born workforce by select industry Agriculture and mining 5.5% 10.1% 18.3% 17.9% Construction Manufacturing Arts and entertainment Public administration Educational services and health care Professional, scientific and management -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 4 The Commonwealth Institute

Business Owners and Catalysts for Economic Growth Virginia immigrants are entrepreneurial and much more likely to create, own and operate an independent business than U.S.-born residents. Nearly 11 percent of Virginia s immigrant workers were self-employed in 2015 compared to only 7 percent of the state s U.S.-born workers. Around 4 percent of Virginia s immigrant workers are self-employed owners of incorporated businesses, compared to nearly 3 percent of U.S.-born workers. Immigrants in Virginia have been the driving force for new business creation. Since 2007, the number of immigrant owners of incorporated businesses in Virginia has increased by 20 percent, while the number of U.S.-born business owners has decreased 8 percent. One particularly important area that Virginia immigrants contribute to is in Main Street businesses the brick and mortar establishments that we all go to on a regular basis like grocery stores, restaurants, and clothing stores. Even though Virginia immigrants only make up around 12 percent of the population, they constitute around 34 percent of all Main Street business owners, a rate that is still growing and is 5 percent above the national average. Main Street businesses can have an outsized effect on local economies. A new grocery store, restaurant, or shop can provide essential community services, save residents time from traveling further for goods, and act as a catalyst to draw in more economic activity in the area. Across the state, three-quarters of grocery stores, and two-thirds of gas stations and dry cleaning/laundry services are immigrant-owned. Growing Contributions Immigrant share of Virginia s population, labor force, small business ownership, and Main Street business ownership 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Immigrant Share of Total Population 1990 2000 Immigrant Share of Labor Force 2013 Source: Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of 2013 ACS data Immigrant Share of Small Business Owners Immigrant Share of Main Street Business Owners Photo: Herry Lawford The Commonwealth Institute 5

Immigrant Men Are Closing the Earnings Gap Virginia immigrants have somewhat lower wages than their U.S.- born peers, despite having somewhat higher levels of educational attainment. Since before the recession, immigrant men have seen wage gains. The gap between them and their U.S.-born peers in Virginia has narrowed by almost half. Immigrant and U.S.-born working women have also seen wage gains. However, the wage gap has grown for immigrant Virginia women who now make nearly $3,000 less than their U.S.-born counterparts. Immigrant men and women in Virginia both have higher wages than immigrants nationally. Both immigrant men and women in Virginia have the second highest median earnings in the South Atlantic region after Maryland. Immigrant Virginia men and women on average earn $10,400 and $5,700 more, respectively, than immigrant counterparts in other states. While U.S.-born Virginians also make more than their U.S.-born counterparts in other states, the difference is less than half what it is for immigrant state residents. Closing the Wage Gap Wage gap (in 2015 dollars) between foreign-born and U.S.-born year round male workers in Virginia. U.S.-born men earned an average of $5,196 more in 2015. $12,000 $11,373 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $5,196 $4,000 $2,000 $0 2007 2015 High Household Incomes for Both Immigrants and Others in Virginia Incomes Virginia bucks the trend nationally when it comes to what are usually lower incomes for immigrant-headed households. High levels of employment among foreign-born Virginians mean that many households headed by immigrants are doing well despite somewhat lower wages than their U.S.-born peers. Whether foreign-born or U.S.-born, the typical household income in Virginia is higher than in the U.S. as a whole. And looking within Virginia, immigrant households are doing well. While both immigrant men and women lag in personal earnings, because they have higher participation rates than U.S.-born residents they tend to have higher overall household earnings. Additionally, more immigrant Virginians are within the prime workingage, meaning households are more likely to have two members in the workforce. In fact, immigrant households within Virginia tend to have an average of 1.71 workers per [Immigrant] households have a median income of $73,420, compared to $65,485 for U.S.- born households. household, compared to only 1.25 for U.S.- born households. Immigrant households are also generally slightly larger than U.S.-born households, helping boost the number of working adults per household and therefore household income. This helps push up incomes for Virginia households that are headed by immigrants. These households have a median income of $73,420, compared to $65,485 for U.S.-born households a spread of nearly $8,000. In addition, this spread has been widening since before the recession. Nationally, U.S.-born households typically earn an average of nearly $5,000 more than immigrant households. Immigrants & wages for U.S.-born workers A common misconception is that immigrants do not add new jobs, or that they take jobs that U.S.-born populations would work otherwise. In fact, immigrants actually create jobs: directly, when they start new businesses and hire employees; and indirectly, when they expand the economy as consumers and investors. Economists are in stronger agreement about the role immigrants play in economic growth than is commonly recognized. There is also general agreement among economists that immigrants positively impact the economy, and do not reduce the wages of native-born workers over the long term. Adding low-skilled workers has 6 The Commonwealth Institute

tended to push U.S.-born workers up in the labor market, not out of it. And high-skilled immigration has helped make the country competitive in technology and many other areas. There is disagreement, however, over the impact that immigration has on workers with less than a high school degree. Studies have fluctuated between slightly negative to positive for net impacts of immigration on U.S.-born workers with less than a high school degree. Still, there is agreement that there have been negative impacts on wages and employment for black men with less than a high school degree. Many Virginia Households Including Immigrants Have High Incomes Median household incomes, 2015 $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $65,485 U.S. $73,420 Foreign $0 Virginia $56,458 U.S. United States $51,482 Foreign From a policy perspective, it would make sense to look to ways to improve working conditions and outcomes for black men with less formal education while also harnessing the overall economic gains of immigration. The alternative restricting immigration in the hopes of protecting the wages of men with less formal education is not a winning formula for economic growth. Despite Success, Challenges Remain for Immigrants in Virginia Access to health coverage remains low Naturalized immigrant citizens within the commonwealth have comparable health insurance coverage to the U.S.-born population. However, Virginia has made little progress on increasing access to health care for immigrant noncitizen residents within the state. More than 35 percent of noncitizen residents lack access to health insurance, the same as the national rate. While the national uninsured rate for noncitizens has dropped nearly 13 percentage points since 2009, Virginia s rate has dropped just over 3 percentage points. This means that Virginia is lagging behind compared to other states in reducing the share of uninsured noncitizens. Noncitizens More Likely To Be Uninsured Shares of Virginia residents without health insurance 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 8.0% 8.2% 5% 0% U.S.- Foreign- Naturalized 35.5% Foreign- Noncitizen When a specific segment of a population lacks health insurance, they are systematically disadvantaged missing out on opportunities to seek preventive treatment and forced to live with conditions that may impact their work productivity or ability to maintain a job. Virginia s failure to expand Medicaid access within the state as a part of the Affordable Care Act, as well as the extra barriers Virginia has erected for lawfully present immigrants seeking public health insurance, has likely contributed to the state s slower reduction in the number of uninsured residents compared to other states. The Commonwealth Institute 7

Poverty still higher for all groups after the recession Since before the recession, poverty rates at the state and national level have increased for U.S.- and foreign-born residents alike. However, Virginia s poverty rate for both U.S.- and foreign-born residents remains far below the national averages. As of 2015, both U.S.- and foreign-born Virginians had poverty rates between 11 and 12 percent. Virginia has moved from 7 th to 4 th as the state with the lowest share of immigrant residents living below the poverty line since before the recession. At the same time that Virginia is faring better than most states, there were over 115,000 immigrant state residents living below the poverty line in 2015 compared to only 79,000 in 2007. While Virginia is doing better than most, there is still progress that must be made to reverse the trend of many immigrants living in poverty. Homeownership in decline Housing remains by far the largest expenditure for households in the United States each year. In 2015, housing cost an average of 19 percent of household income for homeowners, and renting cost an average of 30 percent of household income. In Virginia, about 31 percent of immigrant and 22 percent of U.S.-born homeowners pay more than 30 percent of their income towards housing costs a rate considered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development to make a family housing cost burdened, leading to difficulty affording necessities such as food, clothing, transportation and medical care. For renters in Virginia the share of households paying more than 30 percent of their income for housing is even higher, 46 percent for U.S.-born residents and 48 percent for foreign-born. The Great Recession raised many concerns about the dangers of a housing bubble and predatory lending. Despite these very real concerns, however, homeownership is one of the most important contributors to a growing economy and a goal for most families in the U.S. Immigrants are often cited as playing a critical role in driving housing demand, maintaining property values and stabilizing neighborhoods that are in decline. Yet for both U.S.-born and immigrant Virginians, the dream of homeownership has been slipping away since the start of the recession. Virginia still has higher homeownership rates than the national average, but ownership for immigrant residents has dropped substantially from 63 percent in 2007 to 56 percent in 2015. In addition to homeownership falling since the recession, median housing prices in Virginia have not recovered and are still down 9 percent from their high in 2007. Meanwhile, rent prices have been increasing across the state. Because immigrants are more likely to rent than U.S.-born residents, their budgets are more likely to be impacted when rent prices increase. Given that the majority of immigrants live in the Northern Virginia region, and the fact that the average home price in this area is $557,325 one of the more expensive of any region in the country homeownership remains out of reach for many Virginia immigrants. Reducing barriers to new construction of high-density, affordable and/ or mixed-income housing could be one way to lower housing costs in this region. But as of now, finding a home in this region in the lower price brackets under $500,000 is particularly competitive, even without challenges that many immigrants face such as language barriers and being newer to the market than U.S.-born residents. Since the recession, the largest drop in homeownership in Virginia has been for noncitizen immigrant households. This group now has only a slightly higher homeownership rate than the national average of 33 percent. Virginia s naturalized immigrant households on the other hand 8 The Commonwealth Institute Photo: La Citta Vita

still retain a homeownership rate well above the national average. Naturalized Virginia immigrant households have homeownership rates higher even than U.S.-born residents. These immigrants tend to have lived in the United States longer and are more likely to speak English very well than noncitizen immigrants. These skills provide naturalized immigrants with distinct advantages to accessing the housing market over noncitizen immigrants, and may partially explain some of the differences in homeownership. The brain waste effect Despite high levels of educational attainment, immigrants in Virginia are less likely to work in jobs that require their level of credentials than U.S.-born residents an effect commonly referred to as brain waste. Brain waste occurs when individuals have at least a college level of education and are either working in a field that does not require this credential or are unemployed. In Virginia, 21 percent of college-educated immigrants 25 and older are working in low-skill jobs or are unemployed. This is well above the average for U.S.-born Virginians. Immigrants who earn their degrees abroad particularly struggle with brain waste. Creating clearer paths for transferring credentials earned In Virginia, 21 percent of college-educated immigrants 25 and older are working in low-skill jobs or are unemployed. abroad could lead to the state better taking advantage of its highly educated immigrant workforce. The language barrier Virginia s share of immigrants who speak English very well has increased since the start of the recession. While the majority of naturalized immigrants speak English very well, just under half of noncitizen immigrants do. Since the majority of new immigrants who are not yet naturalized are also young working-age adults, they may never receive English-language services upon arrival to the United States. Lack of access to these services poses substantial barriers for this population in accessing the job market and post-secondary education. 1 in 5 Virginia children live in homes with at least one foreign-born parent Photo: Taylor Mackenzie The Commonwealth Institute 9

Unique Challenges Facing Unauthorized and Mixed-Status Commonwealth Families The majority of Virginia s immigrant population are legally present in the United States. Since the start of the recession, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. has decreased by over one million. Much of this decline has been from Mexican unauthorized immigrants leaving, a trend that likely had less impact in Virginia than in border states. As of 2014, Virginia had an estimated 272,000 to 300,000 unauthorized immigrant residents, representing a diverse group from all over the world, according to estimates by the Pew Research Center and the Migration Policy Institute. One of the largest countries of origin is El Salvador (16 percent), a country that experienced a civil war lasting more than a decade. As with immigrants overall, in Virginia unauthorized immigrants have lived in the U.S. for a long time. An estimated three out of four unauthorized immigrants in Virginia have been in the United States for over five years. The median years of residence for unauthorized residents in the U.S. as of 2014 was nearly 14 years. Many unauthorized immigrants have had families or married since they arrived. More than a quarter of unauthorized immigrant Virginians live with a child under 18 who is a U.S. citizen. This number does not account for unauthorized immigrants who have children who are citizens not living with them. Additionally, around 15 percent of unauthorized immigrant Virginians are married to a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident. Unauthorized immigrants have very high labor force participation rates higher even than immigrants overall. Around 75 percent of unauthorized Virginians participate in the labor force, Each year, unauthorized immigrants in Virginia pay more than $250 million in state and local taxes. well above the 65 percent rate for the state s U.S.-born population. Working aged unauthorized immigrants over 16 represented only 3.75 percent of Virginia s overall population in 2014, yet constituted 6 percent of the workforce. Each year, unauthorized immigrants in Virginia pay more than $250 million in state and local taxes. And were unauthorized immigrants offered a path to citizenship, the state could generate an estimated $100 million in additional state and local taxes on an annual basis through increased tax compliance. When it comes to post-secondary education, Virginia s unauthorized immigrants are not far behind the U.S.- born population. Nearly 40 percent of unauthorized immigrants have attained at least some college or an associate s degree. And of this group, a majority have earned a bachelor s, graduate, or professional degree. Some of Virginia s 272,000 to 300,000 unauthorized immigrants have been offered temporary protection from deportation. Nationally, around 10 percent of unauthorized immigrants have successfully applied for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, including over 11,000 young Virginians. This program provides temporary protection from deportation to unauthorized immigrants who came to the country as children, have little to no criminal records and are seeking postsecondary education or have completed a high school equivalent of education. Not counted in those estimates of unauthorized immigrants are Virginians who have been granted Temporary Protected Status due to threats from returning to their home countries. This is particularly important for Virginia s largest immigrant group from El Salvador, many of whom fled during the country s civil war. While unauthorized immigrants are major contributors to the state s economy, they continue to face numerous challenges. Nearly one out of five live below the poverty line and around 58 percent lack health insurance these are both well above the U.S.-born rates. In addition to the slew of challenges posed by not having health insurance and being more likely to be living below the poverty line, hate crimes towards immigrant groups have been on the rise in the United States over the last few years. Some hatewatch groups have cited charged political rhetoric and unsubstantiated statements about the threats posed by immigrants as contributing factors to increases in intimidation and discrimination. Experiences interacting with immigrants do not seem to be the cause of hate crimes when more people interact with immigrants as neighbors, co-workers, and community members, they tend to have more positive feelings for the group. States that have higher concentrations of immigrants have been shown to be correlated with fewer hate groups per capita. Children of immigrants are particularly affected by charged discriminatory 10 The Commonwealth Institute

rhetoric. Many of these children live in fear of their parents being detained, arrested, or deported. An estimated 90,000 immigrant parents of U.S.- citizen children were deported each year between 2010 and 2012. Deportation of parents has been shown to lead to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder among the remaining family members. Additionally, median income for these households on average drops below the poverty line from $36,000 to $15,400 when a family member is deported and health conditions for the remaining family members also decline. With so many additional stressors, children who come from households where parents are under threat of deportation are more likely to struggle in school, have lower literacy rates in adulthood, and have difficulty finding employment. Conclusion Virginian immigrants are key contributors to the state s growth and prosperity. A majority of these immigrants are U.S. citizens and have lived in the country for more than 10 years. Yet despite how well Virginia s immigrants have integrated, there are still many challenges that face immigrant communities. Health insurance access, discrimination, language barriers, brain waste, and housing costs all pose unique challenges for immigrants particularly noncitizen immigrants. Fully tapping into the potential of this highly educated and largely working-age population will mean moving at the state and local level to break down barriers and better integrate immigrants into Virginia s communities and economy. In addition, many unauthorized immigrants have lived here for more than a decade, married citizens, had children, and pay taxes. Despite their contributions, however, unauthorized immigrants are not offered the same level of social services offered to other state residents. Lack of access to health care and threats of deportation and discrimination all make unauthorized immigrants and their families less able to contribute to the communities in which they live. And when unauthorized immigrants are treated like non-members of their communities, they are much more likely to be impacted by mental illness and economic hardship. The Commonwealth Institute 11

Appendix: Data on Foreign- Population 2000 2010-2015 five-year average Percent change in population, 2000 to 2010-2015 Total Native- Foreign Share Foreign- Total Native- Foreign- Share Foreign- Total Native- Foreign Virginia 7,074,226 6,503,958 570,268 8.1% 8,256,630 7,290,029 966,601 11.7% 17% 12% 69% Accomack County 38,305 36,680 1,625 4.2% 33,115 30,900 2,215 6.7% -14% -16% 36% Albemarle County 79,236 73,483 5,753 7.3% 103,108 92,656 10,452 10.1% 30% 26% 82% Alexandria City 128,283 95,683 32,600 25.4% 149,315 108,327 40,988 27.5% 16% 13% 26% Alleghany County 12,926 12,814 112 0.9% 16,066 15,835 231 1.4% 24% 24% 106% Amelia County 11,400 11,320 80 0.7% 12,777 12,733 44 0.3% 12% 12% -45% Amherst County 31,894 31,506 388 1.2% 32,148 31,504 644 2.0% 1% 0% 66% Appomattox County 13,705 13,517 188 1.4% 15,208 15,097 111 0.7% 11% 12% -41% Arlington County 189,453 136,760 52,693 27.8% 223,945 172,380 51,565 23.0% 18% 26% -2% Augusta County 65,615 64,690 925 1.4% 74,053 72,875 1,178 1.6% 13% 13% 27% Bath County 5,048 4,832 216 4.3% 4,583 4,439 144 3.1% -9% -8% -33% Bedford County 66,670 65,474 1,196 1.8% 76,463 75,026 1,437 1.9% 15% 15% 20% Bland County 6,871 6,815 56 0.8% 6,662 6,569 93 1.4% -3% -4% 66% Botetourt County 30,496 30,207 289 0.9% 33,155 32,361 794 2.4% 9% 7% 175% Bristol City 17,367 17,116 251 1.4% 17,524 17,189 335 1.9% 1% 0% 33% Brunswick County 18,419 18,289 130 0.7% 16,930 16,665 265 1.6% -8% -9% 104% Buchanan County 26,978 26,901 77 0.3% 23,486 23,233 253 1.1% -13% -14% 229% Buckingham County 15,623 15,505 118 0.8% 17,068 16,815 253 1.5% 9% 8% 114% Buena Vista City 6,349 6,316 33 0.5% 6,666 6,617 49 0.7% 5% 5% 48% Campbell County 51,078 50,491 587 1.1% 55,012 53,732 1,280 2.3% 8% 6% 118% Caroline County 22,121 21,739 382 1.7% 29,349 28,492 857 2.9% 33% 31% 124% Carroll County 29,245 28,990 255 0.9% 29,856 29,296 560 1.9% 2% 1% 120% Charles City County 6,926 6,839 87 1.3% 7,118 7,039 79 1.1% 3% 3% -9% Charlotte County 12,472 12,372 100 0.8% 12,313 12,212 101 0.8% -1% -1% 1% Charlottesville City 45,049 41,942 3,107 6.9% 45,084 39,714 5,370 11.9% 0% -5% 73% Chesapeake City 199,184 193,213 5,971 3.0% 230,601 219,123 11,478 5.0% 16% 13% 92% Chesterfield County 259,903 246,380 13,523 5.2% 328,176 301,617 26,559 8.1% 26% 22% 96% Clarke County 12,652 12,340 312 2.5% 14,299 13,708 591 4.1% 13% 11% 89% Colonial Heights City 16,897 16,061 836 4.9% 17,515 16,380 1,135 6.5% 4% 2% 36% Covington City 6,303 6,155 148 2.3% 5,736 5,651 85 1.5% -9% -8% -43% Craig County 5,091 5,075 16 0.3% 5,212 5,193 19 0.4% 2% 2% 19% Culpeper County 34,262 33,069 1,193 3.5% 48,424 45,128 3,296 6.8% 41% 36% 176% Cumberland County 9,017 8,899 118 1.3% 9,859 9,825 34 0.3% 9% 10% -71% Danville City 48,411 47,711 700 1.4% 42,450 41,130 1,320 3.1% -12% -14% 89% Dickenson County 16,395 16,364 31 0.2% 15,463 15,314 149 1.0% -6% -6% 381% Dinwiddie County 24,533 24,194 339 1.4% 28,110 27,498 612 2.2% 15% 14% 81% Emporia City 5,665 5,482 183 3.2% 5,672 5,445 227 4.0% 0% -1% 24% Essex County 9,989 9,849 140 1.4% 11,151 11,005 146 1.3% 12% 12% 4% Fairfax City 21,498 16,047 5,451 25.4% 23,402 17,099 6,303 26.9% 9% 7% 16% Fairfax County 969,749 732,072 237,677 24.5% 1,128,722 790,527 338,195 30.0% 16% 8% 42% Falls Church City 10,377 8,710 1,667 16.1% 13,308 10,890 2,418 18.2% 28% 25% 45% Fauquier County 55,139 53,157 1,982 3.6% 67,463 63,416 4,047 6.0% 22% 19% 104% Floyd County 13,874 13,663 211 1.5% 15,523 15,225 298 1.9% 12% 11% 41% Fluvanna County 20,047 19,578 469 2.3% 26,014 25,124 890 3.4% 30% 28% 90% Franklin City 8,346 8,284 62 0.7% 8,457 8,292 165 2.0% 1% 0% 166% Franklin County 47,286 46,647 639 1.4% 56,315 54,980 1,335 2.4% 19% 18% 109% Frederick County 59,209 57,803 1,406 2.4% 81,340 76,888 4,452 5.5% 37% 33% 217% Fredericksburg City 19,279 18,282 997 5.2% 27,395 25,145 2,250 8.2% 42% 38% 126% Galax City 6,837 6,249 588 8.6% 6,876 6,166 710 10.3% 1% -1% 21% Giles County 16,657 16,532 125 0.8% 16,907 16,619 288 1.7% 2% 1% 130% Gloucester County 34,780 34,127 653 1.9% 37,001 36,205 796 2.2% 6% 6% 22% Goochland County 16,863 16,532 331 2.0% 21,721 20,917 804 3.7% 29% 27% 143% Grayson County 17,917 17,705 212 1.2% 15,573 15,338 235 1.5% -13% -13% 11% Greene County 15,244 14,994 250 1.6% 18,938 18,122 816 4.3% 24% 21% 226% Greensville County 11,560 11,529 31 0.3% 11,760 11,493 267 2.3% 2% 0% 761% Halifax County 37,355 36,967 388 1.0% 35,506 34,997 509 1.4% -5% -5% 31% Hampton City 146,437 140,659 5,778 3.9% 137,081 130,652 6,429 4.7% -6% -7% 11% Hanover County 86,320 84,793 1,527 1.8% 101,340 97,691 3,649 3.6% 17% 15% 139% Harrisonburg City 40,468 36,735 3,733 9.2% 51,388 42,831 8,557 16.7% 27% 17% 129% Henrico County 262,300 244,835 17,465 6.7% 318,864 280,810 38,054 11.9% 22% 15% 118% Henry County 57,930 56,342 1,588 2.7% 52,580 50,912 1,668 3.2% -9% -10% 5% Highland County 2,536 2,527 9 0.4% 2,244 2,228 16 0.7% -12% -12% 78% Hopewell City 22,354 21,919 435 1.9% 22,279 21,231 1,048 4.7% 0% -3% 141% Isle Of Wight County 29,728 29,393 335 1.1% 35,740 34,780 960 2.7% 20% 18% 187% James City County 48,102 46,109 1,993 4.1% 70,673 66,111 4,562 6.5% 47% 43% 129% King And Queen 6,630 6,572 58 0.9% 7,106 6,911 195 2.7% 7% 5% 236% King George County 16,803 16,578 225 1.3% 24,933 24,440 493 2.0% 48% 47% 119% King William County 13,146 12,984 162 1.2% 16,097 15,762 335 2.1% 22% 21% 107% Lancaster County 11,567 11,366 201 1.7% 11,129 10,914 215 1.9% -4% -4% 7% 12 The Commonwealth Institute

2000 2010-2015 five-year average Percent change in population, 2000 to 2010-2015 Total Native- Foreign Share Foreign- Total Native- Foreign- Share Foreign- Total Native- Foreign Lee County 23,589 23,481 108 0.5% 25,206 24,926 280 1.1% 7% 6% 159% Lexington City 6,867 6,593 274 4.0% 7,071 6,683 388 5.5% 3% 1% 42% Loudoun County 169,599 150,483 19,116 11.3% 351,129 269,363 81,766 23.3% 107% 79% 328% Louisa County 25,627 25,297 330 1.3% 33,986 32,891 1,095 3.2% 33% 30% 232% Lunenburg County 13,146 12,983 163 1.2% 12,558 12,124 434 3.5% -4% -7% 166% Lynchburg City 65,269 63,196 2,073 3.2% 78,158 73,775 4,383 5.6% 20% 17% 111% Madison County 12,520 12,241 279 2.2% 13,147 12,892 255 1.9% 5% 5% -9% Manassas City 35,135 30,162 4,973 14.2% 40,743 29,608 11,135 27.3% 16% -2% 124% Manassas Park City 10,290 8,747 1,543 15.0% 15,625 10,550 5,075 32.5% 52% 21% 229% Martinsville City 15,416 15,004 412 2.7% 13,624 13,193 431 3.2% -12% -12% 5% Mathews County 9,207 9,009 198 2.2% 8,880 8,720 160 1.8% -4% -3% -19% Mecklenburg County 32,380 31,856 524 1.6% 31,555 30,849 706 2.2% -3% -3% 35% Middlesex County 9,932 9,724 208 2.1% 10,717 10,550 167 1.6% 8% 8% -20% Montgomery County 83,629 78,816 4,813 5.8% 96,467 87,957 8,510 8.8% 15% 12% 77% Nelson County 14,445 14,174 271 1.9% 14,858 14,290 568 3.8% 3% 1% 110% New Kent County 13,462 13,347 115 0.9% 19,560 19,077 483 2.5% 45% 43% 320% Newport News City 180,150 171,540 8,610 4.8% 181,323 167,839 13,484 7.4% 1% -2% 57% Norfolk City 234,403 222,769 11,634 5.0% 245,452 228,516 16,936 6.9% 5% 3% 46% Northampton County 13,093 12,646 447 3.4% 12,184 11,497 687 5.6% -7% -9% 54% Northumberland 12,259 12,065 194 1.6% 12,304 11,991 313 2.5% 0% -1% 61% Norton City 3,904 3,861 43 1.1% 4,007 3,733 274 6.8% 3% -3% 537% Nottoway County 15,725 15,499 226 1.4% 15,711 15,283 428 2.7% 0% -1% 89% Orange County 25,881 25,401 480 1.9% 34,596 32,708 1,888 5.5% 34% 29% 293% Page County 23,177 22,825 352 1.5% 23,843 23,455 388 1.6% 3% 3% 10% Patrick County 19,407 19,125 282 1.5% 18,264 17,917 347 1.9% -6% -6% 23% Petersburg City 33,740 32,971 769 2.3% 32,123 31,053 1,070 3.3% -5% -6% 39% Pittsylvania County 61,745 61,110 635 1.0% 62,794 61,407 1,387 2.2% 2% 0% 118% Poquoson City 11,566 11,226 340 2.9% 12,077 11,608 469 3.9% 4% 3% 38% Portsmouth City 100,565 98,970 1,595 1.6% 96,135 93,642 2,493 2.6% -4% -5% 56% Powhatan County 22,377 22,051 326 1.5% 28,207 27,491 716 2.5% 26% 25% 120% Prince Edward 19,720 19,449 271 1.4% 23,022 22,305 717 3.1% 17% 15% 165% Prince George 33,047 31,544 1,503 4.5% 37,380 35,855 1,525 4.1% 13% 14% 1% Prince William 280,813 248,627 32,186 11.5% 437,271 341,688 95,583 21.9% 56% 37% 197% Pulaski County 35,127 34,911 216 0.6% 34,528 34,038 490 1.4% -2% -3% 127% Radford City 15,859 15,460 399 2.5% 17,057 16,505 552 3.2% 8% 7% 38% Rappahannock 6,983 6,760 223 3.2% 7,431 7,071 360 4.8% 6% 5% 61% Richmond City 197,790 190,147 7,643 3.9% 213,735 199,191 14,544 6.8% 8% 5% 90% Richmond County 8,809 8,644 165 1.9% 8,989 8,396 593 6.6% 2% -3% 259% Roanoke City 94,911 92,007 2,904 3.1% 98,736 91,670 7,066 7.2% 4% 0% 143% Roanoke County 85,778 83,147 2,631 3.1% 93,633 88,943 4,690 5.0% 9% 7% 78% Rockbridge County 20,808 20,392 416 2.0% 22,444 21,921 523 2.3% 8% 7% 26% Rockingham County 67,725 65,502 2,223 3.3% 77,785 73,806 3,979 5.1% 15% 13% 79% Russell County 30,308 30,196 112 0.4% 28,245 27,942 303 1.1% -7% -7% 171% Salem City 24,747 24,224 523 2.1% 25,165 24,138 1,027 4.1% 2% 0% 96% Scott County 23,403 23,332 71 0.3% 22,570 22,333 237 1.1% -4% -4% 234% Shenandoah County 35,075 33,995 1,080 3.1% 42,724 40,394 2,330 5.5% 22% 19% 116% Smyth County 33,081 32,922 159 0.5% 31,734 31,380 354 1.1% -4% -5% 123% Southampton County 17,482 17,431 51 0.3% 18,410 18,218 192 1.0% 5% 5% 276% Spotsylvania County 90,395 87,478 2,917 3.2% 127,691 118,763 8,928 7.0% 41% 36% 206% Stafford County 92,446 88,733 3,713 4.0% 137,145 125,102 12,043 8.8% 48% 41% 224% Staunton City 23,853 23,379 474 2.0% 24,193 23,529 664 2.7% 1% 1% 40% Suffolk City 63,677 62,497 1,180 1.9% 86,184 83,010 3,174 3.7% 35% 33% 169% Surry County 6,829 6,796 33 0.5% 6,823 6,735 88 1.3% 0% -1% 167% Sussex County 12,504 12,385 119 1.0% 11,864 11,601 263 2.2% -5% -6% 121% Tazewell County 44,598 44,167 431 1.0% 43,870 43,492 378 0.9% -2% -2% -12% Virginia Beach City 425,257 396,981 28,276 6.6% 448,290 409,208 39,082 8.7% 5% 3% 38% Warren County 31,584 30,907 677 2.1% 38,481 37,165 1,316 3.4% 22% 20% 94% Washington County 51,103 50,633 470 0.9% 54,759 53,916 843 1.5% 7% 6% 79% Waynesboro City 19,520 19,049 471 2.4% 21,150 20,074 1,076 5.1% 8% 5% 128% Westmoreland 16,718 16,206 512 3.1% 17,557 16,987 570 3.2% 5% 5% 11% Williamsburg City 11,998 11,376 622 5.2% 14,754 13,223 1,531 10.4% 23% 16% 146% Winchester City 23,585 21,981 1,604 6.8% 27,168 24,175 2,993 11.0% 15% 10% 87% Wise County 40,123 39,940 183 0.5% 40,530 40,022 508 1.3% 1% 0% 178% Wythe County 27,599 27,459 140 0.5% 29,190 28,891 299 1.0% 6% 5% 114% York County 56,297 53,366 2,931 5.2% 66,471 61,315 5,156 7.8% 18% 15% 76% Source: American Community Survey, 2011-2015, retrieved December 2016 The Commonwealth Institute 13

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