MODULE 14 Era of Social Change

MODULE 14 Era of Social Change

SECTION 1: KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR History of JFK Wealthy family Father instilled passion in his sons Political History Navy in WW2 Elected to House of Rep 1946 Helped by his wealthy father No major accomplishments as HOR Elected Senator in 1952 The Democratic nominee for president in 1960 was a young Massachusetts senator named John Kennedy Roman Catholic Youngest ever at 43yrs He promised to get America moving again NEW FRONTIER Followed Containment Policy Used Flexible Response Kennedy had a well-organized campaign and was handsome and charismatic Senator Kennedy, 1958

Kennedy in Camelot The public was infatuated with the Kennedys Jack s personality, Jackie s sense of fashion, their two young children Referred to as Camelot because they almost seemed like America s royal family

THE KENNEDY MYSTIQUE The first family fascinated the American public Celebrities more than politicians Artists/photographers JFK could read 1,600 words/min Inspired education Jackie, too, captivated the nation with her eye for fashion and culture Family was considered as Royalty

REPUBLICAN OPPONENT: Richard Nixon Vice-President under Eisenhower Republican RICHARD NIXON Better known More experience The candidates agreed on many domestic and foreign policy issues Nixon hoped to ride the coattails of the popular President

TELEVISED DEBATE AFFECTS VOTE On September 26, 1960, Kennedy and Nixon took part in the first televised debate between presidential candidates Kennedy Young, eager, confident Nixon Uneasy, looked ill Radio listeners Nixon won TV viewers Kennedy won

JFK: CONFIDENT, AT EASE DURING DEBATES http://www.history.com/topics/uspresidents/kennedy-nixon-debates

JFK, NIXON REACT DIFFERENTLY TO CIVIL RIGHTS 1950 s Sit-ins Bus Boycotts Martin Luther King Nixon Took no public stance on Civil Rights JKF MLK arrested for peaceful march Called MLK s wife Negotiated with the judge to sent MLK free King Kennedy

KENNEDY WINS CLOSE ELECTION

4. Kennedy s Civil Rights views helped him win votes in the south and Midwest

CLOSEST ELECTION SINCE 1884 Kennedy won the election by fewer than 119,000 votes RMN JFK

ASK NOT... Delivered Friday, January 20, 1961 http://www.history.com/topics/uspresidents/john-f-kennedy/videos/inauguraladdress-john-f-kennedy

MOD 12.5 Mounting Tensions in 1960 s By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Describe the new military policy of the Kennedy administration 2. Summarize the crises that developed over Cuba

Kennedy & Cold War New Military Policy Emphasis on technology & third world countries Flexible Response Vietnam Broad range of options to respond to nuclear threat Move away from massive retaliation Reduce threat of nuclear war Green Berets special forces US supported French colonization 1940 s 50 s Domino Theory one country falls to communism others in the area would fall as well Kennedy supports Ngo Dinh Diem in S. Vietnam

Domino Theory Belief that if one country fell to Communism, then eventually the rest of the world would become communist.

Kennedy & CUBA Just 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented the first big test of JFK s foreign policy Eisenhower administration drew up plans to invade Cuba CIA mission Dictator Fulgencio Batista dictator of Cuba (anticommunist) Could be controlled by USA (1959) Openly Communist, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro who welcomed aid from the USSR US controlled 75% of the sugar crop b. Castro promised to get rid of poverty c. Castro wins and takes over U.S. companies land d. U.S responds by imposing trade barriers on Cuba e. Cuba turns to USSR for aid

BAY OF PIGS CIA Operation/ Eisenhower Train Cuban Exiles Invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro Kennedy learned of the plan only nine days into his presidency JFK approved the mission Bay of Pigs was a disaster 1,200 Cuban exiles invade Cuba 25,000 Castro Cuban supporters backed by USSR USA did not provide air support with invasion JFK faced political ramifications https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/bay-of-pigs- Invasion-A-Perfect-Failure-

Cuban Missile Crisis USSR + Cuba Nikita Khrushchev Soviet Premier Promises to support Cuba Summer of 1962 USSR shipment of weapons to Cuba include nukes U-2 Spy plane, 1962 Photographs of missiles in Cuba Joint Chiefs want to bomb Cuba JFK and advisors use diplomatic measures US forces sent to Florida JFK addresses public Quarantine Cuba Impose a naval blockade to prevent missiles from being delivered 13 Days Quarantine Clip

13 DAYS When more Soviet ships headed for the U.S. with weapons, JFK ordered a blockade The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviets ships turned back Finally, Khrushchev agreed to remove the nuclear weapons from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. promise NOT to invade Cuba For 13 days in October, 1962 the world stood still as the threat of nuclear war gripped the planet

EASING TENSIONS Impact of the Crisis Kennedy seen as a leader Khrushchev lost prestige Reduce Nuclear Tensions Move towards Détente relax tensions between the two powers Hotline telephone communication between USA and USSR 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ended above ground nuclear tests USA, Great Britain, USSR 36 other nations also signed Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Not to give or sell nuclear weapons to other countries USSR promises to remove missiles from Cuba and the US secretly promises to remove missiles from Turkey leads to the Hotline

Berlin Wall 1958 Treaty divided the city of Berlin 1961 Khrushchev and Kennedy meet in Vienna Khrushchev wanted the US to recognize formal division of Germany Remove US troops from W. Berlin Khrushchev wanted to challenge the leadership of Kennedy Kennedy Increase military spending 1961 Russians build the Berlin Wall, separating East (commie) and West Berlin Was built more for keeping in Communist citizens from escaping than for keeping us out Skilled workers leaving E. Berlin move to W. Berlin

RACE TO THE MOON Firsts- mostly Soviet (Sputnik, Yuri Gagarin) Communism is superior 1962 American-Mercury- Alan Sheppard 1961 John Glen, first to orbit the earth. USA sends more satellites Used for communication Kennedy urged congress to fund space program (NASA) University science programs grow; new industries, technologies arise launch facilities in Cape Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center in Houston, Texas

3. Space Race a. Soviet Yuri Gagarin became the 1 st human in space b. Kennedy had NASA focus on getting to the moon 1 st c. July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong became the 1 st man on the moon

A MAN ON Armstrong THE MOON Finally, on July 20, 1969, the U.S. would achieve its goal One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind An excited nation watched as U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =cwzb2mqid0a

TRAGEDY IN DALLAS On a sunny day on November 22,1963, Air Force One landed in Dallas with JFK and Jackie JFK received warm applause from the crowd that lined the downtown streets of Dallas as he rode in the back seat of an open-air limousine

JFK SHOT TO DEATH As the motorcade approached the Texas Book Depository, shots rang out JFK was shot in the neck and then the head His car was rushed to a nearby hospital where doctors frantically tried to revive him President Kennedy was dead (11/22/63)

History Channel: JFK part 1 - Introduction JFK part 2 Mourning JFK part 3 Conspiracy theories

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT New President Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson Sworn in on Air force 1 A somber LBJ takes the oath of office aboard Air Force One with the Jackie next to him

JFK LAID TO REST All work stopped for Kennedy s funeral as America mourned its fallen leader Three-year old John Kennedy Jr. salutes his father s coffin during the funeral The Warren Commission investigated the assassination and determined that Oswald had indeed acted alone

MOD 14.2 Johnson & Great Society

THE GREAT SOCIETY A fourth-generation Texan, Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) 36 th president of USA Experienced Politian Worked in Congress since 1932 Admired FDR Promised to keep the Kennedy Administration goals GREAT SOCIETY Wanted to make the AMERICAN DREAM come true for everyone Great Domestic Politician Vietnam will eventually tarnish his name and legacy Great Society Speech

JOHNSON S DOMESTIC AGENDA Used political influence to push through legislation More liberal bills than FDR Most of the bills were Kennedy s ideas, LBJ had the political skills to pass the laws War on Poverty Education Civil Rights Voting Rights Health Care Immigration

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 Civil Rights Bill Introduced by Kennedy in 1963 Johnson introduces the bill to the House Passes house easily Filibuster in the Senate- 3 months In July of 1964, LBJ pushed the Civil Rights Act through Congress The Act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin, and granted the federal government new powers to enforce the law LBJ signs the Civil Rights Act as Martin Luther King watches

VOTING RIGHTS ACT 1965 Part of the Civil Rights Act was to insure voting rights for all Americans Banned Literacy Tests Ends disenfranchisement of African Americans The act insured consistent election practices "By the way, what's the big word?"

THE WAR ON POVERTY LBJ launches War on Poverty hand up, not a handout 1964 Economic Opportunity Act The Act provided $1 billion in aid to the inner city Jobs Corps Domestic peace corps VISTA Volunteers in serves to America Head Start Provide education for preschoolers Community Action Program Encouraged poor to contribute to public work programs

LBJ WINS BY A LANDSLIDE LBJ vs Goldwater Goldwater Senator from Arizona Little gov t involvement in Economy Against civil rights War Hawk Pro war LBJ Many voted for LBJ as a vote against Goldwater Opposed to sending more troops into Vietnam LBJ wins! 43 million voters vs 27 million Now Johnson launched his reform program in earnest

Education & Health Care The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided $1 billion to help public schools buy textbooks and library materials This Act represented the first major federal aid package for education ever Medicare provided hospital insurance and low-cost medical care to the elderly Medicaid provided health benefits to the poor

Housing & IMMIGRATION REFORM Reform Immigration National Origins Acts of 1920 Restricted immigrants based on nationalism Discriminatory Immigration Act of 1965 No quota system No discrimination against immigrants based on origin. Housing and Urban Development Low-rent public housing Low-income afford housing

THE ENVIRONMENT LBJ also actively sought to improve the environment The Water Quality Act of 1965 required states to clean up their rivers and lakes LBJ also ordered the government to clean up corporate polluters of the environment

CONSUMER PROTECTION Safety Laws Motor vehicle safety act Federal standards for producing cars Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 Federal control over labeling and packing of foods and other supplies Americans feel safer in the supermarket and on the roads

WARREN COURT AND SUSPECT S RIGHTS Mapp v. Ohio (1961) the Supreme Court ruled that illegally seized evidence could not be used in court In Escobedo v. Illinois the court ruled that the accused has the right to have an attorney present when questioned by police Miranda v. Arizona the court ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning Miranda Rights Baker v. Carr one person, one vote Reynolds v. Sims One person one vote to state legislature

IMPACT OF GREAT SOCIETY The Great Society and the Warren Court changed the United States No president in Post-WWII era extended the power and reach of the federal government more than LBJ The War on Poverty helped, the Civil Rights initiative made a difference and the massive tax cuts spurred the economy Great Society doesn t last very long Vietnam War

MODULE 14.3 Culture & Counterculture

Counterculture Counterculture Turn back on traditional America white, middle class college youths who were disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in the 1960s

Counterculture Why/How it started Kids of the 40 s+50 s were becoming adults Roots of the Counterculture Beat Movement 1950 s rejected materialism and emphasized personal experience Civil Rights introduces social and political protest Vietnam War/college enrollment Rejected materialism -> personal beliefs became important 60 s most educated generation War abroad = war at home Free Speech Movement Students for Democratic Society» End racism, poverty and violence WHO? Middle Class White/College Educated Baby boom of 1950 s

GENERATION GAP Older Generation silent generation Lived through the Great Depression Listened to same old music as parents (big band) Valued loyalty/authority New Generation Boomer Generation Lived through 1950 s Listen to Rock N Roll Activist for Peace Antiwar Distrust authority

Sex Drugs and Rock N Roll Beatles 1964 Appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show 70 million watched the show Music becomes the vehicle for a movement» Protest and Change» Bob Dylan, Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix Art Andy Warhol realistic paintings of grocery items Questions traditional art

Counterculture Hippie Culture or the Age of Aquarius Rock n Roll» Tie dyed t-shirts, torn jeans, military clothes, love beads Communes» Small communities where people share resources» Sexual Revolution» More open/free compared to parents Drugs Routinely use drugs (LSD) expand their minds» Haight-Ashbury San Francisco district (Hippie Capitol)» Timothy Leary former Harvard Researcher» Drugs could free the mind» tune in, turn on and drop out

Positive and Negatives Positives Plants the seeds for the Rights Revolution Utopian lifestyle More authentic way of living Live off the land» environmental movement Negatives Drug addictions increased dramatically Leads to death of youth and many famous musicians» Jimi Hendrix Values decreased People became more self centered.

The Conservative Response In the late 1960 s, many believed that the country was losing its sense of right and wrong. Richard Nixon Conservatives attacked the counterculture revolutionary terrorism Social anarchy Delayed gratification Abandon rational thought

MODULE 14.4 Environmental Activism

Environmental Concerns in the 1970s Earth Day Three Mile Island Environmental Concerns 1970s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Alaskan Pipeline Clean Air Act

Environmental Concerns 1970s April 22,1970 first Earth Day environmental awareness activity 1970 Nixon brings 15 existing fed. pollution programs into the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Agency to enforce environmental standards Clean Air Act Regulate pollution Endangered Species Act Protect wildlife and plants Clean Water Act Regulate water Prevent dumping of chemicals 56

The 800-mile-long Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) one of the largest pipeline systems in the world. It stretches from Prudhoe Bay on Alaska s North Slope, through rugged and beautiful terrain, to Valdez, the northernmost ice-free port in North America. Since pipeline startup in 1977, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, the operator of TAPS, has successfully transported over 15 billion barrels of oil. Alaskan Pipeline

Environmental Concerns Nuclear power v. Foreign Oil 1970s Three Mile Island (Penn) malfunctions and low level radiation escapes Radiation escapes 100,000 residents are evacuated but no one dies Government stalls creation of powerplants Nuclear Regulatory Commission 58