Ethnic Citizenship Regimes

Ethnic Citizenship Regimes

Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series Series Editors: Varun Uberoi, University of Oxford; Nasar Meer, University of Southampton and Tariq Modood, University of Bristol. The politics of identity and citizenship has assumed increasing importance as our polities have become significantly more culturally, ethnically and religiously diverse. Different types of scholars, including philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and historians, make contributions to this field, and this series showcases a variety of innovative contributions. Focusing on a range of different countries, and utilizing the insights of different disciplines, the series helps to illuminate an increasingly controversial area of research, and titles in the series will be of interest to a number of audiences, including scholars, students and other interested individuals. Titles include: Derek McGhee SECURITY, CITIZENSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS Shared Values in Uncertain Times Nasar Meer CITIZENSHIP, IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF MULTICULTURALISM The Rise of Muslim Consciousness Ganesh Nathan SOCIAL FREEDOM IN A MULTICULTURAL STATE Towards a Theory of Intercultural Justice Michel Seymour (editor) THE PLURAL STATES OF RECOGNITION Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978 0 230 24901 1 (hardback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Ethnic Citizenship Regimes Europeanization, Post-war Migration and Redressing Past Wrongs Aleksandra Maatsch Jean Monnet Centre for European Studies, University of Bremen, Germany

Aleksandra Maatsch 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-28424-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-32941-0 DOI 10.1057/9780230307391 ISBN 978-0-230-30739-1 (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Maatsch, Aleksandra, 1979 Ethnic citizenship regimes : Europeanization, post-war migration and redressing past wrongs / Aleksandra Maatsch. p. cm. (Palgrave politics of identity and citizenship series) Includes index. 1. Citizenship Europe. 2. Naturalization Europe. 3. Assimilation (Sociology) Europe. I. Title. II. Series. JF801.M23 2011 323.6094 dc22 2011005250 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

Contents Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables vi vii viii 1 Citizenship in a Migratory World 1 2 Comparative Citizenship Research: Competing Accounts Explaining Convergence and Divergence 19 3 National Parliaments As Deliberative Bodies 33 4 Legislative Reforms of National Citizenship: Patterns of Convergence and Divergence in Germany, Hungary and Poland (1985 2007) 49 5 Explaining Convergence and Divergence of National Citizenship Legislation: A Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary Debates 83 6 Towards Convergence: Horizontal Europeanization of National Citizenship Legislation 129 7 Conclusions 147 Appendix 155 Notes 190 Bibliography 200 Index 209 v

Acknowledgements I would like to express special thanks to Professors Ulrike Liebert and Rainer Bauböck, who inspired my academic interests and commented very thoroughly on the final draft of my book. I also wish to thank my ConstEPS project fellows (and affiliates) and good friends at the same time: Kathrin Packham, Tatjana Evas, Dr Petra Rakušanova, Dr Alexander Gattig, Sönke Maatsch, Samba Diop, Ewelina Pawlak, Joanna Serdyńska, Dr Katarzyna Gajewska and Anja Vedder. You have created a very stimulating research environment that I will greatly miss. I am particularly indebted to Anna Horvath, who helped me with conducting the empirical analysis of the Hungarian parliamentary debates. This book would not have been completed in such a short period of time without the financial support of the Volkswagen Stiftung, which not only supported me with a scholarship but also offered additional funds for the German language courses that allowed me to conduct independently the analysis of the German parliamentary debates. Many chapters of this book have greatly benefited from the discussions held during various workshops and conferences, particularly those organized within the CONNEX network. I would like to mention the European Research Colloquium, organized over two years (2005 2006) by Professor Ronald Holzhacker, as well as the workshop Research Design and Methods, organized at the European University Institute in 2007 by Professors Tanja Börzel and Adrienne Héritier. Finally, I would like to thank my family members, who supported me emotionally: my mother and Andrzej, and first and foremost my husband, Sönke. vi

Figures 3.1 National citizenship on a two-dimensional scale 43 3.2 Liberal convergence and convergence 45 4.1 Evolution of German citizenship 62 4.2 Evolution of Hungarian citizenship 63 4.3 Evolution of Polish citizenship 72 6.1 Horizontal network: Germany, Hungary and Poland 137 6.2 Network: (a) Germany, (b) Hungary and (c) Poland 139 A.1 A snapshot from the Atlas.ti software presenting a family- and sub-codes 158 vii

Tables 1.1 Popular approaches comparatively explaining convergence and divergence of national citizenship legislation 9 4.1 Tendencies observed in German law since the late 1980s 61 4.2 Tendencies observed in Hungarian law since the late 1980s 69 4.3 Tendencies observed in Polish law since the late 1980s 78 4.4 Comparison of German, Hungarian and Polish tendencies in the selected modes of citizenship acquisition and loss 80 5.1 A comparison of the debated modes of citizenship acquisition and loss in Germany, Hungary and Poland 91 5.2 Statements of political parties in Germany 93 5.3 Statements of political parties in Hungary 94 5.4 Statements of political parties in Poland 95 5.5 Top ten justifications per country 98 5.6 Summary of arguments used in the parliamentary debate in Germany 106 5.7 Summary of arguments used in the parliamentary debate in Hungary 113 5.8 Summary of arguments used in the Polish parliamentary debate 121 5.9 Argumentative strategies per each mode of national citizenship acquisition and loss: Germany 122 5.10 Argumentative strategies per each mode of national citizenship acquisition and loss: Hungary 123 5.11 Argumentative strategies per each mode of national citizenship acquisition and loss: Poland 124 A.1 Plenary debates in the German parliament 155 A.2 Plenary debates in the Hungarian parliament 156 A.3 Plenary debates in the Polish parliament 157 A.4 Explanation of the D codes 159 A.5 National citizenship law in Germany legal changes since 1985 163 viii

List of Tables ix A.6 National citizenship law in Hungary legal changes since 1985 170 A.7 National citizenship law in Poland legal changes since 1985 176 A.8 Quasi citizenship in Germany, Hungary and Poland 183