The Journey Toward Results of the 2018 Inter-Korean Summits
In the afternoon of April 27, President Moon Jae-in is watering the pine tree, jointly planted on a mixture of soil from Halla Mountain of the South and Baekdu Mountain of the North, with water from the North's Daedong River, while Chairman Kim Jong Un is pouring water from the Han River of the South. http://www.president.go.kr http://twitter.com/thebluehousekr http://facebook.com/thebluehousekr http://youtube.com/thebluehousekr Publisher: Korean Culture and Information Service Publication Date: June. 2018
Table of Content April 27 Inter-Korean Summit Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Ⅳ. Overview 02 Accomplishments and Their Significance 04 Key Points of the Agreements 06 Follow-up Measures 17 May 26 Inter-Korean Summit Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Overview 20 Address to the Nation by President Moon Jae-in 21 Q&A Session with the Media Following 23 Address to the Nation by President Moon Jae-in Appendix Panmunjeom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and 26 Unification of the Korean Peninsula
April 27 Inter-Korean Summit Ⅰ. Overview The 2018 Inter-Korean Summit was held at Peace House of Panmunjeom on April 27, 2018. President Moon Jae-in of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) held morning and afternoon sessions, which were followed by a banquet dinner. The two leaders attended a tree-planting ceremony in the afternoon and took a walk together around Panmunjeom to build friendly ties. The leaders of South and North Korea declared the opening of an era of peace on the Korean Peninsula. They reached the Panmunjeom Declaration after having candid, heart-to-heart discussions to facilitate comprehensive and groundbreaking advancement in inter-korean relations, alleviate military tension, reaffirm the Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression and Exchanges and Cooperation Between the South and the North (The Non-Aggression Agreement, South-North Basic Agreement), achieve complete denuclearization and establish a peace regime. 02
Key Agreements The two leaders declared the opening of a new era of peace on the Korean Peninsula free of war and pronounced national reconciliation, peace and prosperity between South and North Korea. 1. South and North Korea will achieve comprehensive and groundbreaking advancement in inter- Korean relations by Affirming the principle of determining the destiny of the Korean nation on their own accord and fully implementing all existing agreements and declarations adopted between the two sides thus far, Holding dialogue in various fields, including high-level talks, at an early date and taking practical steps, Establishing a joint liaison office with resident representatives of both sides in the Gaeseong region, Encouraging more active cooperation, exchanges, visits and contacts at all levels, Proceeding with reunions of separated families on the occasion of Liberation Day on August 15 this year and convening the inter-korean Red Cross talks and Actively implementing the projects previously agreed to in the Declaration on the Advancement of South-North Korean Relations, Peace and Prosperity (October 4 Declaration, 2007) and the connection and modernization of railways and roads between the two sides. 2. South and North Korea will make joint efforts to alleviate military tension and eliminate the danger of war by Completely ceasing all hostile acts against each other and transforming the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) into a peace zone, Devising a scheme to turn the areas around the Northern Limit Line in the West Sea into a maritime peace zone to prevent accidental military clashes and guaranteeing safe fishing activities and Holding frequent meetings between military authorities, including ministerial talks, and convening a general-level military talk in May. 3. South and North Korea will actively cooperate to establish a permanent and solid peace regime by Reaffirming the Non-Aggression Agreement that precludes the use of force in any form against each other and agreeing to strictly adhere to this Agreement, Carrying out disarmament in a phased manner in accordance with substantial progress in military confidence-building, Holding trilateral or quadrilateral meetings to establish a permanent and solid peace regime and declare an end to the Korean War within this year and Confirming the common goal of realizing complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. The two leaders agreed to hold inter-korean summits on a regular basis and to have direct telephone conversations. They also reached an agreement to hold another summit in Pyeongyang this fall. 03
Ⅱ. Accomplishments and Their Significance Establishing a framework for the development of sustainable inter-korean relations A principle that any agreement reached between the South and the North must be adhered to was set. Measures will be devised to guarantee this, thereby securing the irreversibility of progress in inter-korean ties. A consensus was formed on the importance of resolving problems through dialogue and negotiations and, to that end, an agreement was reached to hold dialogue and negotiations in various fields, including inter-korean high-level talks. An agreement was made to pursue exchanges and cooperation to promote mutual understanding and common interests between the South and the North. It is expected that dialogue and cooperation in various areas will continue to come. An agreement was reached to hold a reunion of separated families on the occasion of Liberation Day, resuming the reunion programs for the first time in three years. It was also agreed to discuss ways to resolve the issue fundamentally through inter-korean Red Cross talks. Creating a milestone to bring an end to the relics of the Cold War and establish permanent peace on the Korean Peninsula, thus opening a new era of peace without war on the Peninsula An agreement was made to establish a permanent peace regime, thereby removing the outdated structure of hostility and confrontation that lasted over the past 65 years and laying the groundwork for realizing peaceful coexistence and coprosperity. At the same time, an agreement was reached to adopt practical steps to prevent accidental military clashes between the South and the North, making contributions to easing military tension and creating a peaceful environment. Laying the foundation for a virtuous cycle of the advancement of inter-korean relations and denuclearization 04
The common goal of realizing, through complete denuclearization, a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula was concretely and specifically confirmed. Practical measures will be discussed in consideration of past experience in negotiations for denuclearization and the positions of both North Korea and the United States while maintaining the steadfast goal of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. All these are expected to help initiate the full process of denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and support the North Korea-United States summit for its success. Marking the first visit by a North Korean supreme leader to South Korean territory in Panmunjeom since national division It was an opportunity to reaffirm Chairman Kim Jong Un s firm determination to improve inter- Korean relations. Importantly, the hosting of the inter-korean summit at Panmunjeom, the symbol of division and confrontation on the Korean Peninsula, helped turn the place into a venue of peace and cooperation. Securing the effectiveness of the inter-korean agreements and impetus to implement them by holding the inter-korean summit within one year after the inauguration of the new Administration It was made possible for the South and North to consult with each other on the framework of advancing inter-korean relations and work out pending issues between them under consistent policies going forward. The two leaders agreed to hold the next inter-korean summit in Pyeongyang this fall, sustaining the momentum for continued dialogue between them. The two leaders will be able to communicate with each other through regular meetings and direct telephone conversation based on the trust built between them. It is projected that pending inter-korean issues that have been difficult to address thus far can be resolved. Reaffirming the status and roles of the South and North as stakeholders in Korean Peninsula issues 05 The resolve and efforts of both South and North Korea made it possible to resume inter- Korean dialogue, including the inter-korean summit, and successfully host the PyeongChang Winter Olympics. It is also expected to contribute to the holding of the summit between North Korea and the United States.
As parties directly concerned with issues involving the Korean Peninsula, South and North Korea confirmed the importance of playing central roles while closely working together with the international community. Affirming unwavering support of the international community for President Moon Jae-in s policy on the Korean Peninsula The inter-korean summit reconfirmed the necessity for South and North Korea to take the initiative in addressing Korean Peninsula issues and, at the same time, make efforts to bring permanent peace through close cooperation with key nations, including the United States, China, Japan and Russia. The Republic of Korea, making use of inter-korean relations and ROK-U.S. coordination, will play the role of a guide with clear understanding of North Korea and the United States positions, eventually contributing to the success of the North Korea-U.S. summit. Ⅲ. Key Points of the Agreements Advancement of Inter-Korean Relations 1. Affirmation by South and North Korea of the principle of determining the destiny of the Korean nation on their own accord and fully implementing all existing agreements and declarations adopted between the two sides Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 1 South and North Korea affirmed the principle of determining the destiny of the Korean nation on their own accord and agreed to bring forth the watershed moment for the improvement of inter-korean relations by fully implementing all existing agreements and declarations adopted between the two sides thus far. A principle was declared that South and North Korea would implement agreements once reached between them without fail. 06
Based on the lessons learned from the past when the South and the North repeatedly failed to follow through on their agreements, the two sides should work together so that their agreements will be implemented even after time passes and circumstances change. Through this, the South and the North will be able to lay the foundation for stable and steady advancement of inter-korean relations. Regarding peace and unification on the Korean Peninsula, the principle of determining the destiny of the Korean nation on their own accord was affirmed. The two sides reconfirmed the principle of resolving Korean Peninsula issues under their own initiative as the parties directly affected. It was highlighted that even though cooperation with neighboring countries and the international community is a must when addressing Korean Peninsula issues, South and North Korea should always be at the center of such endeavors. 2. Holding dialogue, including high-level talks, in various fields as soon as possible and taking measures for implementing the agreements reached at the Summit Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 2 South and North Korea agreed to hold dialogue and negotiations in various fields, including at high level, and to take active measures for the implementation of the agreements reached at the Summit. The two sides also agreed to regularize high-level talks, laying the foundation for sustainable inter-korean relations. They also consulted with each other on measures to put the summit agreements into practice by holding follow-up high-level talks as soon as possible. The agreements reached at the Summit between the two leaders will be implemented by holding area-specific talks, including meetings between military authorities and inter-korean Red Cross talks. The arrangement of talks in a wide range of areas of inter-korean relations will be put in place to prepare for the full-fledged advancement of inter-korean ties. Efforts should be made to promote a mutually reinforcing relationship between progress in South-North relations and endeavors for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. 07 South-North ties should be developed into a stable relationship through the regularization of inter-korean summits, and efforts should be channeled into facilitating consultations between North Korea and the United States and creating positive conditions.
3. Establishment of a Gaeseong joint liaison office staffed with resident representatives of both South and North Korea Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 3 South and North Korea agreed to establish a joint liaison office with resident representatives of both sides in the Gaeseong region in order to facilitate close consultation between the authorities as well as smooth exchanges and cooperation between the peoples. The two sides agreed to establish a joint liaison office in the Gaeseong region as a consultation channel between the two authorities. The joint liaison office to be staffed with resident officials from both South and North Korea is expected to provide stable support for progress in inter-korean relations and promote nongovernment exchanges and cooperation. The establishment of the joint liaison office will help build political trust between the two Koreas, boost more exchanges and cooperation and increase the stability and predictability of inter-korean relations, thereby upgrading inter-korean ties. 4. Encouraging more active cooperation, exchanges, visits and contacts at all levels Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 4 South and North Korea agreed to encourage more active cooperation, exchanges, visits and contacts at all levels in order to rejuvenate the sense of national reconciliation and unity. Between South and North, the two sides will encourage an atmosphere of amity and cooperation by actively staging various joint events on the dates that hold special meaning for both South and North Korea, such as June 15, in which participants from all levels, including central and local governments, parliaments, political parties, and civil organizations, will be involved. On the international front, the two sides agreed to demonstrate their collective wisdom, talents, and solidarity by jointly participating in international sports events such as the 2018 Asian Games. By actively supporting exchanges and cooperation in various fields, the South and North 08
Korean authorities will help recover long-suspended exchanges in the civilian sector in a speedy manner, which will contribute to enhancing mutual trust between the two authorities. First, joint inter-korean events would be pursued to mark June 15, August 15 and October 4 this year as part of efforts to highlight the symbolic meaning of reconciliation and cooperation between the two Koreas and demonstrate the willingness to develop inter-korean relations. Active support for inter-korean dialogue and cooperation in various fields will be rendered to facilitate the institutionalization of inter-korean agreements and ensure sustainability of inter- Korean relations. The differences between the two Koreas, which were engendered by prolonged division, will be alleviated by continuously expanding and developing exchanges and cooperation to promote reconciliation between the two Koreas and restore our sense of common identity as Koreans. In this connection, consultations will first begin with regard to the joint compilation of Gyeoremal-keunsajeon, or a grand dictionary of the national language, which is crucial in restoring the sense of common identity in all existing projects, and the joint excavation of the Manwoldae Palace in Gaeseong, North Korea. The joint project for the grand dictionary, which was initiated in 2004, and the joint excavation project, which started in 2006, came to a halt when the North conducted a nuclear test in 2016. The two Koreas will strive to promote inter-korean cooperation by fielding a joint team for the 2018 Asian Games to be held in Palembang, Jakarta from August 18 to September 2. Considering the short time remaining until the Games, the two Koreas will hold talks on sports at the earliest date possible to begin discussions on concrete measures for cooperation such as entering together at the opening ceremony. 5. Proceeding with reunion programs for the separated families on the occasion of Liberation Day on August 15 and convening inter-korean Red Cross talks Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 5 South and North Korea agreed to endeavor to swiftly resolve the humanitarian issues that resulted from the division of the nation, and to convene the Inter- Korean Red Cross Meeting to discuss and solve various issues including the reunion of separated families. In this vein, South and North Korea agreed to proceed with reunion programs for the separated families on the occasion of the National Liberation Day of August 15 this year. 09
The South and the North agreed to hold a reunion of the separated families on the occasion of Liberation Day this year. The reunion, resuming after three years, will allow aged members of separated families on both sides to get together before it is too late. A total of 23,519 members of 4,677 families have been able to meet on 20 occasions at actual gatherings and through seven video reunions since 2000. The last reunion took place at Geumgang Mountain in October 2015. An inter-korean Red Cross talk will be held to discuss issues such as the reunion of separated families. Considering the urgency of the issue, the two Koreas will make efforts to seek more fundamental solutions. First of all, endeavors will be made so that it will be possible for them to visit their hometowns. Continued consultations will be carried out for a sweeping survey to ascertain how many are still alive and on various ways to organize exchanges. 6. Actively implementing the projects previously agreed to in the October 4 Declaration and connecting and modernizing the railways and roads Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 6 South and North Korea agreed to actively implement the projects previously agreed to in the 2007 October 4 Declaration, in order to promote balanced economic growth and co-prosperity of the nation. As a first step, the two sides agreed to adopt practical steps towards the connection and modernization of the railways and roads on the eastern transportation corridor as well as between Seoul and Sinuiju. In accordance with the principle of respecting and implementing the existing inter-korean agreements, the South and North will push ahead with projects agreed upon through the October 4 Declaration. Given the fact that the major agreements of the October 4 Declaration, practical measures for achieving peace and prosperity on the Korean Peninsula, were reached with great difficulty, it is necessary to faithfully implement them. To this end, the South will consult with the North to identify projects that can be pursued under the current situation and on how to push for any selected projects. 10
The implementation of the agreements in the October 4 Declaration, which are aimed at promoting the common prosperity of the Korean people, will be reviewed in the framework of the initiative called the New Economy for the Korean Peninsula. In this connection, joint efforts will be made to come up with a blueprint for common prosperity by securing a consensus between the two Koreas on the new economic initiative. Furthermore, the economic cooperation the two Koreas pursue will contribute to the settlement of peace, in which enhanced peace in turn will help further promote cooperation, thereby realizing the "peace economy." The linkage of transportation networks between the South and North constitutes a basis not only for economic cooperation but for inter-korean exchanges and come and go of their people. In this regard, the projects to connect the railways and roads of the Dong-hae Line and Gyeongeui-Line will be carried out first, if right conditions are met. The reconnection will lay the foundation for the two Koreas to play a bridging role and prosper together. In the process of pushing for inter-korean economic cooperation projects, close consultations with the international community, including the United States, will be pursued so as not to give rise to controversies over violations of sanctions imposed against North Korea. Easing of Military Tension and Trust-building 7. Working out measures to prevent military clashes, including ceasing all hostile acts against each other and transforming the DMZ into a peace zone Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 2, Paragraphs 1 & 2 South and North Korea agreed to completely cease all hostile acts against each other in every domain, including land, air and sea, that are a source of military tension and conflict. In this vein, the two sides agreed to transform the demilitarized zone into a peace zone in a genuine sense by ceasing as of May 1 this year all hostile acts and eliminating their means, including broadcasting through loudspeakers and distribution of leaflets, in the areas along the Military Demarcation Line. South and North Korea agreed to devise a practical scheme to turn the areas around the Northern Limit Line in the West Sea into a maritime peace zone in order to prevent accidental military clashes and guarantee safe fishing activities. 11
The agreement to prevent accidental military clashes between the two Koreas will contribute to alleviating military tension, building trust and creating a peaceful environment between the two Koreas. Among other things, the two leaders agreed to cease all hostile acts by clearly stipulating it in the Declaration, thus securing a firm foundation for its implementation. In particular, as a practical measure for building military trust, the DMZ will be turned into a peace zone in name and substance through complete demilitarization. If armed forces of both Koreas recede by two kilometers from the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) as prescribed by the Korean War Armistice Agreement, it would become a groundbreaking measure to fundamentally reduce the risk of accidental collision between the South and North. * Article 1, Paragraph 1 of the Korean War Armistice Agreement states, military demarcation line shall be fixed and both sides shall withdraw two (2) kilometers from this line so as to establish a demilitarized zone between the opposing forces. In addition, the two leaders agreed to turn the areas around the Northern Limit Line in the West Sea into a maritime peace zone in order to guarantee safe fishing activities, thereby beginning the process of turning the sea of disputes and conflicts into a sea of peace. 8. Holding frequent meetings between military authorities, including one between the Defense Ministers, and convening military talks at the rank of general in May Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 2, Paragraph 3 South and North Korea agreed to take various military measures to ensure active mutual cooperation, exchanges, visits and contacts. The two sides agreed to hold frequent meetings between the military authorities, including the Defense Ministers Meeting, in order to immediately discuss and solve military issues that arise between them. In this regard, the two sides agreed to first convene military talks at the rank of general in May. Up until now, agreements have been reached on the exchanges and cooperation between the two Koreas, but military measures to ensure them have not been taken properly. However, it has now become possible to make progress in that regard. In particular, joint cooperation projects in the border region, including extinguishment of forest fires, flood prevention and infectious diseases control, are expected to gain momentum. 12
Going forward, the South and North will regularly hold meetings between military authorities, including ministerial talks, to engage in discussions on how to work together to create peaceful conditions such as putting an end to military hostilities, easing military tension and building mutual trust. Above all, military talks at the rank of general will be held in May for in-depth discussions on ways to alleviate military tension in the areas around the MDL and on the West Sea. 9. Reaffirming the Non-Aggression Agreement that precludes the use of force and agreeing to strictly adhere to this Agreement Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 3, Paragraph 1 & 2 South and North Korea reaffirmed the Non-Aggression Agreement that precludes the use of force in any form against each other, and agreed to strictly adhere to this Agreement. South and North Korea agreed to carry out disarmament in a phased manner, as military tension is alleviated and substantial progress is made in military confidence-building. The two leaders clearly stipulated in the Panmunjeom Declaration that they were against any war that could bring about a demise of the Korean people. By reaffirming that they will respect and fulfill the Non-Aggression Agreement, which was agreed upon in the past by the heads of state of the South and North, the credibility of the Non-Aggression Agreement and the foundation for its fulfillment have been secured. During a meeting with the South Korean special envoys, Chairman Kim reiterated that North Korea would neither use nuclear nor conventional weapons against South Korea. *Article 9 of the South-North Basic Agreement states that the two sides shall not use force against each other and shall not undertake armed aggression against each other. 13 The disarmament issue is a matter that was agreed on in the South-North Basic Agreement, and the two leaders reaffirmed their determination to ease military tension and establish trust through this inter-korean summit.
* Article 12 of the South-North Basic Agreement states that the two sides shall discuss problems and carry out steps to build military confidence and realize arms reduction including the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and attack capabilities, and verification thereof. The South and North are expected to gradually discuss disarmament after substantive military confidence is established in accordance with the process of the settlement of a peace regime on the Korean Peninsula. No security problems will occur in the process, and the Government will maintain an ironclad security posture to prevent such concerns from rising. Denuclearization and Settlement of Peace on the Korean Peninsula 10. Pursuing a trilateral or quadrilateral meeting to declare an end to the Korean War within this year and settle a permanent peace regime Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 3, Paragraph 3 During this year that marks the 65th anniversary of the Armistice, South and North Korea agreed to actively pursue trilateral meetings involving the two Koreas and the United States, or quadrilateral meetings involving the two Koreas, the United States and China with a view to declaring an end to the War, turning the armistice into a peace treaty, and establishing a permanent and solid peace regime. Earnest efforts to be made to establish a peace regime by first declaring an end to the Korean War this year will serve as an opportunity to fundamentally transform the security environment on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia. As a starting point for the substantive and legal guarantee of peace on the Korean Peninsula, such efforts will help address the international community s concerns over instability on the Peninsula and prevent the Korea Discount. They will also facilitate the denuclearization negotiations by alleviating the worries of North Korea over the security of its regime. The South and North intend to work to comprehensively solve pending issues on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia together with the international community going forward, including the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and the settlement of a peace regime. 14
The denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and the settlement of a peace regime are closely related, and efforts will be made so that these issues can be discussed in depth at the summit between North Korea and the United States or among the two Koreas and the United States. Thus, necessary endeavors will be made for the North Korea-U.S. summit to be held successfully. Holding a trilateral summit among the two Koreas and the United States or a quadrilateral meeting among the two Koreas, the United States and China for the establishment of a peace regime is a reaffirmation of what was agreed upon in the October 4 Declaration. The two Koreas, the primary stakeholders in Korean Peninsula issues, will participate in a trilateral or quadrilateral summit and take the initiative in leading the discussion on the establishment of a peace regime. * Article 4 of the October 4 Declaration states, The South and the North both recognize the need to end the current armistice regime and build a permanent peace regime. The South and the North have also agreed to work together to advance the matter of having the leaders of the three or four parties directly concerned to convene on the Peninsula and declare an end to the war. Efforts will be made to sign a peace treaty at the earliest date possible and to broadly reflect all interests of concerned parties. According to what was agreed upon in the September 19, 2005 Joint Statement of the Six- Party Talks, details will be ironed out through various consultations among the two Koreas, the United States and China. * Article 4 of the September 19 Joint Statement reads, the directly related parties will negotiate a permanent peace regime on the Korean Peninsula at an appropriate separate forum. 11. Confirmation of the goal of complete denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula Panmunjeom Declaration: Article 1, Paragraph 6 South and North Korea confirmed the common goal of realizing, through complete denuclearization, a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula. South and North Korea shared the view that the measures being initiated by North Korea are very meaningful and crucial for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and agreed to carry out their respective roles and responsibilities in this regard. South and North Korea agreed to actively seek the support and cooperation of the international community for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. 15
The two heads of state confirmed the determination for complete denuclearization and a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula. The South and North declared together their resolve to actively respond to the international community s efforts for denuclearization. They agreed to take practical measures for denuclearization at the earliest date possible, laying a foundation for peace on the Peninsula and continuous development in inter-korean relations. In addition, it is possible to review ways to encourage and expedite the denuclearization process as part of a larger framework of settlement of peace on the Peninsula. There will be close consultations and coordination with the United States and the rest of the international community in the process. North Korea s declaration to fulfill its responsibility to realize its denuclearization contributes to the creation of positive conditions for the success of the North Korea-U.S. summit. In-depth discussions on the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and settlement of peace will be carried out so that the achievement of the inter-korean summit can lead to the success of the North Korea-U.S. summit. Regularization of the Inter-Korean Summit 12. Regularization of inter-korean summit, next inter-korean summit scheduled to take place in Pyeongyang in the fall Panmunjeom Declaration: Concluding Paragraph The two leaders agreed, through regular meetings and direct telephone conversations, to hold frequent and candid discussions on issues vital to the nation, to strengthen mutual trust and to jointly endeavor to strengthen the positive momentum towards continuous advancement of inter-korean relations as well as peace, prosperity and unification of the Korean Peninsula. In this context, President Moon Jae-in agreed to visit Pyongyang this fall. 16
Building upon solid trust formed between the two leaders through the summit, efforts will be expedited for peace on the Korean Peninsula and development of inter-korean relations. A hotline between the two leaders will allow communications at all time and is expected to help develop inter-korean relations in a swift and stable manner. Since the inter-korean summit was held on the South Korean side, it was agreed that the next summit would take place in Pyeongyang in the fall this year. Ⅳ. Follow-up Measures Transparent and swift implementation of follow-up measures according to legal grounds and procedures The Panmunjeom Declaration is expected to take effect through legal procedures. Article 21 of the Development of Inter-Korean Relations Act stipulates conditions for the conclusion or ratification of a South-North Korean agreement. Deliberation by the State Council ratification by the President consent by the National Assembly promulgation The consent of the National Assembly will be sought later after reviews by related ministries, including the Ministry of Government Legislation. The existing Inter-Korean Summit Preparation Committee will be reorganized into a Panmunjeom Declaration implementation promotion committee, government-wide followup measures will be carried out and a monitoring system will be put in operation. Follow-up measures in different areas will be drawn up, and the implementation of short-term plans will be started immediately. Mid-to-long-term plans will be reflected in the Master Plan on Development of Inter-Korean Relations, and their execution will be pursued after they are reported to the National Assembly. 17 Flawless implementation of the agreements between the two leaders through follow-up consultations
Follow-up talks such as inter-korean general-level meetings and inter-korean Red Cross talks will be held after consultations with the North to discuss how to implement the agreements in different areas. Inter-Korean high-level talks will also be held to discuss details on the implementation of the Panmunjeom Declaration. There will be close cooperation so that inter-korean exchanges and collaboration among local governments and private-sector institutions can be carried out in a way that contributes to improvement in relations between the two Koreas. A detailed explanation of the summit s results to the general public and the gathering of opinions The results of the summit will be reported to the National Assembly, and key figures at the Assembly and major parties will be briefed. Efforts to carry out policies toward North Korea will be made based on bipartisan supports and cooperation going forward. Members of the official delegation who attended the summit will explain the results, meaning and future plans to the media and professionals in different areas. A poll will be conducted through various on- and off-line channels to gather public opinion. The evaluations and proposals by people in all social standings will be collected and reflected in the policies toward the North. Overseas missions and the National Unification Advisory Council will explain the results to ethnic Koreans living abroad. Obtaining support from related countries and the international community on the results of the inter-korean summit President Moon Jae-in will personally call and brief leading figures of the international community, including heads of state in major countries such as the United States and China. A high-level envoy will be sent if necessary to explain the results of the summit in detail to related countries and coordinate follow-up measures. Efforts will be made to win support from international organizations, including the United Nations, and at the same time, to form a broad consensus on settling peace on the Korean Peninsula and improving inter-korean relations. 18
Playing an active role for the success of the North Korea-U.S. summit The content of discussions and the achievement of the inter-korean summit will be shared with the United States as soon as possible. Enhanced efforts will be made to hold a South Korea-U.S. summit before the summit between North Korea and the United States so that the North and the United States can reach an agreement on the denuclearization of the Peninsula and the establishment of a peace regime. A three-way communication channel between the two Koreas, between South Korea and the United States and between the North and the United States will be fully employed to promote and support the process of talks between the North and the United States. In addition, public diplomacy will be conducted for American experts on Korean Peninsula issues as well as influential figures in the U.S. Congress and the Administration in order to raise the level of understanding on the agreements of the 2018 Inter-Korean Summit. 19
May 26 Inter-Korean Summit Ⅰ. Overview On May 26, 2018, the second inter-korean summit under the Moon Jaein Administration was held, without any formalities or prearrangements, at Tongilgak on the North Korean side of Panmunjeom. At the summit, the leaders of the two Koreas sought measures to work together for the implementation of the Panmunjeom Declaration and the success of a summit between North Korea and United States. The summit was an opportunity to reaffirm that working summits could be held as frequently as necessary alternately on each side of Panmunjeom when an urgent need arose. 20
Ⅱ. Address to the Nation by President Moon Jae-in May 27, 2018, The Blue House Fellow Koreans, Yesterday afternoon, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission Kim Jong Un and I held the second inter-korean summit at Tongilgak on the northern side of Panmunjeom. It has been exactly one month since the first summit was held at Peace House on the southern side of Panmunjeom on April 27. At the last summit, we two leaders promised to meet at anytime and anyplace without considering protocol if a need arose to put our heads together and discuss issues important to the Koreans. In the afternoon, the day before yesterday, Chairman Kim conveyed his wish to meet me without any formality, and I readily agreed. I have long emphasized how important it is for the leaders of the two Koreas to meet regularly and communicate directly with each other as a means of overcoming inter-korean confrontation and discord. It is one of the items contained in the April 27 Panmunjeom Declaration. In this context, I attach a great significance to yesterday s summit, which was held like a routine meeting between friends, as I do to the historic inter-korean summit in April. I believe it must be the way the South and the North meet. My fellow Koreans, We two leaders had a candid, heart-to-heart conversation ahead of the North Korea-United States summit. Explaining the result of the summit that U.S. President Donald Trump and I held last week, I delivered the message of President Trump that he has a firm resolve to put an end to hostility against North Korea and work for economic cooperation with the North if Chairman Kim decisively determines complete denuclearization and puts it into action. In particular, since both Chairman Kim and President Trump are sincerely hoping for the success of their summit, I emphasized that it is necessary for the two sides to engage in direct talks to eliminate misunderstandings and have sufficient preliminary, working-level negotiations concerning the agenda that needs to be agreed upon at the summit. Chairman Kim expressed his agreement. 21 Chairman Kim made clear once again his intentions to completely denuclearize the Korean Peninsula as he did in the Panmunjeom Declaration. He expressed his willingness to work together to promote peace and prosperity as well as to put an end to the history of war and
confrontation through the success of the North Korea-United States summit. Sharing a common understanding that the June 12 North Korea-U.S. summit should be held in a successful manner and that our journey for denuclearization and the establishment of a permanent peace regime on the Korean Peninsula must not stop under any circumstances, we two leaders agreed to closely work together to this end. We also reconfirmed the need to accelerate the implementation of the Panmunjeom Declaration. To this end, we agreed to convene the inter-korean high-level talks on June 1 to be followed by the talks between the military authorities to ease military tensions and the Red Cross talks for the reunion of separated families. We gave a high evaluation to the fact that the summit yesterday was arranged in a speedy manner without sticking to formalities as the occasion demanded and agreed to communicate or sit together to have candid discussions whenever necessary. Fellow citizens, In hindsight, we have always felt uneasy for a long time through last year. Anxiety and fear about our security not only affected the economy and diplomacy but also the daily lives of the people. This was one of the biggest reasons that led Korea s politics to fall behind. However, we are now changing the course of history. We made the PyeongChang Winter Olympics an Olympics of peace and paved a new way of peace and prosperity at Panmunjeom, which used to be a symbol of tension and confrontation in the past. North Korea showed its determination by voluntarily suspending nuclear tests and missile launches and dismantling the nuclear test site in Punggye-ri. This is only a start. However, it is not anything that has been witnessed in the past. It will be a whole new beginning. When the top of a mountain starts to become visible, taking a step forward becomes even harder. As such, the road to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and peace will never be easy. However, as President, I will take the road and will succeed without fail by fully exercising my authority and fulfilling the duty entrusted to me by the Korean people. I hope all of you join the effort altogether. Thank you very much. 22
Ⅲ. Q&A Session with the Media Following Address to the Nation by President Moon Jae-in Q1. It was a surprise that an inter-korean summit was held again after only one month. What was the background in detail behind this summit? What significance does yesterday s summit carry in the phase of denuclearization negotiations? As you know, there have been some difficult situations in the process of implementing follow-up measures for the April 27 Panmunjeom Declaration and preparing for the June 12 North Korea-United States summit. I believed it was a very important point in time to dispel concerns about such circumstances to make the North Korea-U.S. summit a success and expedite the implementation of the Panmunjeom Declaration at the same time. In this situation, Chairman Kim Jong Un of North Korea made a request for talks, and working-level officials of South and North Korea judged that it would be better for the two of us to meet and have a candid discussion than to discuss over the phone, which resulted in the surprise summit. I want to ask for your understanding about not being able to notify the media in advance because of that reason. Q2. You said Chairman Kim Jong Un expressed his determination to make the North Korea-U.S. summit a success and achieve the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. What impact would yesterday s summit have on the June 12 North Korea-U.S. summit? How do you see the result of the summit? What would be unexpected factors remaining, if any, in the process? 23 Chairman Kim Jong Un made it clear once again yesterday that he remains firmly committed to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. What is uncertain to Chairman Kim is not his determination for denuclearization. I believe he is anxious about whether the United States promise, should North Korea denuclearize, to end hostile relations and provide a security guarantee for his regime would be reliable. In this regard, President Trump at the recent ROK-U.S. summit made his intent clear that he would ensure the end to hostile
ties with the North and even help it achieve economic prosperity if it becomes denuclearized. I am now urging the two countries to deliver their respective commitments to each other and engage in direct communication to confirm one another s determination. Concerning whether or not the North Korea-United States summit will be held successfully on June 12, I now understand that working-level preparatory negotiations between the two countries will begin soon. The negotiations will also deal with the agenda of the summit. I think a smooth conclusion of the working-level negotiations on the agenda will determine whether the June 12 summit will be held without a setback or whether it will turn out to be successful. However, I expect that the working-level negotiations and the June 12 summit will proceed well since the summit is now being pursued with both parties with a clear understanding of what the other party wants. Q3. What is the ground of your judgment that Chairman Kim has a resolute determination for denuclearization? North Korea has been so far working out a solution for the phased and synchronous denuclearization. Did Chairman Kim talk yesterday about any progress made so far on the matter or anything different to you? I have already explained on the issue many times, and U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo also said that he had personally confirmed that at the meeting with Chairman Kim during his visit to North Korea. I do not believe there is a need for further explanations. In fact, even though the two countries have a shared will for denuclearization, they still need to engage in consultations on how to implement it, and such process could be difficult. The implementation roadmap needs to be discussed between North Korea and the United States. I do not believe it is appropriate for me to express my thoughts in advance. Q4. Did Chairman Kim talk about CVID clearly in the conversation yesterday? First of all, I have repeatedly talked about the North's determination for denuclearization. Therefore, I do not think my repeated answer is needed. I think that the June 12 summit would be possible after the two countries have confirmed each other's will concerning the matter. The fact that North Korea and the United States agreed to hold a summit and working-level negotiations indicates that the United States has confirmed North Korea s determination. If there were shortcomings in the process, I believe the two sides would be able to clarify them once again in the working-level talks. 24
Q5. Following President Trump s announcement of the cancellation of the planned summit in Singapore, the second inter-korean summit was held suddenly. In the meantime, did you speak with President Trump? All the effort I am making now is not only to improve inter-korean relations but also to help make the summit between North Korea and the United States a success, which is absolutely necessary for making inter-korean relations better. For the success of the summit, I am closely communicating with and consulting both the United States and North Korea. As you know, I recently visited the United States and held a summit with President Trump, and yesterday, I had another meeting with Chairman Kim. What was discussed in the meeting with Chairman Kim was already forwarded to the United States as you know. Q6. What do you think about having a three-way hotline conversation with President Trump and Chairman Kim? The hotline phone conversation can be possible only when such a telecommunication line, so to speak, which allows a direct and immediate linkup, is established. As you know, a hotline was set up between the two Koreas recently, and there is a need to install one between North Korea and the United States going forward. Perhaps going as far as having a hotline phone conversation among the two Koreas and the United States should be preceded by a trilateral summit among the three nations. I have an expectation. I have a hope that a successful summit between North Korea and the United States could lead to a push for a declaration of an end to the Korean War at a trilateral summit among the two Koreas and the United States. 25
Panmunjeom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula April 27, 2018, Panmunjeom During this momentous period of historical transformation on the Korean Peninsula, reflecting the enduring aspiration of the Korean people for peace, prosperity and unification, President Moon Jae-in of the Republic of Korea and Chairman Kim Jong Un of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea held an Inter-Korean Summit Meeting at the Peace House at Panmunjeom on April 27, 2018. The two leaders solemnly declared before the 80 million Korean people and the whole world that there will be no more war on the Korean Peninsula and thus a new era of peace has begun. The two leaders, sharing the firm commitment to bring a swift end to the Cold War relic of longstanding division and confrontation, to boldly approach a new era of national reconciliation, peace and prosperity, and to improve and cultivate inter-korean relations in a more active manner, declared at this historic site of Panmunjeom as follows: 1. South and North Korea will reconnect the blood relations of the people and bring forward the future of co-prosperity and unification led by Koreans by facilitating comprehensive and groundbreaking advancement in inter-korean relations. Improving and cultivating inter-korean relations is the prevalent desire of the whole nation and the urgent calling of the times that cannot be held back any further. South and North Korea affirmed the principle of determining the destiny of the Korean nation on their own accord and agreed to bring forth the watershed moment for the improvement of inter-korean relations by fully implementing all existing agreements and declarations adopted between the two sides thus far. 26
South and North Korea agreed to hold dialogue and negotiations in various fields including at high level, and to take active measures for the implementation of the agreements reached at the Summit. South and North Korea agreed to establish a joint liaison office with resident representatives of both sides in the Gaeseong region in order to facilitate close consultation between the authorities as well as smooth exchanges and cooperation between the peoples. South and North Korea agreed to encourage more active cooperation, exchanges, visits and contacts at all levels in order to rejuvenate the sense of national reconciliation and unity. Between South and North, the two sides will encourage the atmosphere of amity and cooperation by actively staging various joint events on the dates that hold special meaning for both South and North Korea, such as June 15, in which participants from all levels, including central and local governments, parliaments, political parties, and civil organizations, will be involved. On the international front, the two sides agreed to demonstrate their collective wisdom, talents, and solidarity by jointly participating in international sports events such as the 2018 Asian Games. South and North Korea agreed to endeavor to swiftly resolve the humanitarian issues that resulted from the division of the nation, and to convene the Inter- Korean Red Cross Meeting to discuss and solve various issues including the reunion of separated families. In this vein, South and North Korea agreed to proceed with reunion programs for the separated families on the occasion of the National Liberation Day of August 15 this year. South and North Korea agreed to actively implement the projects previously agreed in the 2007 October 4 Declaration, in order to promote balanced economic growth and co-prosperity of the nation. As a first step, the two sides agreed to adopt practical steps towards the connection and modernization of the railways and roads on the eastern transportation corridor as well as between Seoul and Sinuiju for their utilization. 27 2. South and North Korea will make joint efforts to alleviate the acute military tension and practically eliminate the danger of war on the Korean Peninsula. Alleviating the military tension and eliminating the danger of war is a highly significant challenge directly linked to the fate of the Korean people and also a vital task in guaranteeing their peaceful and stable lives.
South and North Korea agreed to completely cease all hostile acts against each other in every domain, including land, air and sea, that are the source of military tension and conflict. In this vein, the two sides agreed to transform the demilitarized zone into a peace zone in a genuine sense by ceasing as of May 1 this year all hostile acts and eliminating their means, including broadcasting through loudspeakers and distribution of leaflets, in the areas along the Military Demarcation Line. South and North Korea agreed to devise a practical scheme to turn the areas around the Northern Limit Line in the West Sea into a maritime peace zone in order to prevent accidental military clashes and guarantee safe fishing activities. South and North Korea agreed to take various military measures to ensure active mutual cooperation, exchanges, visits and contacts. The two sides agreed to hold frequent meetings between military authorities, including the Defense Ministers Meeting, in order to immediately discuss and solve military issues that arise between them. In this regard, the two sides agreed to first convene military talks at the rank of general in May. 3. South and North Korea will actively cooperate to establish a permanent and solid peace regime on the Korean Peninsula. Bringing an end to the current unnatural is a historical mission that must not be delayed any further. South and North Korea reaffirmed the Non-Aggression Agreement that precludes the use of force in any form against each other, and agreed to strictly adhere to this Agreement. South and North Korea agreed to carry out disarmament in a phased manner, as military tension is alleviated and substantial progress is made in military confidence-building. During this year that marks the 65th anniversary of the Armistice, South and North Korea agreed to actively pursue trilateral meetings involving the two Koreas and the United States, or quadrilateral meetings involving the two Koreas, the United States and China with a view to declaring an end to the War, turning the armistice into a peace treaty, and establishing a permanent and solid peace regime. 28
South and North Korea confirmed the common goal of realizing, through complete denuclearization, a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula. South and North Korea shared the view that the measures being initiated by North Korea are very meaningful and crucial for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and agreed to carry out their respective roles and responsibilities in this regard. South and North Korea agreed to actively seek the support and cooperation of the international community for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. The two leaders agreed, through regular meetings and direct telephone conversations, to hold frequent and candid discussions on issues vital to the nation, to strengthen mutual trust and to jointly endeavor to strengthen the positive momentum towards continuous advancement of inter-korean relations as well as peace, prosperity and unification of the Korean Peninsula. In this context, President Moon Jae-in agreed to visit Pyongyang this fall. April 27, 2018 Done in Panmunjeom Moon Jae-in President Republic of Korea Kim Jong Un Chairman State Affairs Commission Democratic People s Republic of Korea