Chapter 14 Section 1 Revolutions in Russia
Revolutionary Movement Grows Industrialization stirred discontent among people Factories brought new problems Grueling working conditions, low wages, child labor Unions were outlawed
Revolutionary Movement Grows Revolutionary groups began to compete for power Marxist revolutionaries believed that the industrial class would overthrow the czar The proletariat would rule the country
Revolutionary Movement Grows Marxist split into two groups Mensheviks wanted a broad support for the revolution Bolsheviks small number of committed revolutionaries will to sacrifice everything for change
Revolutionary Movement Grows A major leader of the Bolsheviks was Lenin Early 1900 s, he fled to western Europe to avoid arrest by the czar
Lenin
Russo Japanese War Russia was defeated News of Russian losses sparked unrest at home Led to a revolt in the middle of the war
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905 Workers and their families approached the czar s palace Wanted better working conditions, more freedom and an elected legislature
Bloody Sunday Generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd 1,000 were wounded Several hundred were killed
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday Provoked strikes and violence across Russia Nicholas promised more freedom Approved the creation of the Duma
Entered World War I World War I Unprepared for the military and economic costs No match for the German army In the first year, more than 4 million Russians were killed, wounded or taken prisoner
World War I Nicholas moved his headquarters to the front Hoped to rally the troops Left his wife, Alexandra, to run the government She was influenced by Rasputin
Rasputin
World War I Rasputin claimed to have magical healing powers Eased Alexandra s son of hemophilia symptoms To show gratitude, she allowed Rasputin to make key political decisions
World War I He opposed reforms Gave political positions to his friends A group of nobles murdered him
End of Day 1
The Bolshevik Revolution Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained control of the Petrograd soviet Slogan was Peace, Land and Bread He gained widespread appeal
The Bolshevik Revolution Armed factory workers stormed the winter palace in Petrograd Red Guards took over government offices Arrested leaders of the provisional government
Bolsheviks in Power Lenin ordered all farmland distributed among the peasants Gave control of the factories to the workers
Bolsheviks in Power Signed a truce with Germany Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Surrendered a large piece of land to Germany and its allies This triggered anger among the Russians
Civil War in Russia White Army: opponents of the Bolsheviks Made up of different groups Those who supported the czar Thos who wanted democratic government Socialists who opposed Lenin
Civil War in Russia Leon Trotsky led the Bolshevik Red Army 1918 1920: civil war in Russia Red Army crushed the opposition 14 million people dead
Lenin Restores Order Economy was destroyed Lenin put aside his plan for state controlled economy Small scale version of capitalism
New Economic Policy Allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops Government controlled major industries, but let some small businesses operate Encouraged foreign investment
Political Reforms Organized Russia into several self governing republics under the central government Country became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Political Reforms Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist Party Created a constitution based on socialist and democratic principles Communist Party held all the power
Stalin Becomes Dictator Lenin died in 1922 Competition for the head of the Communist Party Stalin vs. Trotsky
Stalin
Trotsky
Stalin Becomes Dictator Stalin worked behind the scenes Put his supporters in positions of power By 1928, Stalin was in total command
Trotsky chills in Mexico Trotsky moved to Mexico City following Stalin s rise to power He lived with Frida Kahlo, a famous artist Here is an attractive man chilling at Frida s house, next to Trotsky s bedroom
Section 2 Totalitarianism
Stalin builds a Totalitarian State Stalin wanted to create a perfect Communist state in Russia Used a police state to maintain his power Secret police arrested and executed millions
Great Purge Stalin turned against members of the Communist Party Campaign of terror against anyone who threatened his power Responsible for 8 to 13 million deaths
Russian Propaganda and Censorship Stalin controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio and sources of information All glorified the achievements of communism, Stalin, and economic programs
Education and Indoctrination Government controlled all education (nursery schools through university) Lectured workers and peasants on the ideals of communism Stressed the importance of sacrifice and hard work
Religious Persecution Replace religion with the ideas of communism Russian Orthodox Church was main target for persecution Destroyed churches and synagogues
Stalin Seized Control of the Economy Stalin s plans called for a command economy System in which the government made all economic decisions Political leaders identify the country s economic needs and determine how to fulfill them
An Industrial Revolution Five Year Plan for development Set impossible quotas to increase output Limited the production of consumer goods Produced impressive results
Agricultural Revolution Government seized farms Formed government owned collective farms Peasants fought against it Between 5 and 10 million peasants died By 1938, 90% of farms were collective
Daily Life Under Stalin Women s roles expanded People became better educated Mastered new skills
Daily Life Under Stalin Found personal freedoms limited Consumer goods in short supply Dissent prohibited
Women Gain Rights Laws were passed to grant women equal rights Government provided child care for working mothers Greater educational opportunities Careers in science and medicine
Women Gain Rights Had full time jobs Responsible for house work Responsible for child care Motherhood was considered a patriotic duty