4 I C O N E T Ecosystem Based Oceans & Coastal Mark Mellett Dept of Education ICONET - UCC APO Network 1 2 5 The sea is one of those things which NAVAL is not an article of merchandise CAPABILITY and which FOR cannot FURTHERING become private property. POLICY no part of the sea can be considered OBJECTIVES IN THE as the territory of any people whatsoever.. INTERNATIONAL A nation can take MARITIME possession of a DOMAIN river, as it is enclosed with their boundaries; White Paper on Defence: 4.11.4 with the sea they cannot do so White Paper on Defence: 4.11.8 Hugo Grotius - 1604 3 6 NAVAL CAPABILITY FOR FURTHERING The law of POLICY the OBJECTIVES sea was in a state of IN disorder THE INTERNATIONAL bordering on chaos MARITIME DOMAIN White Paper on Defence: 4.11.4 Chairman UNCLOS 3 Drafting Committee.1983
7 10 NAVAL CAPABILITY FOR The top priority remains FURTHERING the effective implementation POLICY OBJECTIVES and enforcement of IN the THE vast range INTERNATIONAL of international ocean MARITIME law now available DOMAIN White Paper on Defence: 4.11.4 Para 8.15, 39.8 Agenda 21 National Oceans Policy Identify National Interests Three Stages GOVERNMENT Comprehensive Input Aggregation Process Consistency Output 8 11 GOVERNMENT NORMS/PRINCIPLES SECURITY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY GOVERNANCE The way society Has instituted objectives Priorities and systems Of cooperation MARKETS CIVIL SOCIETY INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS 9 Political Time Horizon Actor Short-sightedness Insecure Property rights No one representing the future Sustainability timeline: 80-100yrs 12
Political versus ecological divisions Offshore Coastal Land Interface 3 dimensional property rights 13 Aggregation - Conglomerate of semi Rational Perspective = feudals orgs. Best Need to see broader Bureaucratic Political scope of policy Perspective = consequences Compromise Need aggregate evaluations Organisational Policy alternative Perspective = Self evaluations licking Ice Cream 16 Interested Public Ocean Users Environmentalists Citizens Seek and maintain public support Consultation 14 Integrated Policy Consistency Outputs Policy in harmony with itself. Vertical accord between policy levels Horizontal accord: for each issue, one policy at each level Single use/sectoral sectoral focus results in externalities 17 15 to 25 sectoral divisions Shift from single sectoral to bottom up multi sectoral Overarching national objectives. 15 Integrated Policy Why Bother Improve outcomes Internalise externalities Eliminate fragmentation 18
Integrated Policy How Highest political direction and oversight No silver bullet Inter ministerial / inter agency board or council Bring to prime minister level No matter how loving a minister s s relations with his cabinet colleagues, there comes a point at which their interests conflict. It is then that a strong centre needs to step in to referee. The principal co-ordinator ordinator has to be the prime minister Walker 1997 19 Facilitating Mechanism Integrated Institutions Politics and Policy making in the context of institutions Different technologies Different communities Different supporting networks Autonomous national marine sectors Transform into flexible dynamic network responsive to goals of solidarity and sustainability Approaches NOAA - US MMO UK DFO CANADA DOM - Ireland 22 Enabling Mechanism Institutions and Civil Society Institutions dispose of authority and power Civil society Citizens Trade Unions Employers Orgs NGOs Civil society gives voice to citizens 20 Facilitating Mechanism Clear Norms and Principles The basis for governance Sustainability: Meets Prescribe behaviour the needs of present & allocate authority without compromising the ability of future Sustainability generations to meet Major International their own needs Norm Abused Authority Cornerstone of Accountability Adaptive Ocean Management Best Precaution Biodiversity Participatory Science Ecosystem Subsidiarity Approach 23 Enabling Mechanism Markets Powerful institutions Mechanism for building economy Potential to harm ecosystem Do not always tell ecological truth Identify all costs Economic Instruments Functional Three Dimensional Property Rights 21 From Individual Species Small spatial scale Ecosystem Approach Short Term Perspective Humans Independent of ecosystem Management divorced from research Managing commodities Lubechenco (1994) in (Olsen et al, 2006: 3) To Ecosystems Multiple scales Long term perspective Humans as integral part of ecosystem Adaptive Management Sustained production potential for ecosystem goods and services 24
25 28 Facilitating Mechanism Security, Science/Technology OPPOSING VIEWS Rights more imaginary than real Can t t police what you don t t know science Don t t own what you can t t police No authority = open access Proponents Essential for management Create market incentives Constitution of Ireland Opponents Imperium versus dominium Sovereign rights lesser quantum than property Property rights regime is a structure of duties that will give a particular benefit stream protection against adverse claims Bromley 26 29 Oil Slick Guilty Satellite monitoring Un-manned Air Vehicles Underwater Autonomous Vehicles Remote Operated Vehicles Gliders Recognised Maritime Picture YOUR PROPERTY? 27 30 Upholding Our Rights Absence of property rights = Res nullius Benefits of property rights Offer incentives Give necessary authorisation and resource control Reinforce collective action Demonstrates government committment PROPERTY RIGHT HOLDERS International Community Rights Regional Community Property Rights Irish State Property
31 Vision Network of MPAs Multi Use Closed Biodiversity Protection Bioprospecting Wind and Wave energy farms Super Trans Atlantic Hybrid Tri Marina Socio Economic fisheries strategy 34 32 35 Wavelength Consultation 175 155 135 115 95 OCEANS ACT OCEANS POLICY ACTION PLAN 75 JUL AUG JUN MAY SEP APR OCT NOV MAR DEC FEB JAN LOWER MED HIGHER RISK EXPOSURE INDEX REGIONAL SEA PLANS + ICZM IRISH SEA CELTIC SEA WESTERN SEA 33 36 75 North Atlantic Hurricanes 1970-2004 70 65 60 55 50 Civil Society Integrated Institutions Norms & Principles Markets 45 40 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 00-04 Security Science & Technology
37 Thank You