The Resettlement of Vietnamese Refugees Across Canada Over Three Decades Feng Hou Statistics Canada Telling Canada s story in numbers
Outline 1. National efforts of resettling Vietnamese refugees in Canada 2. Research objectives and data 3. Economic outcomes over three decades 4. Geographic distribution and the impact of regional contexts 2
National efforts of resettling Vietnamese refugees in Canada Canada welcomed 60,000 Southeast Asian refugees in 1979 and 1980 the largest single influx of refugees admitted to the country in a short period The UNHCR awarded its Nansen Medal to the People of Canada Over half of the refugees came through private sponsorship a major policy innovation in refugee admission and resettlement Both privately sponsored and government-assisted refugees received financial support for up to a year, but the former received more personalized support 3
Research objectives 1. Provide a comprehensive overview of Vietnamese refugees economic outcomes over the three decades after they began their new life in Canada, and compare their outcomes with other immigrants and the Canadian-born population. 2. Examine how the contexts of cities and regions where Vietnamese refugees were located have shaped their economic outcomes. 4
Data and measures Data: the 1981, 1991, 2001 Canadian censuses 20% microdata files, and the 2011 National Household Survey Sample: Vietnamese refugees who arrived in Canada in 1979-1980, other immigrants who arrived in the same years, similarly-aged Canadian born population Outcomes: from the whole group, poverty rates at the family level; for adult refugees, education, employment and annual earnings; for childhood refugees, educational attainment and annual earnings 5
Large initial gap in family economic wellbeing with other immigrants disappeared in 20 years % 80 70 60 50 40 Poverty rates, 1980 to 2010 Vietnamese refugees Other immigrants Canadian born 30 20 10 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 6
Adult Vietnamese refugees had lower levels of human capital than other immigrants % 80 70 High school graduation rates among adult Vietnamese refugees and other immigrants, 1981-2001 Vietnamese refugees Other immigrants Canadian born 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1981 1991 2001 7
Adult Vietnamese refugees had high employment rates, but large initial earnings gap with other immigrants % 80 Employment rates, 1981-2001 $ 45000 Annual earnings, 1980-2000 75 70 40000 35000 30000 65 25000 60 55 20000 15000 10000 50 1981 1991 2001 Vietnamese refugees Other immigrants Canadian born 5000 1980 1990 2000 Vietnamese refugees Other immigrants Canadian born 8
Childhood Vietnamese refugees had more highschool dropouts, more university graduates, higher earnings than other immigrants & Canadian born % 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Educational attainment 2001 2011 2001 2011 High school graduation rate University completion rate Vietnamese refugees Other immigrants Canadian born 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 Annual earnings Vietnamese refugees Other immigrants Canadian born 2000 2010 9
Vietnamese refugees were more evenly distributed in initial destinations, but had higher subsequent mobility than other immigrants % 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Percent distribution across regions, 1981 and 2011 0 Vietnamese refugees Other Immigants Vietnamese refugees Other Immigants 1981 2011 Montreal Toronto Vancouver Second-tier cities Small metropolitan Small urban or rural 10
Large regional variations in adult Vietnamese refugees employment rates and earnings % 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Employment rates 1981 1991 Montreal Toronto Vancouver Second-tier cities Small metropolitan Small urban or rural $ 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 Annual earnings 1980 1990 Montreal Toronto Vancouver Second-tier cities Small metropolitan Small urban or rural 11
Determinants of regional variations in refugees labour market outcomes Regional differences in refugees human capital: refugees in Montreal had a higher rate of speaking an official language and higher high-school graduation rate than in Toronto and Vancouver Ethnic enclave: Vancouver and Toronto had large pre-existing Chinese ethnic communities Regional economic condition: Toronto had a better economic condition than Montreal Selectivity in secondary mobility: Vancouver and Toronto retained and attracted less successful refugees Other factors: e.g. support from local communities 12
Large regional variations in childhood Vietnamese refugees educational attainment and earnings % 45 40 University completion rates Montreal $ 50000 45000 Annual earnings Montreal 35 30 25 20 15 Toronto Vancouver Second-tier cities 40000 35000 30000 Toronto Vancouver Second-tier cities 10 5 0 2001 2011 Small metropolitan Small urban or rural 25000 20000 2000 2010 Small metropolitan Small urban or rural 13
Summary overall economic outcomes Vietnamese refugees had a very high poverty rate in initial years, but their gap with other immigrants disappeared in 20 years Adult Vietnamese refugees arrived with little human capital, but they maintained high employment rates, and closed their initial large earnings gap with other immigrants in 20 years Childhood Vietnamese refugees out-performed other childhood immigrants and similarly-aged Canadian born in educational attainment and earnings when they reached adulthood 14
Summary the impact of regional contexts Vietnamese refugees were more evenly distributed across Canada in their initial destinations than other immigrants, but with a higher subsequent mobility Some large regional differences in refugees socioeconomic outcomes, but the patterns varied by the outcome measure and length of residence. Regional differences in refugees human capital characteristics, ethnic enclave, and general economic conditions played different roles 15