Football Hooliganism in Europe
Also by Anastassia Tsoukala TERROR, INSECURITY AND LIBERTY ILLIBERAL PRACTICES OF LIBERAL REGIMES AFTER 9/11 (co-edited)
Football Hooliganism in Europe Security and Civil Liberties in the Balance Anastassia Tsoukala Paris XI, France
Anastassia Tsoukala 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-20114-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29934-8 ISBN 978-0-230-59466-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230594661 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tsoukala, Anastassia. Football hooliganism in Europe : security and civil liberties in the balance / Anastassia Tsoukala. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Soccer hooliganism Europe. 2. Soccer Social aspects. 3. Spectator control. 4. Civil rights Europe. I. Title. GV943.9.F35T76 2009 796.334 dc22 2008043237 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
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Contents Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 Part I Clear Contours (1965 85) 1 Early Academic Theories 15 2 A Non-Specific Legal Framework 22 3 Divergent Policing Styles 27 4 The Social Construction of Otherness 30 Part II Blurred Boundaries (1985 97) 5 The Vibrancy of the Academic Community 42 6 Paradoxical Legal Specificity 57 7 Convergent Policing Styles 72 8 The General Acceptance of Otherness 86 Part III Splintered Contours (1997 2008) 9 The Academic Community Runs out of Steam 100 10 Legal Vagueness 105 11 The Decompartmentalization of Policing 117 12 The Consensus around Security 125 Notes 135 References 145 Name Index 169 Subject Index 174 vii
Acknowledgements This book is the product of twenty years research into football hooliganism in Europe. However, several of the ideas underlying parts of it had their origins, and were further developed, in the context of various research projects: the analysis of the tension between security and liberty first featured in CHALLENGE The Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security, a research project funded by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission s Directorate-General for Research (2004 9); the study of the evolution of domestic and EU counter-hooliganism policing policies formed part of a research project on the combating of football hooliganism in France, funded by INHES/French Interior Ministry (2005 7); the analysis of the social construction of threat emerged from COST Action A24, The Evolving Social Construction of Threats, a research project funded by the European Scientific Fund (2004 7). This work has also been shaped by countless thought-provoking conversations with Didier Bigo, with whom I have the happy privilege of sharing not only a substantial part of my professional life but also many carefree moments of friendship. I would furthermore like to express my deep gratitude to an old friend Spyros Georgantas, for all his invaluable assistance in developing my own library and, by extension, my academic skills. Needless to say, this work would have never been possible without the input of many police and intelligence officials who, over the years, have been willing to impart at least some of their knowledge to me, for which I warmly thank them. Last but not least, I am most grateful to Marion Marshrons for not only helping me to get to grips with the finer points of the English language but also for her careful and patient editing. viii
No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as if a manor of thy friend s or of thine own were. Any man s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. John Donne, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, Meditation XVII (1623)