Declaration of Independence Review Letter giving reasons why they were revolting Influenced by John Locke Governments power comes from people (Consent of Governed) Natural Rights- life, liberty, pursuit of happiness Right to revolt when governments abuse power Thomas Jefferson New England Rocky unfertile soil Natural harbors Fish, trade, lumber Representative Democracy Colonists elected representatives to run government Influenced by Enlightenment, British, Rome and Greece Mayflower Compact and House of Burgesses are examples of Representative Democracy Southern Colonies Plantations, Cash Crops, and Slavery Appalachian Mountains Border between colonies and west 1
Mercantilism Raw materials sent to England Albany Plan of Union Triangle Trade and Transatlantic Slave Trade Navigation Acts= Laws to control economy Middle Passage Journey of slaves Colonies should join together to protect themselves Failed Colonies did not want to give up control over their colonies Causes of America Revolution Important Individuals Denied Rights Proclamation 1763- couldn t move west Stamp Act and No Taxation Without Representation Thomas Paine and Common Sense Boston Massacre Thomas Paine Author of Common Sense Urged colonists to revolt John Peter Zenger Freedom of Press 2
Articles of Confederation- 1 st govt. Weak and Afraid of strong government Constitutional Convention Weaknesses One Branch = Congress No President or Court Cannot tax No power to enforce laws Strengths Northwest Ordinance Land Ordinance system that divided up western land allowed it to become a state Fix Articles of Confederation Wind up creating Constitution The Great Compromise Great Compromise creates Settled the dispute over representation Bicameral Legislature = Senate and House or Representatives Senate= 2 senators. House of Representatives is determined by state s population. 3
Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution Articles One Branch = Congress Unicameral Each state has one vote in Congress Cannot tax All 13 states must agree to amend Constitution Strong Central Government Three Branches Bicameral- Senate and House of Representatives Power to tax ¾ states agree to amend Federalist Papers Articles written to convince states to ratify the Constitution Anti-Federalists demanded a Bill of Rights 3/5 s Compromise The Constitution was designed to stop one branch from becoming too powerful Used to determine representation Why was representation so important? More Representatives = More votes in congress = more influence in the creation of laws 4
A Republic or Republican form of government! R for Representatives Different from the Political Party Popular Sovereignty Federalism Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Limited Government Constitutional Principles Belief that government s power comes from the consent of the governed. Power comes from the people Power is dived between Federal and State governments. Delegated Powers- Federal, Reserved Powers- State, Concurrent- shared Power is divided between Three Branches- Legislative,, Judicial Influenced by Montesquieu (Enlightenment) Ability for one branch to limit the power of the other two branches. Stops one branch from becoming too powerful Belief that governments power should be limited. Examples- Federalism, Bill of Rights, Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances Delegated Reserved Elastic Clause Make all laws Necessary and Proper Concurrent Gives Congress the ability to increase its power by creating laws not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. Federal form of government or Federalism = government power divided up between a central government and state governments. 5
House of Representatives Elected every 2 years and considered most democratic part of Government Separation of Powers Census determines how many Representatives each state will have in Congress Make laws Declare war Levy Taxes Regulate trade Enforce laws Veto bills Make treaties Appoint judges Commander in Chief of Military Interpret laws Judicial review Power 1) Create and pass legislation. Which Branch Has The Power? Legislative Which Branch's Power is Being Checked? (Could be more than one) and Judicial Power 6) Confirm the appointment of presidential appointments. Which Branch Has The Power? Legislative Which Branch's Power is Being Checked? (Could be more than one) 2) Veto bills. 3) Ratify treaties. 4) Appoint Federal judges. Legislative Legislative Judicial 7) Declare laws unconstitutional. 8) Override Presidential Vetoes. Judicial Legislative Legislative and executive 5) Impeachment of federal officials. Legislative and Judicial 9) Judges are appointed for life. Judicial 10) Controls appropriations of money and approves budget. Legislative 6
The Constitution is a Limited, Flexible and Living Document Limited Government Federalism Checks and Balances Separation of Powers Bill of Rights Flexible and Living Document Amendments Elastic Clause Famous Examples of Checks and Balances 1. The Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join League of Nations 2. Impeachment of Clinton and Johnson 3. Nixon vetoes the War Powers Act and Congress overrides his veto 4. Supreme Court declares part of the New Deal (AAA) unconstitutional George Washington General of Continental Army 1 st President Precedents- examples others follow Cabinet, Neutrality, 2 terms Whiskey Rebellionshows power of Constitution 7
Alexander Hamilton Federalist Secretary of Treasury His Economic Plan fixed the Economy Popular Sovereignty Federalism Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Limited Government Constitutional Principles Belief that government s power comes from the consent of the governed. Power comes from the people Power is dived between Federal and State governments. Delegated Powers- Federal, Reserved Powers- State, Concurrent- shared Power is divided between Three Branches- Legislative,, Judicial Influenced by Montesquieu (Enlightenment) Ability for one branch to limit the power of the other two branches. Stops one branch from becoming too powerful Belief that governments power should be limited. Examples- Federalism, Bill of Rights, Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances The Unwritten Constitution Not written in the Constitution Based on Tradition and customs Political parties Judicial Review- also a check and balance Cabinet Presidential Advisors Precedent created by George Washington Heads of the Departments Cabinet 8
The Rise of Political Parties Lobbyists Differences in opinion in Washington s Cabinet led to the first Political Parties People whose job it is to try to influence the voting habits of Congressmen - Tobacco companies hiring lobbyists to get Congressmen to vote for laws that protect the Tobacco Industry Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson Napoleon and France- End of North American Empire Loose Construction Doubles Size Economy and Trade- Mississippi River and New Orleans Helps with Manifest destiny French no longer a threat in North America Transcontinental Railroad Effects of the Railroads Increased Communication - telegraph lines Travel time went 6 months + to 8 days Economic Growth More people move west Indian Conflicts Standardiazation of Time The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah and laid a Golden Spike. The Government gave tremendous amounts of land grants to railroad companies which allowed the railroads to be built. 9
Mexican American War Texas gains Independence from Mexico Texas becomes 28 th state (Annexedadded)- Mexico Upset Mexico controls southwest region including California and Arizona, Colorado Manifest Destiny, President Polk offers to buy land for 40 million. Rejected US troops build fort on disputed land. Skirmish leads to American deaths Congress declares war Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgoends war, Mexico forced to sell land (Mexican Cession) Indian Removal Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act= Cherokees and Trail of Tears Reservations Railroads, Gold Rush, Homestead Act, Destruction of Buffalo = Indian Wars Dawes Act= Assimilation, make them farmers, fails THE DAWES ACT - 1887 Carlisle Indian School, PA The Dawes Act of 1887 attempted to assimilate natives break up of reservations and give each family a small plot of land Goal to make them farmers By 1932, 2/3rds of the land committed to Natives had been taken or sold to whites US Foreign Policy How we interact with other countries! 10
Washington s Farewell Address 1)do not make alliances with foreign countries 2) Try to stay neutral 3) Isolationismcountry follows his advice for the next 100 years Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. Monroe Doctrine Europe could no longer colonization in North/South America US wouldn t interfere in Europe Latin and South American Independence Geography allowed Monroe to issue the warning. The Atlantic Ocean protected us! The Roosevelt Corollary The United States would police the Latin and South America Goal was to keep European countries away 11
Containment = stopping the spread of Communism Examples Truman Doctrine- Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan- money to rebuild Europe Korean War Review: Unit 5 Imperialism, Prosperity and Depression Eisenhower Doctrine Domino Theory and the Vietnam War Causes Imperialism 1- Military- Naval Bases 2- Economic- new markets to sell goods 3- Social- spread democracy and religion Examples Imperialism 1. Open Door Policy in China (trade) 2. Hawaii (base) 3. Spanish American War- wanted Spanish colonies of Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico yellow journalism- one cause of war- newspapers exaggerated mistreatment of Cubans 12
Latin America and Teddy Roosevelt Roosevelt Corollary- added to Monroe Doctrine- we would police Latin America Big Stick Policy- build up Navy to threaten others with Panama Canal- helped Panama revolt against Columbia so they could sell us the land to build the canal Controlling Latin America Dollar Diplomacy President Taft- give loans so they are in debt to us Moral Diplomacy President Wilson- support democratic countries and improve relations Causes of World War I 1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfaretried to remain neutral. Germans sank our ships Violated Freedom of seas 2. Lusitania- Germans sank passenger ship 3. Zimmerman Telegram- Germans wanted Mexicans to attack Important WWI events Selective Service Act = the Draft Schenck v. US no freedom of speech if its creates a clear and present danger Red Scare- Fear of Communists in America 13
14 points End of WWI President Wilson s plan for world peace Includes Self Determination- countries rule themselves League of Nations- supposed to keep world peace Treaty of Versailles- punished Germany and US Senate does not ratify 1920 s Great Migration- African Americans move north Return to Normalcy- back to isolationism and Laissez Faire 19 th Amendment- Women vote Flapper- independent young women Coolidge Prosperity = Laissez Faire Prohibition= 18 th amendment= no alcohol 1920 s KKK- grow in power, hate immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti- Italians who were executed on little evidence Immigration Quotas- Government limits immigration Fundamentalism and Scopes Trial = Religion vs. Science (Evolution) Harlem Renaissance- Music, Art, literature of African Americans The Depression On Margin- buying stock on credit Stock Market Crash- caused by Margin buying and no regulation Bonus Army- WWI veterans who demanded their bonus payments. Military is used against them Hoovervilles- camps of homeless Dust Bowl- Severe drought and Dust storms in midwest. 14
FDR and the Depression New Deal- relief, recovery, reform AAA, WPA, FDIC Social Security- pensions (money) for retired americans Wagner Act- strengthens Unions Court Packing- add judges so New Deal is not declared unconstitutional Thematic Essay Study 2 examples Presidential Accomplishments Reformers and individuals who made a change Reform movements Manifest Destiny Migration of people Supreme Court cases Laws and Amendments Foreign Policy Economic actions of government Wars 15