Main Idea Changing Societies The Cold War brought tremendous economic and social change to North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Content Statement: Analyze how the U.S. and U.S.S.R. became superpowers and competed for global influence.
Europe and North America Europe Post WWII Section 3
Europe and North NATO America VS WARSAW PACTSection 3
Europe and North America Ch 15-3 vocabulary Section 3 Glasnost: openness refers to a new era of media freedom in Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980 s Perestroika: restructuring ; restructuring of the corrupt government bureaucracy in the U.S.S.R. begun by Gorbachev. Reform economic system as well. Velvet Revolution: (1989) a quick, peaceful revolution that swept Communists from power in Czechoslovakia
Postwar Recovery/Western Europe Europe and North America Section 3 Western Europe faced challenging future after World War II At end of war, much of Western Europe lay in ruins Property, farmland destroyed; national economies collapsed; millions displaced from homes; seemed on brink of chaos Chaos did not come, thanks in large part to Marshall Plan Economic Growth Influx of Immigrants With American aid, Western Europe s factories produced more in 1950s than before war West Germany became major economic power Growth strong in other countries Availability of jobs attracted immigrants from former colonies Created strain as Europeans struggled to adapt to newcomers, their cultures
World War II had changed Europe s place in the world. The continent was no longer the center of world power; instead, the United States and the Soviet Union were centers of power. Alliances 1)Alliances and Economic Unity Economic Unity Markets European nations began to end longstanding rivalries, work for common good NATO unified many nations in strong military alliance with U.S., Canada Many Western European nations moved toward economic unity Cooperation begun in coal, steel industries, and development of atomic energy Broader efforts to develop single regional market, free of trade barriers Goal to create single market to rival United States
2) Europe Alliance and and North Economic America Unity/The Common Section Market 3 European Economic Community 1957, six European nations founded European Economic Community; also known as Common Market Six countries were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and the Netherlands. 1960, seven other European countries formed rival European Free Trade Association True economic unity in Europe still years in future
3) Page 493 Europe and North America Section 3
Post War Soviet Union /Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union Europe and North America Section 3 The challenges facing the Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations under its control were even more overwhelming than those facing Western Europe. Like Western Europe, however, the region soon began to recover. The Postwar Soviet Union Command Economy Tens of millions killed in war Government controls all economic decisions Heavy damage to cities and farms Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin determined to rebuild quickly Soviet Union had command economy Stalin wanted to prove superiority of communism to capitalism. Goods at prewar levels by 1953 under strict government control. Stalin dies in 1953. Nikita Krushchev became leader of Soviet Union, undertook effort to de-stalinize Soviet Union Tore down statues of Stalin and renames streets and towns named after Stalin. Stalin-era economic and political restrictions loosened, but country remained Communist. Individual freedoms limited, still hostile stance against the West.
Revolts in Eastern Europe Europe and North America Section 3 Many Changes Solidarity Changes after Stalin s death led Eastern Europeans to hope for end of Soviet domination Soviet leaders made it clear reforms were limited Used or threatened force to crush public protests in many countries, assert control Troops put down revolts in East Germany (1953), Poland (1956), Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968) Soviet crackdowns did not end protests in Eastern Europe 1980, Polish electrician Lech Walesa led hundreds of thousands of workers in anti-government protest movement, called Solidarity Poland s Communist government used martial law to suppress movement, could not destroy it
Europe and North America Europe Post WWII Section 3
Soviet Economy Faltered 3)Glasnost and Perestroika Soviet economy performed well after war, began to falter in 1960s By 1980s, Soviet Union faced crisis; command economy system inefficient Production goals made with little regard for wants, needs of marketplace. Why bad? Gorbachev Goals stressed heavy industry, neglecting needed consumer goods As result most sectors of Soviet economy ceased to grow 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, saw need for change New Concepts Proposed two radical concepts glasnost, perestroika Glasnost, openness, willingness to discuss Soviet problems openly. New era of media freedom. Perestroika, restructuring, reform of Soviet economic, political system
3)Reforms Europe and North America Section 3 Gorbachev pushed through number of major reforms Aggressively pursued arms control agreements with U.S. Also reduced central planning of Soviet economy, introduced some free market mechanisms. Moving from command to market economy 3)Policy Reversal Gorbachev knew Soviet Union could not afford to prop up Communist governments of Eastern Europe Began to pull Soviet troops out of region, urged local leaders to adopt reforms Reversed decades of Soviet policy in Eastern Europe
4)Revolutions in Eastern Europe Europe and North America Section 3 Eastern Europeans longed for freedom, did not wait for reform 1989, revolution spread; citizens overthrew Soviet-backed leaders Gorbachev, no longer wanting to control Eastern Europe, did not interfere Most revolutions were peaceful Solidarity forced elections in Poland; Lech Walesa elected president Czechoslovakia, Romania East Germany Czechoslovakia had Velvet Revolution so called because it was peaceful Pushed communists out of power Only bloodshed in Romania, where some military forces remained loyal to Communist dictator Most dramatic changes took place in East Germany Berlin Wall opened November 1989 Strongest symbol of Soviet repression, Cold War, finally fell Less than year later, East, West Germany reunified as single nation
Europe and North America USSR Section 3
Main Idea After the Cold War The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and the Cold War came to an end, bringing changes to Europe and leaving the United States as the world s only superpower. Content Statements: Describe how the break-up of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and analyze the challenges it created for its former allies, the former Soviet republics, Europe, the U.S. and the non-aligned world. Describe how regional and ethnic conflicts in the post-cold War Era have resulted in acts of terrorism, genocide and ethnic cleansing.
Europe and North America Ch 15-4 vocabulary Section 3 Boris Yeltsin(1931-2007) Russian politician and president of Russia in the 1990 s; he was the first popularly elected leader of the country. Ethnic cleansing: the elimination of an ethnic group from society through killing or forced migration.
1)The Breakup of the Soviet Union Europe and North America Section 3 The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Soviet-backed regimes in Eastern Europe showed the dramatic crumbling of Soviet power. 1)Soviet Union Collapses Soviet Union consisted of 15 separate republics Some had been independent nations before World War II and long wanted freedom like Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia 1990, Lithuania declared independence; appeared other republics planned same Not clear if Soviets had will, power to stop movement 1)Government in Crisis August 1991, hard-line Communists tried to end Gorbachev s reforms in coup Effort failed due to opposition of Boris Yeltsin, leader of republic of Russia Yeltsin favored more radical changes than Gorbachev Did not want to see hardliners take over Soviet Union
1)Failed Coup Europe and North America Section 3 Gorbachev s Power Gone End of Soviet Union Although coup failed, Gorbachev s power largely gone Republic after republic declared independence By end of 1991, Soviet government had ceased to function Twelve republics united in loose confederation, Commonwealth of Independent States Mighty Soviet Union, once one of two most powerful countries in world, no longer existed Cold War finally over after more than 40 years of tension, conflict
Europe and North America Europe Post WWII Section 3
Europe and North America USSR Section 3
Economic Europe and Change North America Section 3 Soviet Union fell; communism ended in former Soviet republics In largest republic, Russia, Boris Yeltsin began campaign to alter economy s basic structure Yeltsin was first democratically elected leader in Russia. Goal to make economy function like capitalist system More Freedom Yeltsin began to allow private ownership of businesses, land Business owners, workers able to take advantage of economic opportunities However, lost guarantee of government-backed job, other government supports
Europe and Economic North America Change/Mixed Results Section 3 Early results of Russia s reforms mixed Some entrepreneurs prospered, most ordinary Russians did not Prices rose sharply Many Russians could not afford to buys goods in stores Some questioned benefits of market reform Early 2000s, Russia rebounded somewhat from economic crises; still, path from communism to capitalism not easy
Content Statement/Learning Goal Describe how regional and ethnic conflicts in the post-cold War Era have resulted in acts of terrorism, genocide and ethnic cleansing.
Ethnic Unrest After Soviet Union fell, underlying issues in region bubbled to top Two issues were ethnic unrest, need for new governments One example of ethnic unrest took place in Chechnya, in Caucasus region Chechnya Azerbaijan Other Issues Chechnya considered part of Russia unlike other republics that had broken away When Chechens tried to gain independence from Russia, dispute led to bloody fighting, insurgency that still affects region today Early 1990s, another example of ethnic conflict occurred when ethnic Armenian minority sought to break away from country of Azerbaijan Tens of thousands died in fighting that followed
Europe and Other North Issues/Challenging America Transition Section 3 Transition from communism to new government challenging for some former republics 2004, Ukraine held election Election had to be repeated amid widespread charges of fraud Results of elections left Ukraine deeply divided Such transitions continue to trouble the region
2)Conflict in Yugoslavia/Europe after Communism Europe and North America Section 3 The collapse of the Iron Curtain brought new opportunities and new challenges to Europe. The end of communism brought much economic change as well as new threats to peace. Conflict in Yugoslavia Communist governments with strict control In Yugoslavia, control helped suppress tensions between various ethnic, religious groups living there Yugoslavia breaks up into different states. Nationalism Tensions began to surface Nationalism grew as ethnic, religious tensions increased Some states declare Independence Serbia tried to prevent breakup of Yugoslavia Bosnian Serbs Conflict broke out Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence in 1992 Bosnian Serbs went to war to stop independence from Yugoslavia WWI Sarajevo assassination
2)War Europe in Bosnia and North America Section 3 Serbs used policy of ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims Ethnic cleansing means elimination of an ethnic group from society through killing or forced migration U.S.-led diplomatic efforts finally ended violence in Bosnia in 1995 2)Fighting in Kosovo Soon fighting began in Serbian province of Kosovo Serbs, ethnic Albanians fought over control of area 1999, NATO airplanes bombed Serbian targets to stop conflict NATO peacekeepers eventually maintained order there, although Kosovo remains Serbian province today
3)Market Reforms End of communism brought mixed results for Eastern European economies Market reforms created new opportunities for many people Some started businesses; some got management, technical jobs 3)Strain on Western Europe 4)The European Union European Union (EU), single economic unit in competition with U.S. developed in 1992. In recent years a number of Eastern European nations and former Soviet republics have joined EU. 28 members today. Brexit. Retain sovereignty. 3)Economic Change Others fared less well; earnings not increasing for all workers High unemployment in some areas, forcing many to move to Western Europe Newcomers compete with longtime residents for jobs, resources Many of newer members far poorer than older Western Europe members; some in wealthier nations worry their economies will suffer. GREECE!!
The end of the Cold War affected the economic, political, and military situation facing the United States. In the 1990s and 2000s the nation adjusted to the new reality. The Economy 5)The United States Today Computer Technology 1990s, time of economic success for United States Economic growth strong, unemployment low Success from developments in computer technology Powerful, inexpensive computers helped businesses Budget deficits shrank, disappeared by end of decade Computer software, equipment, knowledge improved rapidly The 1990s also saw the emergence and rapid growth of the Internet, a system of networks that connects computers around the world.
Internet Technology Development of internet technology created tremendous opportunities for commerce Hundreds of companies dotcoms were started 5)Internet and Beyond Dot-Com Stocks Investors bought billions of dollars worth of dot-com stocks Many went out of business by end of decade, slowing down U.S. economy Improvement in Economy Economy began to improve in early 2000s Increased government spending, high energy costs, rising debt remained concerns Widening the Gap Gap between incomes of richest, poorest Americans continued to widen U.S. poverty rate increased also during early 2000s
5)New Europe Conflicts and North America Section 3 Even as Cold War ended, U.S. faced new conflict in Middle East 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, attacked neighboring Kuwait Invasion troubling; Iraq threatened Kuwaiti, Saudi Arabian oil supplies U.S. led multinational force into battle in Persian Gulf War Missions Around the Globe U.S. forces took part in missions around globe, including NATO operations in Kosovo, conflict in Somalia, restoring elected government in Haiti American leaders continued work toward solution of conflict between Israel, Palestinians which continued to defy peaceful resolution
Series of terrorist attacks on American targets in U.S. and overseas, including bombings of World Trade Center (1993), U.S. embassies in Kenya, Tanzania (1998) Attacks planned, carried out by Islamist terrorist organization, al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden 9-11 5)The War on Terror War on Terror Deadliest attack killed 3,000 al Qaeda terrorists hijacked and crashed three passenger airplanes in New York City and Pentagon Fourth crash in Pennsylvania U.S. responded to attacks, targeting al Qaeda, Taliban Taliban, group then governing Afghanistan according to strict interpretation of Islamic law Supported, protected al Qaeda
Focus on Iraq Rebuilding Iraq Fall 2001, U.S.-led military March 2003, U.S-led attack campaign invaded on Iraq toppled Iraqi Afghanistan, forced out Taliban government President George W. Bush then focused on Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons against Iran in 1980s; some claimed he still possessed such weapons, supported anti-american terrorist organizations 5)Iraq Weapons inspectors failed to find stockpiles of biological, chemical weapons, or evidence proving Saddam had role in September 11 attacks U.S., coalition forces occupied Iraq, began rebuilding Iraqis elected new government, but nation faces ongoing violence; rebuilding stable Iraq will take years