AP Euro Year End Review Sec3on 3 1
1850-1871 THE AGE OF REALISM 2
Things to Remember ACer pueng down the revolu3ons of 1848, authoritarian forces reasserted themselves through na3on building Industrial Revolu3on spreads across all of Europe Realism dominated art and literature, rejec3ng Roman3cism 3
Key Terms Austro-Prussian War The Communist Manifesto Crimean War Dual Monarchy Red Shirts Reform Act of 1867 Second Empire Theory of Evolu3on 4
Key Terms Victorian Age zemstvos Zollverein Realpoli3k 5
Na3on Building and Reform France and the Second Empire Napoleon III seizes control of the Na3onal Assembly and extends his elected term to 10 years 1852 the French vote to establish 2 nd Empire Napoleon III is given authoritarian control Industrializes France Redesigns Paris 6
Na3on Building and Reform The End of the Concert of Europe O\oman Empire declining leads to major European powers to jump at the opportunity to fill the void The Crimean War No longer did na3ons work to balance power 7
Na3on Building and Reform Italian Unifica3on Count Cavour strikes a deal with Napoleon III to drive the Austrians out of Italy Figh3ng leads to Italian na3onalism Garibaldi leads the Red Shirts against the Kingdom of Two Sicilies Cavour and Garibaldi agree not to fight and allow King Victor Emmanuel II to unite Italy in 1861 8
Na3on Building and Reform German Unifica3on By 1853, all German states join the Zollverein except Austria Liberal dissenters in Prussia lead to the appoint of O\o von Bismarck in Prussia Bismarck launches aggressive foreign policy to distract from problems at home Prussia, acer three wars, unifies Germany Na3onalism 9
Na3on Building and Reform The Franco-Prussian War Prussia s growth makes France uncomfortable Bismarck insults France and they declare war Napoleon III s army is weak, Prussia captures Paris South German states join Prussia and name Prussian William I as emperor France from this point forward HATE Germans and constantly look for revenge 10
Na3on Building and Reform Austrian Empire Urban classes demand change to Habsburgs autocra3c rule Military defeats decrease support Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary created in 1867 Different cons3tu3onal governments, same ruler Does li\le to make ethnici3es happy 11
Na3on Building and Reform Imperial Russia Crimean War leads to reform Russia falling further behind Western Europe Serfdom abolished in 1861 Zemstvos created to allow some local control Tsar Alexander II assassinated by angry mob Tsar Alexander III returns to repressive autocra3c rule 12
Na3on Building and Reform Victorian England Reform Act of 1832 gives power to middle class Working class demanded the vote Leads to Reform Act of 1867 Con3nued control of Bri3sh Empire 13
Industrializa3on and Its Cri3cs Many investors become rich Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto Proletariat vs. bourgeois Social change not possible within democra3c capitalism The First Interna3onal Interna3onal Working Men s Associa3on (Marx) Members fight with each other and it collapses 14
Science and Culture Scien3fic Advances General public benefits for scien3fic advances Thermodynamics (electric generator) Louis Pasteur Leads to seculariza3on of European Society Materialism Truth found in concrete fact not spiritual or emo3onal 15
Science and Culture Charles Darwin Theory of Evolu3on On the Origin of Species Influenced by Thomas Malthus Species struggle for existence Started with plants and animals but extends this to humans in 1871 Darwin is cri3cized for contradic3ng the crea3on story 16
Science and Culture Health Care Louis Pasteur discovers microorganisms Leads to pasteuriza3on of foods Sociology Sociology developed by Auguste Comte Literature Materialism Reali3es of everyday life Charles Dickens Roman3cism rejected 17
Science and Culture Art Rejec3on of roma3cism Focus on peasant life 18
1871-1894 THE AGE OF PROGRESS 19
Things to Remember Most countries democra3ze while some resist liberalism to maintain their power Economic progress reached new heights during the Second Industrial Revolu3on Europeans change gender roles, educa3on, and leisure-3me ac3vi3es 20
Key Terms anarchism Kulturkampf cartels mass educa3on evolu3onary socialism mass leisure home rule mass poli3cs 21
Key Terms mass society Third Republic Paris Commune plutocrats tariffs 22
Industrial Prosperity Industrial Growth Steel used in mul3ple ways Advances in electricity Manufacturers look for new markets Foreign compe33on leads to domes3c coopera3on Germany surpasses Great Britain as an industrial power Germans open to innova3on, English tradi3onal 23
Industrial Prosperity The Second Industrial Revolu3on and Women Secretaries and sales clerks The job that shall not be named The Working Classes Trade unions emerge to help unemployed Karl Marx ideas become important to the working class Socialist can t agree on how to proceed Radicals dric towards anarchism and assassina3on 24
The Birth of Mass Society Demographics Europe s popula3on doubles between 1850-1910 Rising birth rates, falling death rates Industrial growth could not sustain rising popula3on Many leave farms to find work City popula3ons grow rapidly 25
The Birth of Mass Society Social Structure Landed aristocracy and powerful industrialists merge social classes Leads to a plutocracy for most of Europe Middle class Size makes them influen3al Values focus on hard work Women exerted influence towards gender rela3ons Working Class Women are taken advantage of 26
The Birth of Mass Society Social Structure Mass educa3on leads to increase in literacy Newspapers compete with sensa3onalism Governments use an educated popula3on to serve the needs of the modern state Economic prosperity leads to mass leisure Amusement parks Sports Entertainment 27
The Na3onal State & Mass Poli3cs Great Britain Efforts are made to put liberalism into prac3ce Vo3ng rights for men and poli3cal par3es Increase salaries for members of parliament Ireland did not receive the same benefits France S3ll figh3ng to decide on the government Fourth Republic established in 1875 which lasts un3l World War II 28
The Na3onal State & Mass Poli3cs Germany German society remains divided acer unifica3on Bismarck retains most of the poli3cal power Kulturkampf Liberal reforms are abandoned acer threat of socialism Bismarck does try to fix problems for workers Bismarck replaced in 1890 29
The Na3onal State & Mass Poli3cs Russia Liberal reforms seen as dangerous and harmful Government is centralized to maintain control Russifica3on 30
1894-1919 MODERNITY AND WAR 31
Things to Remember Na3onalism is used to jus3fy imperialism, which leads to poli3cal rivalries, which leads to war Need for resources and markets leads to imperialism and an arms race New ideas regarding science and philosophy challenge the no3ons of progress associated with the Enlightenment 32
Key Terms abstract art mobiliza3on Bolsheviks Modernism Impressionism na3onaliza3on militarism pogroms 33
Key Terms psychoanalysis Scramble for Africa rela3vity theory self-determina3on repara3ons social Darwinism Schlieffen Plan suffragists 34
Key Terms total war Zionism Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treat of Versailles trench warfare 35
Modern Scien3fic & Ar3s3c Thought Belief that all problems could be solved through applica3on of scien3fic research Challenged by new discoveries Planck s - quantum theory Curies radio ac3vity Einstein Theory of Rela3vity Philosophy ques3ons the usefulness of ra3onal though Nietzsche and existen3alism 36
Modern Scien3fic & Ar3s3c Thought Sigmund Freud develops psychoanalysis Darwin s theories become widely understood Leads to racism Literature reflects Naturalism and lose op3mism Impressionist s art rejects reality Embraces nature but in an emo3onal way Post-impressionism leads to modern art Modern art leads to Cubism and Abstract Art 37
New Direc3ons in Poli3cs Anxiety leads to mul3ple views of government Working class leans to socialism Na3onalists turn to racism Women seek rights and privileges such as vo3ng Emmeline Pankhurst uses violence An3-Semi3sm results from Social Darwinism Starts a push for Zionism 38
New Direc3ons in Poli3cs France pushes for more democracy Dreyfus Affair leads to a change in court systems Russia industrializa3on sparks socialist movements that were forced underground Russia and Japan go to war over expansion Leads to protests which were put down violently Leads to the October Manifesto (civil liber3es) 39
The New Imperialism Governments race for military advantages and pres3ge Fueling sta3ons for coal/diesel fleets Social Darwinism White man s burden Economic need for natural resources 40
The New Imperialism The Scramble for Africa Bri3sh expansion in South Africa leads to the Boar War Berlin Conference divides up the rest of the con3nent 41
The New Imperialism Asia Control of Asia is transferred to the Bri3sh government acer the Sepoy Mu3ny Japan remains isolated but a target for the West Opium Wars lead to increase domina3on of China Leads to the Boxer Rebellion Europeans send 1000s of troops to China which ends the Chinese Empire 42
SeEng the State for War O\o von Bismarck is able to prevent war for a long 3me Decline of the O\oman Empire leads to the Triple Alliance to maintain the balance of power The Kaiser pushes for confronta3on Leads to the development of the Triple Entante Austrian na3onalism leads to tensions in the Balkins 43
The Outbreak of War Na3onal honor is a high priority for European leaders Warfare used to remedy domes3c problems Large armies are created to show strength Archduke Franc Ferdinand Germany encourages Austria to retaliate Na3ons mobilize for war Germany enacts the Schlieffen Plan 44
The Great War All na3ons thought the war would be short Machine gun leads to trench warfare Russia loses 2,000,000 men and no longer are a threat War becomes a stalemate Bri3sh seek the help of Arabia USA joins the war in 1917 Total war is used by governments Women forced to take jobs leading to the right to vote 45
Revolu3on in Russia Dissa3sfac3on with tsarist rule peaked during WWI Tsar replace in 1917 by provisional government Mensheviks vs. Bolsheviks Bolsheviks fight in the civil war Red Army vs. White Army Communists win out and execute dissenters 46
The War Ends Americans turn the 3de of war Kaiser William II abdicates 11/11/18 The new government signs an armis3ce 9,000,000 soldiers die, 22,000,000 wounded Woodrow Wilson asked to help bring peace 14 Points 47
The Treaty of Versailles Britain and France want to hold Germany responsible for the war and pay repara3ons Crea3on of the League of Na3ons Germans are outraged about the terms of the treaty Eastern Europe is reconfigured based on ethnic na3onalism O\oman Empire is dissolved Former lands controlled by Britain and France 48
1919-1945 TURMOIL AND WAR 49
Things to Remember Communism had taken root in the Soviet Union, Germany was infuriated by the Treaty of Versailles, leading to war The years 1919-1945 were marked with op3mism and great disillusionment Tradi3onal codes of behavior are overturned as women and youth sought greater freedom 50
Key Terms Allied powers collec3viza3on appeasement Dawes Plan Axis powers fascism Blitzkrieg Great Depression 51
Key Terms Hiroshima Normandy invasion League of Na3ons Nuremberg Laws Nazis Spanish Civil War New Economic Policy Holocaust 52
Key Terms Stalingrad Weimar Germany Surrealism Yalta totalitarianism Treaty of Locarno 53
A Precarious Peace France insisted that Germany make repara3ons Germany can t pay them France occupies the Ruhr Valley Dawes Plan Kellogg-Briand Pact makes war illegal 54
The Great Depression 1920s is a 3me of tremendous economic growth (except Germany) American Stock Market crases in 1929 Raising American tariffs stall world s economy Unemployment hits all na3ons Most severe in Gemrany 55
Retreat From Democracy European countries embrace totalitarianism to control economies, poli3cs, and social life Fascism takes root in countries who feel humiliated acer WWI 56
Retreat From Democracy Fascist Italy Not taken seriously by other na3ons acer WWI High unemployment Mussolini takes charge of figh3ng communism Violently a\acks opposi3on Fascists march to Rome and seize power in 1922 Fascism never fully implemented in Italy Church, youth, and media 57
Retreat From Democracy Nazi Germany Very weak Weimar Republic Hitler gains popularity in Munich, Nazis 1921 Beer Hall Riots 1923, Hitler goes to jail Writes Mein Kampf German na3onalism, an3-semi3sm, Lebensraum Germany s elite eager to cooperate with Nazis Nazis use an3-communist to a\ract members 58
Retreat From Democracy Nazi Germany (con3nued) Nazis win power in parliament and set up dictatorship in 1934 Government based on Aryan superiority Propaganda gains support Nuremberg Laws and concentra3on camps 59
The Soviet Union New Economic Policy needed to recover from WWI Lenin dies and Trotsky and Stalin fight for power Stalin ins3tutes radical measures to transform USSR into modern state Peasants forced onto farms Property confiscated Secret police 60
The Spanish Civil War Popular Front take control and fight the Spanish military Francisco Franco leads the Spanish military with the help of Germany and Italy Military wins acer civilian deaths Franco becomes dictator of Spain un3l 1975 61
Culture During the Interwar Years Eight-hour workday Common people could be leisurely Radio and Mo3on Pictures Authoritarian governments use this to their advantage Abstract art tries to express chaos of modern life Freud s views make up part of literature 62
The Road to War Hitler determined to conquer Russia and Slavic peoples Bri3sh appeasement tries to prevent war with an aggressive Hitler Hitler scraps the Treaty of Versailles Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland 63
War Germans develop Blitzkrieg Poland is divided between Germany and USSR Germans a\ack Western Europe Final Solu3on imposed Churchill takes control of Bri3sh Ba\le of Britain Hitler invades Northern Africa and the USSR 64
War Pearl Harbor Japan becomes aggressive to its neighbors USA cuts off their oil supply Japan bomb Hawaii which leads to a declara3on of war against Japan Germany declares war on USA three days later 65
War Turning Points Allies suspicious of each other Decide on uncondi3onal surrender Strong demand from home front Bri3sh and American invade Northern Africa Soviets defeat Germany at Stalingrad 66
War Conclusion Normandy Allies close in on Germany from all sides Hitler commits suicide Allies turn their a\en3on to Japan Atomic bombing 67
ACermath 60 million people died Europe is in ruins Yalta Conference set the stage for the Cold War Stalin forbids free elec3ons Iron Curtain is established separa3ng East and West Europe 68
1945 April 30, 2015 THE COLD WAR AND AFTER 69
Things to Remember Eastern and Western Europe were separated as they chose to side with the USA or the Soviet Union Post WWII, Western Europe economy rebounds. Governments embrace welfare programs and decoloniza3on People ques3on the meaning of tradi3onal society. 70
Key Terms Abstract Expressionism Cuban Missile Crises Berlin Air LiC decoloniza3on Berlin Wall détente Brezhnev Doctrine ethnic cleansing 71
Key Terms European Economic Community European Union existen3alism feminism glasnost globaliza3on Iron curtain Korean War 72
Key Terms Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine na3onaliza3on Warsaw Pact NATO welfare state perestroika 73
Cold War Begninnings Post-WWII Eastern Europe Buffer Zone Truman Doctrine Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan West Germany unifies Blockade of Berlin Soviets get the bomb NATO 74
Europe and the Cold War Korean War United Na3ons End of colonialism creates poli3cal voids Pales3nian Ques3on Suez Crises Indian independence NATO 75
The Soviet Union Economic recovery Scien3fic advances Khrushchev s destaliniza3on Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crises Brezhnev Helsinki Agreement of 1975 Invasion of Afghanistan Gorbachev Perestroika and glasnost Yeltsin and the end of the Soviet Union 76
Transi3on of Eastern Europe 1968 Hungary reform movement Communism with a human face Brezhnev Doctrine Polish revolts Collapse of the Berlin Wall Yugoslavia Ethnic cleansing 77
The Revival of Western Europe France and Charles de Gaulle West Germany Chris3an Democra3c governments Social Democra3c governments Guest workers Labour Party of the UK Thatcher and austerity 78
Western European Unity NATO European Coal and Steel Community - 1951 European Economic Community 1957 European Community 1973 European Union 1994 Euro 79
Society and Culture Working classes and wage increases Consumerism Feminism Art and Abstract Expressionism Globaliza3on 80