MIGRATORY OUTLOOK International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico MO01
February 2018 D.R. Centro de Estudios Migratorios/Unidad de Política Migratoria/ Subsecretaría de Población, Migración y Asuntos Religiosos/ Secretaría de Gobernación Versalles 15, piso 2, col. Juárez, delegación Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06600, Ciudad de México For spanish version: Elaboration: Jenny Angel Cruz María Susana Zamora Alarcón Rubén Chávez Cruz Contents review: Roberto Lara Caravantes Luis Felipe Ramos Martínez Editorial coordination: Marconi Cedillo de la Borbolla Editorial care: Juan Góngora Cruz Editorial review: Manuel Camargo Sánchez Editorial design and cover: Laura Jaime Villaseñor Translation: Andrea Santos Zúñiga Jesús Elías García González Total or partial reproduction for non-commercial purposes is allowed, provided that the source is cited. The opinions expressed in this document are the responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Migration Policy Bureau. http://www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx
M I G R A T O R Y O U T L O O K International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico
INTRODUCTION At the dawn of the 21st century, virtually all the countries of the world are directly or indirectly immersed in migration dynamics, whether in the contexts of origin, destination, transit or return of migrants. In 2015, there were just over 243 million international migrants; that is, 3.3% of the world lived in a country other than the one of their birth. The present Migratory Outlook document, International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico, aims to offer a general perspective of international migration. Firstly, the main migration corridors are indicated by countries of origin and destination, as well as the distribution of migrants, according to developed and developing regions. Subsequently, the trends and volumes of migrants in the world are presented among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd) and in Latin America. Finally, in relation to Mexico, the main countries of origin of migrants residing in our country are presented, as well as the main countries of destination of Mexican migrants. It should be noted that information from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, referring to the year 2015, which estimates the volumes of migrants in the world (stocks), was used to integrate all the sections.
6 MIGRATORY OUTLOOK I. MAIN MIGRATION CORRIDORS 1 IN THE WORLD (MIGRATORY STOCK) The Mexico-United States migration corridor is the largest in the world, with 12.1 million Mexican migrants, which represented 97.7% of the total of Mexicans living abroad in 2015. In second place is the migration from India to the United Arab Emirates (3.5 million). On the other hand, Russia is underlined as a country that is immersed in two of the most important migration corridors in Europe and part of Asia, which also are bidirectional: it is those formed by Russia-Ukraine; Ukraine-Russia and Russia-Kazakhstan; Kazakhstan-Russia. The Philippines-United States corridor also stands out for being one of the most distant. Finally, the corridor of the State of Palestine-Jordan maintains a volume superior to the two million migrants; that is, 3 out of 5 Palestinians migrate to that country. U.S. MEXICO HONDURAS GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR MAP 1. MAIN MIGRATION CORRIDORS IN THE WORLD BY COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION, 2015 1 Some international organizations (such as the World Bank and the International Organization for Migration [iom], among others), when referring to migration corridors, allude to the transfer of volumes of migrants, either between countries (country of origin-country of destination) or between regions (region of origin region of destination). For the purposes of this document, we will understand as a migration corridor the transfer of the stock of migrants from a country of origin to a country of destination, with the exception of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, which are grouped in the Northern Triangle of Central America (ntc).
International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico 7 UKRAINE RUSSIA TURKEY POLAND GERMANY UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN PALESTINE SYRIAN JORDAN IRAN TURKEY SYRIAN PALESTINE IRAN JORDAN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AFGANISTAN INDIA CHINA BANGLADESH HONG KONG UNITED ARAB EMIRATES PHILIPPINES Origin and destination * Includes Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador. ** Hong Kong: special administrative region of China. Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015. Origin Mexico India Russia Ukraine Bangladesh Northen Triangle of CA* Kazakhstan Russia Afganistan China State of Palestine Poland Philippinas Turkey Syrian Arab Republic Destination U.S. United Arab Emirates Ukraine Russia India U.S. Russia Kazakhstan Iran Hong Kong** Jordan Germany U.S. Germany Turkey Migrants (stock millions) 12.1 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 Proportion with respect to total migrants 97.7% 22.5% 31.0% 56.1% 44.0% 86.7% 62.8% 22.2% 48.5% 24.2% 60.3% 43.4% 35.7% 53.2% 31.3%
8 MIGRATORY OUTLOOK II. DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRANTS IN THE WORLD Almost 3 out of 5 international migrants (57.6%) are in a country that is part of the developed regions of the world, 2 Europe (31.2%) and Asia (30.8%) are the main recipients of international migration, followed by the North American region (22.4 percent). In contrast, Africa (8.5%), Latin America and the Caribbean (3.8%) and Oceania (3.3%) are the regions with the lowest reception of international migration. FIGURE 1. DISTRIBUTION, OF MIGRANTS IN THE WORLD, ACCORDING TO MAIN REGIONS OF DESTINATION, 2015 42.4% Developing regions R E G I O N S 31.2% 30.8% 22.4% 8.5% 3.8% 3.3% EUROPE ASIA NORTH AMERICA* AFRICA LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN OCEANIA 57.6% Developed regions 2 According to the United Nations Organization (un), the developed regions are Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand and Japan, while the developing regions include all regions of Africa, Asia (except Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. N = 243 700 (thousands). * Includes the United States, Canada, the Bermuda Islands, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico 9 III. MAIN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF MIGRANTS The three countries with the highest number of emigrants in the world are India (15.6 million), Mexico (12.3 million) and Russia (10.6 million). Our country also occupies the first position among oecd member countries and in Latin America. Among the oecd countries, the United Kingdom (4.9 million) is in a distant second place, while in the Latin American region, the Northern Triangle of Central America (3.1 million) and Colombia (2.6 million) occupy the second and the third positions, respectively. Country of origin Russia W O R L D O E C D L A T I N A M E R I C A Total emigrant 10 576 766 Absolutes (millions) India 15 575 724 15.6 Mexico 12 339 062 12.3 10.6 Country of origin Mexico 12 339 062 12.3 United Kingdom Total Absolutes emigrant (millions) 4 917 460 4.9 Poland 4 449 789 4.4 Country of origin Mexico 12 339 062 12.3 Northen Triangle of CA* Total Absolutes emigrant (millions) 3 102 195 3.1 Colombia 2 638 852 2.6 China 9 546 065 9.5 Germany 4 045 411 4.0 Puerto Rico 1 768 384 1.8 Bangladesh 7 205 410 7.2 Turkey 3 114 471 3.1 Brazil 1 544 024 1.5 10.6 Main countries of origin of migrants in the world 4.9 4.0 4.4 Main countries of origin of migrants in the oecd 3.1 9.5 Main countries of origin of migrants in Latin America 12.3 3.1 2.6 1.8 15.6 7.2 MAP 2. MAIN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF MIGRANTS (STOCK) IN THE WORLD, IN MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE oecd AND LATIN AMERICA, 2015 (MILLIONS) 1.5 * The Northern Triangle of Central America includes Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Note: Mexico appears in all three categories. Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
10 MIGRATORY OUTLOOK IV. MAIN COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION OF MIGRANTS Country of destination U.S. Germany 12 005 690 Russia Saudi Arabia Arab Emirates W O R L D O E C D L A T I N A M E R I C A Total Absolutes immigrant (millions) 46 627 102 46.6 U.S. 46 627 102 46.6 12.0 11 643 276 11.6 Total immigrant Germany 12 005 690 12.0 United Kingdom Total immigrant 8 543 120 10 185 945 10.2 Canada 7 835 502 Absolutes (millions) 8.5 7.8 8 095 126 8.1 France 7 784 418 7.8 Total immigrant Argentina Venezuela 1 404 448 Mexico Brazil Chile Total immigrant 2 086 302 1 193 155 713 568 469 436 Absolutes (millions) 2.1 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.5 The United States (46.6 million), Germany (12.0 million) and Russia (11.6 million) are the main recipients of immigrants worldwide, while among member countries of the oecd, the United Kingdom is in third place (8.5 million), after of the United States and Germany. On the other hand, the Latin American region presents a much more moderate immigration dynamic: Argentina is the main destination country for migrants (2.1 million), followed by Venezuela (1.4 million) and Mexico (1.2 million), the latter with a modest immigration dynamic within the framework of oecd countries. 7.8 11.6 Main receiving countries of migrants in the world Main receiving countries of migrants in the oecd Main receiving countries of migrants in Latin America 46.6 1.2 8.5 12.0 7.8 10.2 8.1 1.4 MAP 3. MAIN COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION OF MIGRANT (STOCK) IN THE WORLD, IN MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE ocde AND LATIN AMERICA, 2015 (MILLIONS) 0.5 2.1 0.7 Note: United States and Germany appear in two categories. Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico 11 Regarding countries with the largest migrant (migrant stock), the United States stands out (see Figure 2), a country that, by far, surpasses all others. However, proportionally, immigrants represent 14.5% of its total. On the other hand, the cases of the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Jordan draw attention, since the born in another country represents 88.4, 73.6 and 41.0% of their total, respectively. That is, they are countries where at least 2 out of every 5 people were born outside their territory. M A I N C O U N T R I E S O F D E S T I N A T I O N With respect to the United Arab Emirates, it is possible that this phenomenon is due to the temporary work policies implemented by this Arab country, which have attracted a significant number of foreign workers. FIGURE 2. MAIN COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD WITH FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION, 2015 (MILLIONS AND PROPORTIONS) Millions of people (stock) U. S. G E R M A N Y R U S S I A S A U D I A R A B I A C A N A D A F R A N C E 46.6 12.0 11.6 10.2 8.5 8.1 7.8 7.8 14.5 14.9 8.1 32.3 13.2 88.4 21.8 12.1 U N I T E D K I N G D O M A N D N O R T H E N I R E L A N D U N I T E D A R A B E M I R A T E S A U S T R A L I A 6.8 28.2 S P A I N 5.9 12.7 I T A L Y 5.8 9.7 I N D I A 5.2 0.4 U K R A I N E 4.8 10.8 T H A I L A N D 3.9 5.8 P A K I S T A N 3.6 1.9 K A Z A K H S T A N 3.5 20.1 J O R D A N 3.1 41.0 T U R K E Y 3.0 3.8 K U W A I T 2.9 73.6 H O N G K O N G* 2.8 38.9 % Proportion with respect to the total * Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China. Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
12 MIGRATORY OUTLOOK As for member countries of the oecd and the proportion they represent with respect to their total, Luxembourg stands out, where for every 100 inhabitants, 44 are international migrants. For its part, Mexico maintains a modest number of people born in another country (1.2 million), which represents just under 1% of its total, which makes it the country with the lowest proportion of born in another country within the oecd. Millions of people (stock) FIGURE 3. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION RESIDENT IN MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE oecd, 2015 (MILLIONS AND PROPORTIONS) U. S. 46.6 14.5 G E R M A N Y 12.0 14.9 U N I T E D K I N G D O M 8.5 13.2 F R A N C E C A N A D A 7.8 7.8 12.1 21.8 A U S T R A L I A 6.8 28.2 S P A I N 5.9 12.7 I T A L Y 5.8 9.7 T U R K E Y 3.0 3.8 S W I T Z E R L A N D 2.4 29.4 J A P A N 2.0 1.6 I S R A E L 2.0 24.9 H O L L A N D 2.0 11.7 S W E D E N 1.6 16.8 A U S T R I A 1.5 17.5 B E L G I U M 1.4 12.3 K O R E A 1.3 2.6 M E X I C O 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 G R E E C E 11.3 N E W Z E A L A N D 23.0 P O R T U G A L 0.8 8.1 I R E L A N D 0.7 15.9 N O R W A Y 0.7 14.2 P O L A N D 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.6 D E N M A R K 10.1 C H I L E 2.6 H U N G A R Y 4.6 C Z E C H R E P U B L I C 3.8 F I N L A N D 5.7 S L O V E N I A 0.2 11.4 L U X E M B O U R G 0.2 44.0 E S T O N I A 0.2 15.4 S L O V A K I A 0.2 3.3 I C E L A N D 0.0 11.4 % Proportion with respect to the total Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico 13 FIGURE 4. MAIN COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA WITH FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION, 2015 (MILLIONS AND PROPORTIONS) With regard to the Latin American region, Costa Rica (8.8%) and Puerto Rico 3 (7.5%) are the countries with the highest proportion of born in another country; that is, there is a ratio of almost 9 born abroad for every 100 inhabitants in the first and of 8 out of 100 inhabitants in the second. S E L E C T E D C O U N T R I E S O F L A T I N A M E R I C A Millions of people (stock) 2.1 4.8 A R G E N T I N A 1.4 4.5 V E N E Z U E L A M E X I C O 1.2 0.9 B R A Z I L 0.7 0.3 C H I L E 0.5 2.6 C O S T A R I C A 0.4 8.8 D O M I N I C A N R E P U B L I C 0.4 3.9 E C U A D O R 0.4 2.4 P U E R T O R I C O 0.3 7.5 P A N A M A 0.2 4.7 % Proportion with respect to the total Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015. 3 Puerto Rico is an unincorporated US territory with self-government status.
14 MIGRATORY OUTLOOK IV. MEXICO AS A COUNTRY OF DESTINATION OF MIGRANTS There are just over one million of born in another country residing in Mexico, of which approximately three out of four (73.5%) come from the United States of America. This could be explained by vicinity and by migratory tradition to that country. 4 In a lesser extent, Guatemala (4.5%) and Spain (2.3%) are other countries of origin of born in another country resident in Mexico. I M M I G R A T I O N T O W A R D S M E X I C O, M A I N C O U N T R I E S O F O R I G I N, 2 0 1 5 TOTAL 1 193 155 100.0% U.S. Guatemala Colombia Cuba 876 528 53 128 20 135 17 653 73.5% 4.5% Spain 26 909 2.3% 1.7% Argentina 18 728 1.6% 1.5% Venezuela 15 959 1.3% Honduras 15 027 1.3% Canada 14 121 1.2% France 11 903 1.0% Other 123 064 10.3% MAP 4. MAIN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF MIGRANTS IN MEXICO, 2015 (MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND PROPORTIONS) 4 A significant number of these Americans are, in reality, Mexicans born abroad; that is, they are people born outside of Mexico but of Mexican parents. Just over 82% of the born in the United States residing in Mexico has Mexican ancestry (Conapo-upm, 2015, page 119). Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
International migration: global trends and dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico 15 V. MAIN COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION OF MEXICANS MIGRANTS In the context of Mexican emigration, the United States is the main destination for Mexicans abroad: just over 9 out of 10 Mexican migrants reside in that country. Followed, in a remote position, by Canada (0.8%), Spain (0.4%), Germany (0.1%) and Guatemala (0.1%). M A I N C O U N T R I E S O F D E S T I N A T I O N O F M E X I C A N S, 2 0 1 5 TOTAL 12 339 062 100.0% U.S Canada Germany Guatemala 17 540 0.1% France 12 580 0.1% Bolivia 12 050 031 93 557 18 268 9 522 97.7% 0.8% Spain 46 867 0.4% 0.1% United Kingdom 10 502 0.1% 0.1% Italy 8 827 0.1% Switzerland 6 605 0.1% Otro 64 763 0.5% MAP 5. MAIN COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION OF MEXICAN MIGRANTS, 2015 (MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND PROPORTIONS) Source: Migration Policy Bureau, Segob, based on data from the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (desa) of United Nations, 2015.
R E F E R E N C E S National Population Council-Migration Policy Bureau (coeds.) (2015). Compendium on international mobility and migration. Dimensions of the phenomenon in Mexico. Mexico: Co-publishers. Available at http://www.politicamigratoria.gob.mx/work/models/segob/ Resource/2801/1/images/Prontuario%20sobre%20movilidad%20 y%20migraci%c3%83%c2%b3n%20internacional.pdf United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2015). Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/ Rev.2015).
This document was produced with statistics generated by the Population Division of the United Nations, in the Center for Migration Studies of the Migration Policy Bureau (upm) of the Secretariat of Government. The information was analyzed by the Research for Public Policies Department and it was formed in the Publications and Dissemination Department of the upm. Total or partial reproduction for non-commercial purposes is allowed, provided that the source is cited. Any comments regarding the document please contact 5128 0000, ext. 33939 February 2018