Univesity of Windso Scholaship at UWindso Majo Papes 1988 Study in Uban Geogaphy: An Evaluation of Economic and ndustial Development in Windso Mak G. Bocchini Follow this and additional woks at: https://schola.uwindso.ca/majo-papes Pat of the Geogaphy Commons Recommended Citation Bocchini, Mak G., "Study in Uban Geogaphy: An Evaluation of Economic and ndustial Development in Windso" (1988). Majo Papes. 8. https://schola.uwindso.ca/majo-papes/8 This is bought to you fo fee and open access by Scholaship at UWindso. t has been accepted fo inclusion in Majo Papes by an authoized administato of Scholaship at UWindso. Fo moe infomation, please contact scholaship@uwindso.ca.
A STUDY N URBAN GEOGRAPHY AN EVALUATON OF ECONOMC AND NDUSTRAL DEVELOPMENT N WNDSOR 1945-1987 BY MARK G. BOCCHN UNVERSTY OF WNDSOR 1988 MAP LBRARY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY UtU.tJERSlTY Of WXNOSOR.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the outset of this thesis would like to thank the people involved fo thee time, and effot. Fist of all, an MacLachlan fo his valuable input, and toleance duing tying times. Secondly, Ron Welsh fo his catogaphic contibutions. People in the Municipal Achives at both the Univesity of Windso, and the Windso Public Libay, wee vey helpful in assisting me to locate infomation. A special thanks must be extended to Roman Dzus, Windso's Deputy Development Commissione, who set aside some valuable time to answe my questions. would also like to thank my paents, who had to deal with the mess and my fustation. Lastly, thanks must be given to the othe two thids of the Thee Amigos, and to Godon Shumway, fo the comic elief they povided was a equied ingedient in the completion of this thesis. n the wods of an unknown philosophe, wods which give life its meaning, "P.D.L. Rocks"
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ntoduction 2. Data Souces 3. Review of Liteatue National ndustial Policy Povincial ndustial Policy Municipal Level ndustial Policy Development in the ndustial Secto Development in Windso 4. A Bief Histoy of Windso 5. The Restuctuing of Development Policies 1945-1959 Summay 1945-1959 6. Changing deologies and Unavoidable Gowth 1960-1969 Summay 1960-1969 7. Efficiency Within the Uban Stuctue and Pusuing Foeign nvestments 1970-1979 Summay 1970-1979 page 1 5 7 8 10 12 13 14 16 19 27 29 34 35 44 8. Global Maketing Stategies and Domestic Govenment Assistance 1980-1987 46 Summay 1980-1987 58 9. Refeences 59
LST OF FGURES FGURE 1 FGURE 2 FGURE 3 Relative Position of Geate Windso in Noth Ameica Stuctual Change in Windso's Labou Foce 1941-1981 Aeas of Competitive Advantage fo Windso United States Business page 2 38 47 FGURE 4 nvestment in Manufactuing in Windso 1969-1980 49 LST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Employment in the Automobile ndusty 1950-1984 23 TABLE 2 Windso's Assets and Liabilities as Defined by the Battelle Memoial nstitute 30 i. ~
Chapte 1 NTRODUCTON Windso is the southen most city in Canada. located within the "coe aea" of Noth Ameica. Windso is This coe aea consists of some 360,000squae miles of teitoy in Noth Ameica (Figue 1). n 1958 this aea contained 6.9 pecent of the aggegate land aea, 47.7 pecent of the combined population, and 70.8 pecent of the total industial employment, (Battelle Memoial nstitute, 1958 p.14). Since the inauguation of Windso, development has been affected mostly by the manufactuing secto. The apid gowth of the manufactuing secto had city leades gloating duing these peiods. Howeve these cyclic peaks ae followed by valleys. Declines in the economy although unpedictable ae inevitable. Since this is fact, community leades in Windso wee foced to make a decision petaining to the gowth of Windso via a plan fo contolled long tem economic development. Uban gowth has occued in Windso in the past fo thee easons; "its site is on the cossing of two impotant land and wate tanspotation outes; it happens to lie contiguous to one of the geat industial centes of the United States with which it could not fom a political o industial unit; lastly, taiff L estictions and impeial pefeance have encouaged United States automobile manufactues to constuct Canadian plants within the city."(special City Planning Commity Repot, 1947, p.17). 1
Figue. Relative Position of Geate Windso in Noth Ameica 2.. and Canada 0. miles 800 Souce: BM p.l5
The poximity of Windso to Detoit will theefoe, continue to be an undiminished facto in Windso's development. Municipalities situated on the bode have no influence what so eve ove intenational tade policies. Although, Windso does have contol and influence ove the development of its site's advantages. Fom 1945 to 1987, conditions fo uban development appeaed to escalate moe favouably than befoe this peiod. This can patially be attibuted to moe elaxed intenational tade policies. "The ability of the city of Windso to plan and contol its own healthy development is a facto of gowth which is likely to ise to new and geate impotance," (Special City Planning Committee Repot 1963, p.l1). Though the 1950's, 1960's and 1970's, majo gowth ocued in the automotive industy. At known points in time, as the economy fluctuated so did economic gowth. Duing the apex, thee is positive development. When thee is a downswing, economic development is affected. Although development can still occu duing a ~cession, it tends to be at a deceleated ate. Gowth and change of cities and towns has always been of geat inteest to geogaphes. Gowth of municipalities vaies widely with the type of uban aeas themselves and thei geogaphic location. Many vaiables come togethe to fom the cities we have today. These vaiables can be govenment influence, technology, natual esouces, climate, and physiogaphy. This thesis will assess economic development policies of the city of Windso. Pimay concen will be given to sectoal divesification policy, new aggessive policy, and
inta-manufactuing divesification.
4 Chapte 2 DATA SOURCES nfomation egading Histoical data, and policy delibeations, was obtained though a vaiety of souces. Statistics canada, contained infomation petinent to industial employment within a city. The Windso Essex County Development Commission and its pedecesso, the Geate Windso ndustial Commission, pinted annual infomation booklets which gave a moe accuate account of the wokings of the vaious boads within Windso. nteviews, ae a souce of a wide vaiety of infomation which is quite oiginal. An inteview was conducted with Roman Dzus, Windso's Deputy Economic Development Commissione. The infomation obtained was bette than eading data pinted in publications as it is qualitatively diffeent. nteviews ae moe pesonal and one can undestand this type of infomation bette, when answes ae given to specific questions. Windso's Municipal Achives wee also utilized, and found to be a valuable souce of infomation. The infomation povided by the Achive Depatments at the Univesity of Windso, and the Windso Public Libay, gave an account of pocedues, and objectives within City Council, and many othe boads and commissions, whose esponsibility it is to assist in the development of the city. Along with the above infomation pesonalities and ideologies of the membes of these boads was also povided. The Sta Weekly, and The Windso Sta, also evealed infomation on development within Windso. Old news pape
6. aticles wee located within the achives of the Windso Chambe of Commece.
Chapte 3 REVEW OF LTERATURE The tem 'economic development' is a notoiously difficult tem to define. Economic development is the incease ove a peiod of time in the poduction of goods and sevices and the capacity to poduce goods and sevices. t is one of the pincipal goals of vitually all moden societies, since it is consideed necessay to incease the size of the economic pie, if the standad of living in the wold is to be aised, (Cane, 1980). A majo component of this type of development concens industy. The industial secto in many communities is what compises the bulk of total employment. f the industial secto is in a.gowth peiod, its development can become self-einfocing. Howeve if the industial secto is in eccession, policy makes within the community must adjust o ceate new policies to meet the new needs of the city. This study will show the impotance of the decision making pocess at the municipal level of govenment, and will also pobe the assumptions, ideologies, and policies undelying economic planning in the Windso metopolitan aea. Along with Windso, attention will also be given to Fedeal and Povincial policies to national and egional economic development.
8. NATONAL NDUSTRAL POLCY The Canadian constitution does not designate authoity to any level of govenment concening who is to make decisions petaining to economic development, (Ransome,1971). Fedeal industial policy is devoted to helping Canada mold togethe, to encouage gowth and bing economically depived aeas into an equillibium with moe pospeous egions. This involves binging these dispaate egions of Canada to co-exist popotionally with othe developing egions in Canada. These indigent aeas possess unattactive economic indicatos which eveal pesent and past conditions. Since these economic indicatos appea as black maks to potential investos, and theefoe a chance fo development would appea unlikely The suppot fo divegent economic gowth and empeical evidence of dispaities in Canada, combined with a fedeal commitment to stiking an impoved egional balance, all lend suppot to some fom of fedeal ole in the economic development pocess. This ole is filled pimaily by the ndustial Regional Development Pogam (RDP), which was fomed in 1983. Befoe commencment of the RDP, the ole of fedeal govenment took on seveal foms, with a main focus on the ~elatively dispaate peiphey in Canada. Lande and Hecht (1980), found that the impetus fo a egional development pogam at the fedeal level might deive lagely fom the need to instill in all the povinces a sense of belonging and
9. paticipation in the mainsteam of economic life. To speed up the economic development pocess, by eliminating egionally uneven social, and economic development, it seems impaative to povide fo centalization of economic and political powes on which a nationally unified policy and action may be based. (Cash, 1984). At the fedeal level many pogams wee odained with the specific goal of ejuvenating aeas of slow o non-existant! economic development. n 1963, the Aea Development Agency (ADA), wa~ a~tabli~hrd. ContainRd within thr DRpatmant ot ndusty, it was to povide to manufactues and poccessos incentives to locate o expand facilities in designated aeas of high unemployment. "Economic development incentives available fom the Depatment of ndusty wee alteed in 1965 with the intoduction of the Aea Development ncentives Act (ADA). The Depatment's Agency could now povide cash gants instead of tax consessions to fims located in, o willing to locate in, designated aeas. These gants wee exempt fom fedeal tax and did not affect capital cost depiciation. Acceleated capital cost allowances wee also available in designated aeas unde the ADA." (Cash, 1983,p.9) "The esponsibility fo the peiphey was tansfeed to the newly ceated Depatment of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE) in 1969. The DREE was to, among othe things, administe the new Regional Development ncentives Act (RDA), also ceated in 1969 to eplace the ADA legislation (Cash, 1984,p.10). Realizing the need fo industial expansion, and development
10. in dispaate egions, was one of the easons the Depatment of ndusty meged with the Depatment of Tade and Commece in 1969, foming the Depatment of ndusty Tade and Commece (DTC). This new depatment was pimaily geaed to the needs of industial cental Canada, whee industial efficiency could be maximized. The DTC and the DREE coalesced into a single domain called the Depatment of Regional ndustial Expansion (DRE). The fomal stuctue of the DRE was not instigated until 1983. "When the DRE was fomed it was given a clea mandate to; a) stimulate national economic gowth; b) educe egional dispaities though lage leveage of investment; c) pomote industial development and tade; and d) enhance the competitiveness of Canadian industy in wold makets." (Cash, 1984,p.l7). PROVNCAL NDUSTRAL POLCY Despite the,constitutional assignment of powe poblem the povinces have taken a keen inteest in activities ~enteed aound economic development. The agument that economic development should be unde Povincial juisdiction, is theefoe an aguement fo total povincial contol. Getle (1972) agues that the majo economic poblem in Canada is its dependence on the pimay esouce industies and this poblem is mostly felt ~t the povincial level. The povince itself has a bette undestanding of the influence paticula industies have on the povince. Theefoe, inta-povincial dispaities call fo povincial contol.
Anothe agument fo povincial contol of egional 1 1 development could be called the "fiscal powe agument". Povinces as a goup, ae becoming fiscally moe impotant. Thee is a new economic self-awaeness on the pat of all povinces, and an acute desie on the pat of the have-not povinces to achieve economic and social standads equivalent to the iche povinces, (Lithwick, 1967). Povincial contol "allows egional vaiation to pevail against the centalizing tendencies eminating fom the capital whee fedealism povides an additional souce of juisdiction wangling which can be highly counte-podutive, 11 (Walke, 1980,p.129). ndustial policy has continually become the focus of inceased public and pofessional inteest. Thee has been a wide vaiety of industial policies in all povinces, not just Ontaio. Some of the policies ae aimed at adjusting the wokings of the maket, while othes wee moe aggessive in that they wee designed to influence industial development diectly, (Davenpot et.al.1982 p.13). The Ontaio govenment has fou majo policy fields; social development, esouce development, justice, and geneal govenment. Host of the pogams that can be identified with industial assistance fall unde the categoy of esouce development. The Employment Development Fund was established in 1979. The main objective of this fund was to stimulate gowth of employment, and industial development in Ontaio on a long-tem basis. Honey fom this fund was spead ove many industies which included; the automotive industy, and pulp and pape.
0{4J"",n' -~~ JB------ --- - - -----------------111111 12. Funding fom the pogam not only ceated jobs but also inceased investments in these sectos, (Davenpot P. et.al 1982.p.17) Duing the 1970's the Govenment of Ontaio began to develop an industial stategy. n 1981, the fomation of the Boad of ndustial Leadeship and Development (BLD) esulted. The esponsibilities of the BLD was "to consolidate and co-odinate the Govenment's total economic development effot, to povide a focus fo economic liason with the fedeal govenment and othe concened inteests, and to ensue maximum paticipation and suppot fo Ontaio's development initiatives," (Davenpot P., et.al.1982. p.l8). The BLD was composed of six themes which wee consideed pioities: electicity, tanpotation, esouces, technology, people, and communities. Within the BLD pogam it was announced that the Taining n Business and ndusty pogam would be expanded. This would allow fims to etain employees whose skills have been made edundant due to changes in technology, theeby educing layoffs, (Davenpot P., et. a1.1982. p.18). MUNCPAL LEVEL NDUSTRAL POLCY At the municipal level, the powes of govenment change once again. The ealization of a need fo economic development by leades of a community is the fist initiating step in the development pocess. Economic development is vital to any administation, theefoe it is not supising that economic development is of geat inteest to political epesentatives as
well as those with a pofessional inteest. Any given site can be a poduct, the value of which is detemined by its potential 13. uses, (Walke, 1980). Theefoe as Walke epots, the chaacteistic of specific hieachical elationships in a county ae theefoe clealy of fundamental impotance in poviding the ~ famewok fo industial development oppotunities. Planning fo a city such as Windso is focused aound a bette design and aangement and ciculation of people, and functions fo a bette-looking and moe efficiently woking society (Ransome, 1971). f cities gow as uncontolled gowth clustes of people, thee is little thought given to the ate of consumption of open space, be it agicultual o eceational. This lack of planning might possibly ceate gowth but the long un esult could be hamful to the population's lifestyle DEVELOPMENT N THE NDUSTRAL SECTOR The geogaphy, and size of a city will geneally influence the kind of industial oganization equied. A fim esouce base, both human and financial, and the skills these people possess, ae majo factos in the industial development pocess. n essence, the basic goal of the development institution will be to help the city advance economically (Kayno and Schultz, 1973). Fo economic gowth in the industial secto, a positive climate fo local, national and possibly intenational investment should be ceated. Poblems in foeign economies could be a taget maket fo possible development of companies on domestic. u H,
J ~! popeties (Goodman, 1979). Accoding to Kayno and Schultz, (1973,p.3), when implementing industial development in an uban plan, many objectives must be consideed. They ae as follows: "a) The specific objectives of the pogam b) The scientific cicumstances unde which the pogam will function, c) The degee to which the pogam will be "active" o "suppoting" in natue, d) The need to achieve th~ geatest cost-effectiveness in tems of esouses (financial and human), e) The question of who specifically is to benefit fom the pogam." Once these questions ae answeed, othe questions aise such as: What industies ae to be ceated o expanded? What is the ode o pioity to the ci~y? ndustial development is impotant to sustain economic and population gowth in both the basic and indiectly to the non-bsaic sevices and consume goods sectos of egional economics. DEVELOPMENT N WNDSOR i Duing the 1950's, apid development of the Toonto-Honteal coido was somewhat at the expense of the city of Windso, (Ci~y of Windso, 1975). The city of Windso also epoted that. ' many industies left Windso fo locations at o between these makets. This peiod was offset by apid gowth of industy that took place in Windso duing the 1960's. The apid gowth in the
automotive secto, could be attibuted to the beginnings of the 15. Auto Pact. The development of the big thee auto companies led to pospeous times fo Windso. Ove time, the dominance of these companies began to be questioned. As a esult of majo dependence on the auto industy, the ecession of the ealy 1980's hit Windso had. n an aticle in The Windso Sta (1987), Williamson and Bannin found that an uncetain futue fo the Noth Ameican auto industy could mean the loss of 8000 jobs in Windso by 2000. An industy such as the automobile industy, has many diect and indiect jobs. A loss of 3500 tansmission plant jobs alone epesent about 4700 othe auto elated jobs that would also be gone hee and in othe cities. t would mean a devastating loss of income. Windso with 8000 fewe auto elated jobs would see about $220 million a yea gone fom the local economy. With figues such as these, industial policies must change, and development and divesification ae essential to Windso's long un economic welfae.
Chapte 4 A BREF HSTORY OF DEVELOPMENT N WNDSOR 1854-1945 n the nineteenth centuy the foundation of gowth in Windso was pimaily industial. Until the aival of the ailways in 1854, Windso was not even incopoated as a village. Thee yeas following, Windso was then incopoated as a town, and became a city in 1892. Between the establishment of the ailways, and the fist United States banch factoy in Windso in 1904 fo the poduction of automobiles, the population of Windso gew fom unde eight-hunded to appoximately sixteen-thousand. The population in neighbouing communities of Sandwich, and Walkeville, ose to about five-thousand by 1908. At this time, employment of these people wee most numeous in distilling, funitue making, ion woking, and a sevicing tade which cateed to a small, but fetile agicultual egion. Acoss the ive, Detoit had gown dispopotionately to Windso and it had developed a geate maket demand fo its industial poducts. With the development of ailways playing such a majo ole, Detoit's maket became immeasuably geate than the maket that was open to Windso made poducts. A majo component of this distotion can be contibuted to the ~anadian-united States taif baie and the political bode. Windso's advantage of being located adjacent to this lage maket, and situated on two impotant land and wate outes, used fo obtaining aw mateials and distibuting finished poducts, 16.
was almost entiely bound. 17. The detemination of the canadian Govenment to bing the county togethe led to mass immigation, and industialization that was definitely an advantage to Windso and bode aea. By 1928, 104 out of 232 industial concens in Windso wee United States affiliates accounting fo 71 pecent of all employment, (Windso Chambe of Commece, 1952). n the fist yea of the Fod Moto Company of Canada Limited a staff of 17 assembled 117 cas in 1904. To some extent this disadvantage was lessened in 1907 when a Bitish Pefeential Taif was set up favouing the poducts of Canadian factoies ove those of the United States. With a less stict taif, and Canada gowing as a whole, a lage maket which was once closed to the poducts of Detoit, became available to the poducts of Windso. n 1950, 15,039 employees assembled 129,026 passenge cas and tucks. Duing tbis time peiod output pe peson ose by only 25 pecent while employees and automobile output ose damatically. On the positive side employment was up and unemployment down, and Windso was boasting its geat economic achievments. n 1927, 15,000 Windso esidents wee employed in Detoit. The population of Windso, East Windso, Sandwich, and Walkeville ose fom a total of 20,780 in 1908 to a total of 105,200 in 1928. As the auto industy expanded, this gowth could be attibuted to employment offeed by the automotive industy. nitially the gowth peiod fom 1901 to 1930 set up unealistic expectations of continued gowth and pospeity. With the ecession of 1929, the poduct of automobile sales declined enomously. Windso and its suounding municipalities to all
~. ;, ~ :,' 18. intents and puposes wee, as a whole, one community in eveything except municipal govenment. As poblems that sufaced duing the depession yeas escalated, and the economy began to eode, many felt the need fo one govenment woking collectively fo the benefit of the community. This led to the amalgamation of the Bode Cities including East Windso, Walkeville, Windso, and Sandwich. The depession also foced the United States govenment to place estictions on non-ameicans employed in the United States. This ultimately esulted in appoximately 13,000 people leaving the city between 1930 and 1933. Due to deceased poduction of automobiles, and deceased demand fo steel poducts Hamilton, and Windso wee ivals fo the dubious honou of having the highest industial unemployment index in Canada, (Boad of Contol, 1954). Howeve by 1935 Windso was Windso was again beginning to gow economically. The incidence of wa caused Windso to gow even faste "so tnat by 1943, taking 100 as the "nomal", the index of gowth fo Windso was 305.6, by fa the highest in the Dominion," (Windso Chambe of Commece, 1944, p.78).
Chapte 5 THE RESTRUCTURNG OF DEVELOPMENT POLCES 1945-1959 The City Planning Committee stated in the ealy 1940's, that poblems in city planning in Windso wee intimately elated to the suounding aea's simila poblems. Some of these poblems wee puely local and should have been dealt with unde the authoization of local council. Howeve if evey municipality outside Windso developed its own economic development plan without egad fo the needs o desies of adjoining municipalities o the best inteests of the entie bode aea, it would be pactically impossible to wok out a maste plan. This would continue to be a poblem even assuming all local communities would implement thei plans simultaneously. On 3, July 1944, City Council along with the Windso Utilities Commission decided that a committee on city planning be appointed. The City Planning Committee felt that Windso should wok with the entie bode aea. This would be essential in oganizing all small communities, so each would be awae of its pat within the oveall plan. Once this was established, the City Planning Committee epoted that evey local municipality should appoint a local planning boad with complete authoity in its own aea. Theefoe each aea would be included in the plan, and designing individual planning boads would allow Windso to act on its own. This, thefoe would allow Windso to act as it 19.
20. saw fit, and not be held back by slowe moving communities. Thee would be established, in co-opeation with adjacent municipalities, a pemanent Metopolitan Planning Commission. This commission would have contol ove development beyond city limits. They would seek legislation pemitting immediate tempoay contol to be execised by the Ontaio Municipal Boad o othe independent authoities ove ual development. This would take effect in paticula zones as defined by the commission when voluntay co-opeative action was not deemed possible. Staging of new developments would be contolled in pat though a zoning by-law. A by-law of this fom would be an application of "holding" zone egulations. This type of egulation enfoces that development must be halted until a decision could be handed down by a highe authoity. On 2, Januay, 1945, an ageement between the Copoation of the City of Windso, Windso Utilities Commission and Town Planning Consultants Limited was submitted by the City Solicito. This ageement would povide employment to Town Planning Consultants Limited, allowing them to pepae a maste plan fo the City of Windso. With implementing this plan, Windso was then involved in a full scale industial plan. Fo the next ten yeas Windso would designate land to accommodate development. An aea bound by Walke Road on the west would have paticula estictions to.which constuction must adhee. Howeve the Building Commissione was of the opinion that the industial aea affected by such egulations should be designated as a special zone. A "special zone" would consist of a by-law which would come into effect if
21. thee was a conflict between two egulations and what is best fo the city of Windso. Planning was peviously a powe of the Windso Utilities Commission. Since this commission was an elected body and not a epesentative one, pehaps acting in the best inteest of the city was at stake. Thefoe, legislation was attained to teminate the powes of the commission with egad to planning. Both this and the impotance of co-opeation of evey.facet of the community was a giant step towads an efficient plan. "The new boad would be made up of epesentative citizens familia with basic poblems of the city, and inteested in impovement, geneally of living, and woking conditions, fom the physical point of view"(special City Planning Community Repot 1945, p.23). Upon completion of thei analyses, and Town Planning Consultants Limited final epot, the commission felt that educing unemployment should be a pimay concen fo thei new maste plan. On 1, Febuay, 1947, the Windso Employment Advisoy Committee was fomed. ts fist meeting was held 5, Febuay, and unemployment was at 5600. On 12, Febuay, M. Shae fom Toonto was appointed ndustial Commissione. M. Shae's main duties consisted of binging new industy to Windso while also tying to lowe unemployment. M. Shae's fist endeavou was to encouage Windso esidents to be absobed into the labou foce. As the figues eveal it woked. Fom 6, Febuay, to 2S, Febuay, unemployment declined by 1400. This esulted fom a eduction in ovetime and hiing of pat-time wokes, by employes to fill the ovetime
loss. By 19 Mach, unemployment was educed even futhe to 3400. Although the city was willing to change the land use of 22. cetain aeas, thee was a poblem of incompatable land uses. This poblem is evident because plannes whee awae that thee was an exception to "those popeties cuently being used fo othe than commecial o esidential puposes can emain unde thei cuent industial zoning."(contol Boad 1946, p.38). Employment in the automotive industy has fluctuated geatl as a pecent of total industial employment, fom a high of 73.5 pecent in 1957, to a low of 48.4 pecent in 1980. The apid gowth peiods duing the late 1950's and ealy 1960's allowed fo highs ove 70 pecent. Contay to this, the ecessions of the 1970's and 1980's, saw automotive employment plunge to lows of 56.1 pecent, 48.4 pecent espectively. These figues show how sensitive the automobile industy is to fluctuations in the economy, (Table 1). James Dykes, Windso's ndustial Commissione, efeed to the Walke Road aea as "Canada's Main Steet of ndusty." The ationale fo this statment was that factoies had been built solidly fo thee miles. This was a bold statement, howeve the fact emained that thee was apid industial development which geneated an ideal investment climate within the community. n the fist few months of 1953, 3500 new industial jobs wee ceated to bing total employment in Windso to moe than 45,000. This incease was geate than the combined total fo th past fou yeas. n 1953, Fod Moto Company of Canada Limited was in the midst of its biggest capital expenditues since it fist located
l 23. ' TABLE 1 EMPLOYMENT N THE AUTOMOBLE NDUSTRY 1950-1984 -.. 1977 YEAR AUTO TOTAL % OF TOTAL 1950 18,364 28,489 64.5 1951 18,273 28,428 64.3 1952 18,681 29,715 62.9 1953 18,545 30,313 61.2 1954 13,393 23,071 58.1 1956 11,820 18,805 62.9 1957 16,417 22,338 73.5 1958 11,537 16,078 71.1 1959 12,361 17,112 72.2 1965 13,523 24,089 56.1 1966 14,760 26,662 55.3 1967 14,480 26,432 54.8 1970 13,778 24,571 56.1 1972 16,646 26,993 61.7 1974 17,229 28,089 61.3 1975 15,689 26,228 59.8 1976 27,105 19,377 30,514 63.5 1978 18,823 31,120 60.5 1979 16,007 28,706 55.8 1980 10,882 22,500 48.4 1981 12,011 23,748 50.5 1982 13,358 24,090 55.5 1983. 19,060 27,931 68.2 1984 19,718 29,502 66.8 Souce: Statistics Canada, Census of Manufactues Catelogue 31-209.
in Windso 49 yeas ealie. The company shut down its automobil assembly plant and spent $32 million to convet the building into a collosal engine plant. Chysle also launched a $20 million expansion pogam, while Geneal Motos was still in the midst of almost uninteupted constuction of new plant space fc two yeas, (The Sta Weekly, 1953,p.2). By 1954, Windso celebated its 100 yea milestone with its biggest eve industial expansion in full swing. Plannes in Windso ealized the impotance of obtaining a pofessional account of the city's economic conditions. A fim located in Columbus, Ohio, The Battelle Memoial nstitute, (BM), was chosen to constuct this epot. The BM, because of its location, would be able to poduce an honest and unbiased account of such conditions in Windso. Results fom the epot would show both positive and negative aspects of Windso's location, economic divesification, and povide advice fo futhe eseach to be caied out by the city. Thee wee thee main objectives of this study: -"to appaise whee Windso then stood in its economic development; -to point out ways to pesent its assets to achieve the mos desieable long ange gowth; -and to ecommend a pogam fo educing the effects of Windso's liabilities whee they wee found to exist". (BM, 1958,p.2). n 1945, the end of Wold Wa 2 bought unions into towns that had stong anti-union elements, and Windso was no exception. The automobile industy which had fought the union
movement tooth and nail now had to bow to the United Auto Wokes. This employee victoy esulted fom a ninety-nine day stike in 1945. The BH inteviewed ove one hunded people with significant positions in Windso and elsewhee in Ontaio. Many affimed the above statement by saying the stength of the labou movement, especially in the automobile industy, had given 25 Windso an unfavouable eputation in the eyes of management. This was peceived to be one of the most difficult poblems fo Windso to be to ovecome, (BM, 1958,p.5). The Geate Windso ndustial Commission, duing this peiod, was pimaily concened with helping existing industies and tying to attact potential industies. Howeve the city did not have an oganized body in chage of geneal community bettement. Battelle's epot advised the city that an evaluatio of meits and poblems of teitoial expansion by annexation should be caied out.(bm, 1958,p.4). Following a eading of the epot by council, and othe inteested pesonel, an effective land use zoning patten fo th city was ceated. These newly designated aeas would become of pime impotance to the city of Windso. Associated with these new aeas was the solution of a poblem which had plagued Windso fo a long time. The city tied to avoid, at all costs, pemitting cetain land uses to infiltate land zones bette suited fo othe land uses. n 1958, only about one-tenth of the aea's income came fo automotive, and automotive pats manufactuing, (BM, 1958,p.ll). "Although Windso was destined to emain the most auto-centeed of any Canadian city, it is moe divesified withi
26. the automobile industy itself than ae Oshawa o Oakville. Oshawa is moe dependent on Geneal Motos, and Oakville on Fod fo thei industial income. Windso is dependent on the engine and pats poduction of both companies, and pats, engine, and assembly opeations of Chysle" (BH, 1958,p.ll). Also, to a lesse degee, income fom smalle individual pats plants was, and still is, essential to a stong economy within the automotiv industy. BH's epot found consideable fault on the pat of the City of Windso egading the industial-esidential land use mix. Within the eview, evidence of the above is "epitomized by the gowth stifling esidential encoachment nea the Walke Rao1 industial aea." (BH, 1958,p.29). One of the main conclusions dawn was that Winsdo should avoid any unbalanced o unwaented publicity, (BH, 1958,p.31). n a community which is tying to pomote gowth the pess plays a geat pat in communicating positive infomation. Passing into the late 1950's, Windso had pobably undegone a most andom, and haphazad peiod of gowth. Windso was in a position to eason, calculate cost-benefit analyses and act on thei esults. Windso had the ability to assess its own gowth whee othe communities wee faced with the poblems attendent, upon industial expansion, and many wee being had pessed to solve them.(bm, 1958,p.29). Although the gowth of southen Ontaio would have unavoidably oveflowed into Windso, the community as a whole hac 1 to ceate an envionment that would make Windso a pefeed location fo business o industy. This would enable Windso to
gow along with the est of southen Ontaio, as opposed to having southen Ontaio's gowth spilling ove into Windso in a 27 aimless o casual way. The peiod of 1945-1959 indicates that Windso ealized the impotance of community economic development but did not ty to attain it in the most efficient manne. Howeve this can only be seen now because of the outcome of these decisions. As time indicated many of the decisions egading industy ceated poblems especially by hampeing development. Pehaps the most evident eason fo this eventuality is the fact that development was occuing at such a apid ate, no matte what the city did in the development pocess, positive development was sue to esult. SUMMARY 1945-1959 The post wa peiod fom 1945 to 1959, evealed much pogess within Windso egading development. The pogess at the time, appeaed to be best fo the city of Windso. Windso was not alone in its advancing development, post wa yeas bought development to all pats of Canada. Plannes, and othe leades of the community discoveed the need fo oganized economic gowth. Following the ealization this need, the city segegated land in specified egions to accommodate industial development. The pocess by which segegation was administeed led to many poblems in yeas to come. Poblems of incompatable land use infiltation which esulted fom andom designation of these lands sufaced ealy in
W: the 1950's. The oot of the poblem could be taced back to a Contol Boad epot in 1946. This epot stated that thee 28 would be a change in zoning in Windso, but aeas peviously designated othewise would be allowed to etain thei categoy. Although thee wee othe poblems, this would possess the geatest potential fo futue poblems. On the positive side, the city did begin to oganize its boads, and councils, to opeate moe efficiently and seve the best inteests of Windso. The Windso Utilities Commission's powes of planning became defunct. The new planning boad was to consist of epesentatives who wee awae of Windso's poblems, and inteested in community bettement. nstigation of the Windso Employment Advisoy Boad, led to a lage eduction of unemployment in this peiod. ~ - No longe was Windso concened with only itself. An entie Bode City plan was conceived fo a moe efficiently woking egion. This plan would pove to be a geat plus fo communities within the egion, in attacting business, and industy to the aea
- Chapte 6 CHANGNG DEOLOGES AND UNAVODABLE GROWTH 1960-1969 The peiod of 1960 to 1970 evealed some diffeent philosophies of the city of Windso. Duing the onset of this peiod, Windso was taking on a concept of aesthetics as going hand-in-hand with industial development. While building on aesthetics, industial development continued at a consistent level until the end of the decade. The city of Windso was actively pusuing solutions to many poblems within the city's stuctue which wee labelled as liabilities in Battelle's epot, (Table 2). The beginning of the 1960's divulged a majo estuctuing of Windso. This howeve was not totally done by physically eaanging the city, but by impoving the city's appeaance. Windso was eithe teaing down buildings o ebuilding undown esidential aeas. Windso became involved in a esidential ebuilding plan. The objective of this plan was to edevelop un down esidential aeas. An example of this was the establishing of public housing nea Glengay Avenue. Windso is Canada's most impotant gateway fo Ameican touists and its close contact with neighbouing Detoit gives Windso advantages that no othe Canadian city can claim. By ebuilding and ceating an aesthetically pleasant city, a positive image of Windso and the suounding aea would be geneated. This point would tend to make a good impession in the eyes of management, knowing that if
......-: --. c. i ' TABLE 2 WNDSOR'S ASSETS AND LABLTES AS DEFNED BY BH 30 c' ' ASSETS - Potential industial sites; - The Detoit Rive offes good industial wate; - 5 ailways; - Highway tanspot fims; - Availability of skilled labou LABLTES -Dominance of Windso's economy by one boad industy type may handicap the aea to some extent in that pospective manufactues in othe lines might be way of the possible effects of toubles in the dominant industy; -Windso's maket is limited theefoe locating in othe cities such as Toonto, o Monteal would be moe logical; -Pospects fo expot tade with the United States in mass poduced lines ae limited by highe canadian unit costs esulting fom lowe levels of poduction, and oveseas expots ae geneally esticted by distinctly lowe manpowe costs; -Wage diffeentials pobably will di~inish Windso's biggest poblem in 1958. in time but this is Souce: BH Repot of Economic Development Oppotunities fo Geate Windso, 1958
,' -' 31 thei industy was to locate hee, the life style would tend to help poduction The City of Windso adopted a concise but simple definition of what municipal economic development is. City planning means anticipating the needs of the city fo the yeas to follow and planning so that these needs can be met in the easiest and most economical manne.(pide in Pogess Repot 1960,p.2). Windso's planning boad at this time was compised of people with expeience and vision, people who would guide the city's development towad the best physical, social, and economic goals. Fom the late 1940's into the 1960's, Windso had been haphazadly designating industial land. Howeve in the 1960's thee was a noticable decease in land zoned fo industial puposes. This decline would suggest a lack of continual planning since appoximately 1948, when Windso fist initiated industial zoning. The tend towads industial decentalization in Windso and othe cental cities in metopolitan aeas can be attibuted to cetain factos. One of which is the need fo lage industial cites to satisfy the equiements of single stoy plants employing a hoizontal method of poduction, (Chambe of Commece, 1962,p.4). Windso's lack of continual planning esulted in a decline in the availability new plant sites within old disticts. Appoximately 620,000 squae feet of vacant - industial space was available in the ealy 1960's. The poblem was that this floo space was contained within functionally obsolete multi-stoey industial buildings which wee not adoptable to hoizontal methods of mass poduction. Theefoe
f J -. ~. -. 32 Windso was faced with a lage zoning poblem. Council was then foced to make a decision pemitting an inteim use of existing obsolete industial buildings fo cetain non-manufactuing uses not nomally pemitted within an industial zone. n the late 1940's Windso was pepaing by-laws, and zoning land, anticipating that industial gowth duing that time peiod would continue at the existing acceleated ate. As a esult, a numbe of these zones, that wee pedominantly esidential, wee zoned in anticipation of industial expansion. Since esidential popeties epesented ove one-half of the city's eal popety assessment, evey attempt should have been made to conseve these aeas without the theat of industial intusion. n the yeas befoe annexation in 1966, ailways appeaed to be haphazadly cossing the city in evey diection. t seems evident tnat industial intusion was inevitable. To the west, zoned industial land nea the Habou does not contain a lage amount of incompatable land. The low population density, and degee of manufactuing allowed, enables these lands to co-exist, with esidential land on the east, and the Detoit Rive on the west. - - A concentation of ailways in cental Windso nea Cawfod Avenue ceated sevee poblems fo the city. The one majo poblem was (and still is) the disuption to taffic flowing in an east-west diection. This flow is continually being hampeed by the pesence of the ailways. _ Howeve the biggest poblem aea in the city is located between Windso Avenue on the west, and Cental Avenue on the east. The noth-south boundaies ae the Detoit Rive, and the
Canadian Pacific Railway, espectively. Within this aea industial development along ailways is quite evident. Howeve encoachment fom eithe industial o esidential zones is undetemined, but one would have to conclude that industial zones invaded esidential zones. Tne pobable cause fo this can be elated back to unoganized policies fo planning in Windso in the past. Within this aea thee is an island of esidentially zoned 33. land. Again, the poo development histoy of Windso is the ationale fo allowing this to happen. The annexation of 1966, bought to the city of Windso moe industial land and open space. This allowed the city to bette plan its development to avoid ceating such a esidential enclosue. w w w w This poblem was tempoaily solved in 1960 when Windso continued designating land fo development in accodance with a plan. On 23, Mach, 1960, Council made ammendments to by-law 728 which then stated essentially that new esidential and commecial constuction not be pemitted on vacant lands in industial zones, and to pemit existing esidential and commecial uses to continue in industial disticts without designating such aeas as non-confoming. Also in industial disticts which wee bounded by esidential zones, font, side, and ea, yad equiements wee enfoced, except when in efeence to Manufactuing land whee the possibility of conflict is lagely eliminated due to location. Since Windso is somewhat isolated fom the est of Canada, the Auto Pact of the 1960's enabled Windso and Detoit to engage in limited fee tade. The Pact involved the tade of new cas,
and pats, while enabling companies to nationalize thei poduct(s) on a continental basis. The Auto Pact and simila ageements in the agicultual implements and defence poduction industies have enabled Windso to make the most of its location next to the wold's automotive capital situated in Noth Ameica's industial heatland. SUMMARY 1960-1969 The peiod of 1960 to 1969 was a peiod of substantial gowth in the city of Windso. With the esults fom the BM, Windso began to implement eccommendations fo futue development. Howeve obstacles had to be cossed, and Windso had geat difficulties in ovecoming past planning mistakes. A majo poblem was the lack of continual planning ove past yeas. n the past, zoning was andom and unoganized. The deficiency of this type of pocess etaded development to an extent. The annexation of 1966, made available land that was not peviously at the city's disposal. The acquisition of this land allowed Windso to make available seviced industial land to oblige new industy. Pogessing though the 1960's development was apid. City Council, and the Planning Depatment then decided to e-assess its development though the decade in an attempt to give diection to Windso's futue.
Chapte 7 EFFCENCY WTHN THE URBAN STRUCTURE AND PURSUNG FOREGN NVESTMENTS 1970-1979 This peiod shows a substantial amount of gowth in the industial secto in Windso which contjnued fom the mid to late 1960's. n fact the city decided to e-evaluate its pioities, and duing this poccess elected to cultivate a new maste plan fo Windso. This new plan had quite diffeent objectives than any pevious plan. Some of these objectives involved stengthening the cental business distict, the constuction of a coss town feeway, the development of industial lands that ae closely linked to available oad, wate, and ail tanspotation facilities, and the aangement of esidential aeas to pemit convenient access to community facilities. The synthesis of high, medium, and low density land uses capable of sati~fying the needs of vaious income goups and family sizes was also encouaged. Windso's new plan also paid special attention to the lands adjacent to the Detoit Rive which povides a geat natual esouce and amenity fo the city, (City of Windso, 1971). This plan was conceived in 1971, but did not secue official Povincial appoval until 1972. The oveall diection of this plan eveals the city's changing attitudes petaining to the intedependence of Windso and the suounding aea. Upon implementation of this plan egional development was the main objective. 35.
w w.. w w This plan was conceived fo the immediate time, but also fo many yeas into the futue. This plan was intended to seve as a guide in both public and pivate agencies in Windso though establishing new policies fo futue develoment, and edevelopment. Windso undetook financial planning with the aim of secuing effective coelation between physical and social planning, and the use of finnancial esouces. n conjunction with all othe land uses and development contol, the official plan would stive to develop in the diection of the following assumptions: "l)the futue development of Windso will be accompanied by the povision of uban sevices elated to a pojected population of appoximately 300,000 by 1986. 2)povisions fo commecial development would have to egad the futue maket, and to the function, location, and adequacy of existing commecial facilities 3)ample land would be allocated to aid in meeting demand fo a divesity of employment, and in doing so,. to boaden the employment base. 4)the city would wok towads maintaining a sound atio of non-esidential to esidential land assessment," (GWC, 1972,p.l2). The city was obviously hung up on the apid development of the 1960's. Thei pojection, in effect, was iational since they did not account fo cyclical changes in the economy. Rive font land development would incopoate eceational uses fo Windso esidents and visitos while also econciling the needs of the Pot of Windso fo sufficient docking 36.
facilities. Any land use that was decided upon would not contibute to the pollution of the Detoit Rive. By developing moe docking facilities the city would then be able to ceate moe efficient tanspotation of impots and expots, to and fom 37 the Habou. Windso, and the Planning Commission, wee planning fo temendous pogess in the industial secto. The Geate Windso ndustial Commission, (GWC), was encouaging gowth in the commecial, and esidential sectos. Howeve in a shot peiod of time the tides tuned with efeence to the oncoming eccession. The City of Windso then decided to implemnent a new plan fo the entie city. The Noth Ameican economy was showing investos, mainly in the United States, of instability in Canada. The immediate times ahead would eveal extemely unfavouable to economic gowth. Some sectos of Windso's economy eflected national, and intenational tends of uncetainty, while othes showed emakable stength, (GWC, 1972). Fod of Canada;, Geneal Motos of Canada, and Hiam Walkes & Sons, wee the thee lagest investos in 1970. ndustial constuction was down fom 1969, but in actual money invested, industial capital invested was mostly in machines, not buildings. n the manufactuing secto thee wee peiods of unemployment at the beginning of 1970 due to inventoy adjustments in the automotive industy. Longe peiods occued at the end of the yea due to a stike at Geneal Motos in the United States and Canada. n this yea the GWC began an in depth analysis of the United States-canada Automotive Ageement,
f f STRUCTURAL CHANGE N WNDSOR'S LABOUR FORCE 1941-1981 100 0 PRMARY FGURE 2 [ill SECONDARY ffii TERTARY J QUATERNARY 38. 80., -l J1 t- z w u 0::: w a.. 60 40 "., ' 20 0 Souce:DBS YEARS
. - -- J - -. -. -, - -- (GWC, 1970,p.6) The eccession led to a decease in city funding which esulted in no financial backing fo lage scale edevelopment. Although, Windso did offe incentives to the pivate secto, to help encouage development within the city. Manufactuing employment in Windso is concentated in the fields; tanspotation equipment, metal fabicating, and food and beveages. Though the 1960's tanspotation and metal fabication expanded apidly while thee was a significant decline of employment in the food and beveages industies. Local industy was heavily dependent on inputs fom othe pats of Ontaio. Howeve the lagest makets fo manufactuing ontputs ae outside the povince, mainly the United States. Windso's industies ae heavily capitalized and highly poductive. 11 Windso _is of fist ank impotance in Canada as an industial cente. n tems of goods, value of shipments of goods of own manufactue, only Monteal, Toonto, and Hamilton anked ahead of Windso in 1970,u (GWC, 1971,p.l7) t is an ovesimplification to descibe Windso as a one industy community, although the significance of the automobile industy in the economic life of Windso and Essex County cannot be disputed, (Figue 2). n stable gowth peiods, the industy and its elated industies povide a wide ange of jobs in a highly poductive and efficient industy which makes massive capital investments in the community. Along with the adyantages of the automobile industy thee ae disadvantages. Thee is a limited demand fo female labou. This is eflected in the low paticipation ate of females in the 39.