GENERAL ASSEMBLY TWENTIETH SESSION Offcal Records MEETIHG Thursday, 9 December 196ÿ, at 10.50 a.m. NEW YORK CONTENTS Agenda tem 107: The nadmssblty of nterventon n the domestc affars of States and the protecton of ther ndependence and soveregnty (con ÿ= tnÿed) Page General debate (contnued)... 299 Charman: Mr. kÿroly CSATORDAY (Hungary). AGENDA ITEM 107 The nadmssblty of nterventon n the domestc a[fars of States and the protecton of ther ndependence and soveregnty (contnued) (A/5977; A C.1/L.343/Rev.1, L.349/Rev.1 and Add.l, L.350and Corr.1, L.351, L.352, L.353/Rev.1, L.354) GENERAL DEBATE (contnued) 1. Mr. EL-KONY (Unted Arab Republc) sad that the prncple of non-nterventon had evolved from the hstorcal experence of many small States. In the fnal analyss, non-nterventon was for the great Powers a duty, and for the small Powers a rght and an mmunty. 2. The free nterchange of deas and cultures was proper and healthy; but any attempt to force countres to surrender to the desres of other States waste be condemned. Such acts of nterventon were a negaton of the Unted Natons Charter, whch was founded on the prncple of soveregn equalty. That prncple had two essental elements: frstly, the enjoyment by each State of the rghts nherent n full soveregnty, and secondly, respect for the personalty of the State as well as ts terrtoral ntegrty and poltcal ndependence. At ts sesson held at Mexco Cty n 1964, the Specal Commttee on Prncples of Internatonal Law concernng Frendly Relatons and Co-operaton among States had recognzed another element: that each State had the rght freely to choose and develop ts poltcal, socal) economc and cultural system. The corollary was that every State had the duty not to ntervene or nterfere n the affars of other States. The prncple of non-nterventon had recevedworldwde recognton at the Asan-Afrcan Conference held at Bandung n 1955 and at the Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Algned Countres held at Belgrade n 1961 and at Caro n 1964, and at other conferences and nternatonal meetngs, and was emboded n the consttutons of varous regonal organzatons. It was thus an essental andunversally bndng rule. 3. Armed nterventon was the most ÿe2ous form of nterventon, snce t endangered nternatonal peace and securty and was lable to set off a chan reacton. It could be perpetrated not only aganst States but also aganst peoples and movements strvng to exercse ther nherent rght to self-determnaton and ndependence. The prncple of equal rghts and self-determnaton and the prncple of non-nterventon were nseparable. The Second Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Algned Countres, held at Caro n October 1964, had adopted a Declaraton enttled "Programme for Peace and Internatonal Co-operaton", whch had noted that the rght of self-determnaton was stll beng volated n many regons, and had condemned ÿhe use of force and all forms of ntmdaton, nterference and nterventon amed at preventng the exercse of that rght. The nternatonal communty could no longer condone racal and colonal aggresson; any formulaton of the prncple that States should refran from the use of force should recognze the rght of self-determnaton and the consequent rght of self-defence of peoples under colonal rule and foregn domnaton. 4. Another form of nterventonwas nee-colonalsm, whch could take the form of economc pressure or subversve actvtes amed at undermnng the terrtoral ntegrty and poltcal and economc ndependence of newly ndependent States. Such forms of nee-colonalsm had been condemned by varous nternatonal conferences, ncludng the Caro Conference of October 1964. 5. In an nterdependent world, any act by one State was bound to affect other States. The Unted Natons, as the body representatve of the nternatonal communty, therefore had a sgnfcant role to play n mplementng the prncple of non-nterventon; there was a drect relatonshp between the effectve applcaton of that prncple and the effectve functonng of the Organzaton. In recent years the Use of force had tended to concde wth perods of paralyss n the Unted Natons, whchwas the organzaton responsble for the mantenance of nternatonal peace and securty. If the Unted Natons was to play an effectve role, t must be founded on the prncple of unversalty of membershp and thÿ prncple of collectve securty. 6. The ncluson n the Assembly's agenda of the tem under dscusson was a' postve step towards ensurng the genune observance of the prncple of non-nterventon. A Unted Natons declaraton on the subject would consttute a landmark n the Organzaton's hstory, and would help to reduce nternatonal tenson and safeguard the fundamental rghts of small States. It would also be of assstance to the oppressed peoples strugglng to regan ther freedom. Wth those-consderatons n mnd, hs delegaton, r,!l j, <! : :% ÿ! L, :ÿ ÿ :, :,'ÿ,,i,/ ',,[ I: 299 A/C.1/SR.1403
300 General Assembly -- Twenteth Sesson -- Frst Commttee whch had now been joned by others, had submtted draft resoluton.a/c.1/l.353/rev.1. 'In dong so t had been nspred by the Programme for Peace and Internatonal Co-operaton adopted at Caro, and had proceeded from the fundamental prncple that the polcy of non-algnment mrled the rejecton of nterventon. The draft resoluton, whle t was frmly based on the Purposes and Prncples enshrned n the Unted Natons Charter, took nto account the problems exstng n the world of today, whch ncluded colonalsm and neo-colonalsm and the denal to peoples of the rght of self-determnaton and the rght to full soveregnty and genune ndependence. 7. Mr. TANIMOUNE (Nger) sad that the tem under dscusson concerned an evl whch mght, f the necessary steps were not taken, prevent the attanment of the lofty objectves of the Unted Natons. Hs country had tself been the vctm of nterference n ts domestc affars--nterference whch was a clear volaton of the provsons of Artcle 2 of the Unted Natons Charter and artcle III of the Charter of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty. 8. ]Poltcal stablty was the essental prerequste for the nternatonal co-operaton and foregn assstance whch "the newly ndependent countres needed to promote ther economc and socal development. Unfortunately, that poltcal stablty was often threatened by the ntrgues of tho'se who wanted to mpose unwelcome deologes on the Afrcan contnent. The Afrcan countres were especally conscous of the value of peace s:nd the prncple of non-nterventon; they wanted to preserve the best possble relatons and brotherly co-operaton wth other States. The clash between the world's two prncpal deologes n the developng countres was resultng n bloody fratrcdal wars; n that respect, moreover, Western mperalsm was no more destructve than the mperalsm of Pekng, whch taught hatred and dssenson and the art of kllng. Pekng had sad that Afrca was rpe for revoluton; the real Afrcan revoluton, however, was the creaton of a truly Afrcan economy based on the consent of the people. Nger, whchwas determned thatafrca should not be drawn nto the cold war, would support any draft resoluton amed solely at restorng peace and securty among peoples. 9. Mr. RAMANI (Malaysa) sad that the queston of non-nterventon n the affars of other States was of partcular concern to hs country, where actual armed nterventon had been gong on for more than two years and was unlkely to cease n the near future; hs observatons would therefore be based on harsh experence ratherÿthan academc consderatons. I0. The prncples of non-nterventon n the nternal affars of soveregn States and respect for the soveregn equalty and terrtoral ntegrty of States were the very bass of the Unted Natons and were specfcally referred to n the Charter. They had been reaffrmed at the Bandung, Belgrade and Caro Conferences and n the charters of the Organzaton of Anercan States and the 0rganzaton of Afrcan Unty. Whle the ntatve of the USSR n brnÿnÿ thb oues- the General Assembly on the subject was lkely, n vew of the realtes of nternatonal behavour, to be of more value n occasonng a re-examnaton of atttudes than as a step towards solvng the problem. It was an unfortunate fact that the poltcal behavour of States bore lttle relaton to ther solemn pledges, and he very much doubted whether a resoluton of the General Assembly could nduce them to change practces by whch they had profted n the past. l. The term "nterventon" was one whch defed defnton and meant dfferent thngs to dfferent States. There was a subjectve element n such concepts as "just wars", "colonal wars" and "wars of natonal lberaton" whch rendered a common understandng very dffcult. If t was accepted that the Charter of the Unted Natons contaned the basc law of nternatonal behavour, then no State was enttled to engage n war except for the lmted purpose of mmedate self-defence under Artcle 51. Unfortunately, many States regarded the Charter as merely an deal, and felt that they could bend ther oblgatons to poltcal realtes untl t was acheved. 12. So far as concerned the Non-Self-Governng and Trust Terrtores, the declaraton contaned n Chapter XI of the Charter had been reaffrmed n General Assembly resoluton 1514 (XV), and the mplementaton of that resoluton had been vgorously pursued by the Speca! Commttee set up for that purpose. Some conflcts were nevtable between the rghts of the admnsterng Powers and those of the peoples, but the problem had essentally been removed from the natonal level and was now the responsblty of the Unted Natons. 13. As between ndependent States, at least those whch were Members of the Unted Natons and had accepted the resultant oblgatons, t mght be thought that the problem of non-nterventon should not exst; yet t was paradoxca!ly n that area that the dffcultes were greatest. By the very act of admttng a State to membershp, the Unted Natons acknowledged ts soveregnty and equalty n return for the State's acceptance of the oblgatons ncumbent on t under the Charter. Yet certan States found t possble to justfy nterventon n the affars of others by such devces as denyng ther soveregnty, attrbutng threatenng desgns to them or allegng the exstence n them of lberaton movements or rebellons enttled to outsde assstance. It was a tragc rony that the same States whch were today loudest n ther condemnaton of nterventon had used such arguments aganst the establshment of Malaysa as a soveregn State and, more recent!y, aganst the condemnaton n the Securty Councl of admtted aggresson aganst Malaysa. Certan States asserted that the Securty Councl must retan the exclusve rghts wth whch t had been endowed at the tme of ts creaton. But f the Councl allowed overt and undsputed armed aggresson to go unchallenged, what then was to be done regardng the more nsdous and gradual forms of nterventon whch threatened the very survval of States? 14. Because t was both nvsble and effectve,
n be of Ffl. ur s, hÿ e- led ent ch ars [lon hat Lsc was ted 51. ter her red. nng d n,d n the,usly that n the,f the t rer the [hose and ht be d not t the f adtons,eturn mbent,und t rs of gnty, tegng ts or ÿ was a today m had,ent of Dently, ncl of States n the wed at llowed gounng the Venton [ectve,!orm of 1 to the plenary meetng), the Malaysan Mnster for Home Affars and Justce had spoken of the urgent problem of subverson n many Afrcan, Asan and Latn Amercan States, and had stressed that t requred the mmedate attenton of the Unted Natons.!5. Every State provded machnery for peaceful changes of government, and n every form of government, except that of dctatorshp, there was opportunty for poltcal opposton. But that dd not gve other States the rght to call such oppostons "lberaton fronts" and gve them assstance n ther efforts to overthrow establshed Governments. That dangerous doctrne, and ts outgrowth, the new concept of neocolonalsm, were essentally an excuse for nterventon n the affars of other States, and rased a problem to whch the Unted Natons should gve more attenton. 16. The Malaysan delegaton would fully support any resoluton whch was based on realtes and provded machnery for outlawng nterventon n any of ts numerous forms. The best procedure mght perhaps be to refer the subject to a commttee of the Assembly for adequate study rather than to attemptto accommodate every conflctng vew n a hurred and neffectve compromse. 17. Mr. ESCOBAR SERRANO (El Salvador) sad that the mportant queston under consderaton was a famlar one to all Latn Amercan countres. Latn Amerca, whch had repeatedly been the vctm of unjustfed nterventon, had played a hstorc role n establshng the prncple of non-nterventon as a rule of nternatonal law. It was the delegaton of E1 Salvador whch had proposed the endorsement of that prncple at the Sxth Internatonal Conference of Amercan States, held at Havana n 1928. Its proposal had not then been adopted, but the Conventon on Rghts and Dutes of States adopted at Montevdeo n 1933 had recognzed the prncple of non-nterventon, whch had not only become one of the pllars of the Organzaton of Amercan States but had won unversal acceptance, havng been proclamed n the Pact of the League of Arab States, the Charter of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty and the declaratons adopted at Bandung, Belgrade and Caro. 18. The tme had therefore come for the General Assembly to adopt a declaraton stressng the mportance of the prncple of non-nterventon and the need for all countres to respect t. The prncple was a vtal one for the small countres, whch regarded t as the best guarantee of ther freedom and ndependence. It was regrettable, therefore, that the debate on the subject should have been made an occason for propaganda and mutual accusaton. No country had the rght to crtcze another n that respect, for none was gultless. 19. E1 Salvador had always defended the prncples of peaceful coexstence, equal rghts and selfdetermnaton, and condemned all forms of nterventon. The task now before the Unted Natons was to fnd a formula, backed by the moral force of all the countres of theworld, to guarantee the sqveregnty and ndependence of all States and protect them from outsde nterference. That was a tremendous responsblty. 20. The concept of non-nterventon had evolved and kept pace wth changng crcumstances. It had orgt- nally embraced only drect nterventon; but new and more subtle forms had emerged whch should also be condemned. The Charter of the Organzaton of Amercan States defned nterventon n clear and comprehensve terms, coverng every form of drect and ndrect nterventon and coercve acton. 21. E1 Salvador was a sponsor of the Latn Amercan draft resoluton (A/C.1/L.349/Rev.1 andadd.1), whch reflected the vews of Latn Amerca and tred to cover all forms of nterventoÿ and condemn them all equally.. Hs delegaton would have favoured the establshment of a workng group to study the dfferent texts; but snce that had not proved possble t hoped that the exchange of deas n the debate would make t possble to arrve at an agreed formulaton. 22. Mr. HASEGANU (Romana) sad that the adopton of a declaraton reaffrmng the prncple of nonnterventon n the lght of contemporary realtes would be an mportant contrbuton to the realzaton of the fundamental task of the Unted Natons: the strengthenng of nternatonal peace and securty. Experence had shown that the chef cause of the tensons and conflcts endangerng world peace was dsregard of the prncple of non-nterventon, whch was one of the foundatons of the Unted Natons and was a fundamental condton for peaceful coexstence and nternatonal co-operaton. 23. The prncple of non-nterventon was stated n Artcle 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter and was unversally recognzed n nternatonal law. It had been proclamed n the Covenant of the League of Natons and had been reaffrmed n numerous Latn Amercan nstruments, n the charters of the Organzaton of Amercan States and the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty, n the Pact of the League of Arab States, n the Warsaw Treaty, n declaratons ssued by the non-algned countres and n many Unted Natons and other documents. Unfortunately, t had been asserted n some quarters that the prncple of nonnterventon was becomng obsolete n the modern world, and the Unted States House of Representatves had even adopted a resoluton authorzng armed nterventon n Latn Amercan countres f the Unted States Government decded that subverson there necesstated such acton. In some cases, attempts were made to justfy nterventon n the domestc affars of other States, n flagrant volaton of ther freedom and soveregnty, by reference to so-called major securty nterests or even humantaran consderatons. However, t was sgnfcant that such nterests or consderatons always operated outsde the fronters of the States whch undertook the nterventon, and often n places remote from ts terrtory. 24. The hostltes beng carred out by the Unted States aganst the people of Vet-Nam were an example of such drect aggresson, consttutng a serous threat to world peace and securty. The mltary operatons of the ncreasng numbers of Unted States troops aganst the Vet-Namese people and the cyncal bombardment of the Democratc Republc of Vet-Nam were grave volatons of the prncple of non-nterventon, and had caused deep alarm and ndgnaton among peace-lovng peoples. The people and Government of Romana had condemned Unted States aggresson n Vet-Nam. They
302 General Assembly -- Twenteth Sesson -- Frst Commttee beleved that the problem could be solved only on the bass of the 1954 Geneva Agreements, bythe cessaton of the bombng of the Democratc Republc of Vet-Nam, the wthdrawal of Unted States and other troops and weapons from South Vet-Nam, and respect for the rght of the Vet-Namese people to settle ther nternal affars wthout foregn nterference. World publc opnon demanded an end to Unted States armed nterventon aganst the people of Vet-Nam. 25. The Unted States nterventon n the Domncan Republc, whch had caused concern throughout the world, was furtlÿer proof that the prncple of nonnterventon, far from beng obsolete, was today of more pressng sgnfcance than ever. Snce the adopton of the Unted Natons Charter more than ffty new States had emerged and were makng strenuous efforts to strengthen ther natonal soveregnty and ndependence. The adopton by the General Assembly of a declaraton on the prncple of nonnterventon would do much to ensure proper relatons between States and guarantee the rght of peoples to decde ther own destnes. Poltcal, economc or other nterventon, ncludng the mantenance of foregn mltary bases and forces on the terrtores of other States, mpeded socal progress, was damagng to nternatonal co-operaton and threatened the cause of peace. 26. The enforcement of the prncple of non-nterventon would also further the struggle of peoples to free themselves from the yoke of colonalsm; for a corollary of that prncple was the sacred rght of peoples to wn ther natonal freedom and ndependence--a rght whch was beng volated by the racst r6gme n South Afrca and, more recently, n Southern Rhodesa. In the lght of those consderatons, any asserton that t was not outsde nterference but the struggle for natonal lberaton of peoples whch gave rse to nternatonal tensons and conflcts was clearly fallacous. 27. The people and Government of Romana strongly favoured the Consstent applcaton of the prncple of non-nterventon, whch was enshrned n artcle 14 of the 1965 Consttuton of Romana. The Romanan Government stood for the mantenance of peace and securty and the cause of progress, cvlzaton and respect for the nalenable rghts of peoples. It would vote n favour of the draft resoluton submtted by the USSR (A/C.1/L.343/Rev.1), and would study the other draft resolutons and amendments closely. 28. U TUN SHEIN (Burma) sad that hs country was rrevocably dedcated to the deal of peace, frendly relatons and co-operaton between all natons on the bass of nternatonal justce and moralty. Snce wnnng ts ndependence t had followed a polcy of postve neutralty, n ÿecordance wth the prncples of ndepenÿlence and self-determnaton of peoples, mutual respect, non-nterference n domestc affars, equalty and mutual beneft--prncples whch had been endorsed by the Bandung, Belgrade and Caro ConferenceS. Only through fathful observance of those prncples could nternatonal tensonbe reduced and nternatonal frendshp be furthered. 29. The prncple of non-nterventon was also of great mportance to Burma because of ts recognton' of the ;[nÿlÿnÿhlÿ ÿh+ ÿ ÿ1ÿ.aÿ... ÿ_ÿ_ÿ_ March 1962 the Revolutonary Councl had been buldng a new socety under the Burmese Way to Socalsm programme, and Burma dd not want any outsde nterventon to nterfere wth the accomplshment of that great task. 30. It was the duty of the Unted Natons to requre all ts Member States strctly to observe theprncple of non-nterventon and respect for ndependence and soveregnty. The Burmese delegaton agreed wth the vew that the term "nterventon" should be construed to cover all forms of nterference; t noted wth satsfacton that the USSR representatve had referred to that pont n hs statement at the 1395th meetng and that the matter was dealt wth n paragraph 4 of the USSR draft resoluton (A/C.1/L.343/Rev.1}. The Burmese delegaton was able to gve general support to all three draft resolutons before the Commttee, and to the amendments whch had been proposed, but t wshed to appeal to the varous sponsors to add to the effectveness of the Commttee's work by makng every effort to work out a sngle acceptable draft. The adopton by the General Assembly of a resoluton proclamng the prncple of the nadmssblty of any form of nterventon n the domestc affars of States would be a sgnfcant contrbuton to the cause of nternatonal peace and understandng durng the twenteth annversary year of the Unted Natons. 31. Mr. TRIVEDI (Inda} sad that the Sovet delegaton was to be commended for proposng the ncluson of the tem under dscusson n the agenda for the current sesson. Whle the Unted Natons was endeavourng to reach the goal of general and complete dsarmament, t was essental to lay down certan basc and prmary prncples governng nternatonal relatons n a world of peaceful coexstence, and to renforce the provsons of the Unted Natons Charter relatng to non-nterventon and ndependence and the soveregnty and terrtoral ntegrty of States. One of the most essental steps towards the achevement of the fnal objectve of a sngle and unted world communty was complete and uncondtonal acceptance and observance of the supreme prncple of nonnterventon n the domestc affars of States. 32. That prncple was an artcle of fath for the non-algned countres, whch rejected the poltcal manpulatons that others were oblged to suffer under the nhbtng tes of mltary allances, and placed ther relance on the justce and valdty of ther phlosophy of peaceful coexstence. Accordngly, specal emphass had been placed on the prncple of non-nterventon n the declaratons of the Heads of State or Government of the non-algned countres and n other nternatonal nstruments concluded between them. But whle the non-algned countres already chershed and advocated the prncple, all States must recognze and practse t f the world was to progress towards abdng peace and the rule of law. / 33. The concept of non-nterventon based on the soveregn equalty and terrtoral ntegrty of States was not a new one. It had been enuncated by the jurst Wolff n a work publshed n the mddle of the eghteenth century and had been ncorporated n the French Consttuton of 1793. Durng the nneteenth century t had been volated so often that the excentons )
v... j ter and other hghly mportant nternatonal andmullateral nstruments, t had assumed new meanng and valdty. The specfc content and effectveness of partcular rules of nternatonal law depended--partly, at least--on the background aganst whch they were appled. The ethcal values of a gven generaton and the requrements of gven stuatons at gven tmes together gave mpetus to the development of new rules of nternatonal law. The accesson to ndependence of a large number of States n recent years had broadened both the bass of nternatonal law and ts scope of applcaton; and as the Internatonal Court of Justce had stated n ts decson on the Corfu Channel case n 1949,1-/ the alleged rght of nterventon could not fnd a place n nternatonal law. 34. The prncple of non-nterventon was emboded n the Unted Natons Charter tself. Whenthe Charter had been sgned at San Francsco n 1945 many States had not yet ganed ther ndependence; and the total number of Member States had been only ffty-one. But the Charter allowed for the dynamc development of the world socety; and, although the Unted Natons had had lttle success so far n eradcatng racsm and aparthed, t had made consderable progress n the eradcaton of colonalsm. At the ffteenth sesson, the General Assembly had adopted the hstorc Declaraton on the grantng of ndependence to colonal countres and peoples (resoluton 1514 (XV)); and the Commttee should bear n mnd the letter and the sprt of that Declaraton n draftng the declaraton on the prncple of non-nterventon. The queston of the ndependence of colonal countres and peoples was n fact closely assocated wth the queston of non-nterventon, because the proposed declaraton on the latter subject would confer the benefts of soveregn equalty on colonal peoples when they attaned ther freedom. 35. The prncple of non-nterventon had alsobeen proclamed n varous regonal and multnatonal declaratons and nstruments. The Latn Amercan countres, for nstance, had called, n the Conventon concernng the Dutes and Rghts of States nthe Event of Cvl Strfe, sgned at Havana n 1928, n the Declaraton of Amercan Prncples, adopted at Lma n 1938, and n the Charter of the Organzaton of Amercan States, sgned at Bogotÿ n 1948, for strct observance of the prncple; and artcles 15, 16 and 17 of the Charter of the Organzaton of Amercan States actually provded defntons of the prncple of nonnterventon whch were now frmly establshed n nternatonal jursprudence. Under those artcles, nterventon n both the nternaland the external affars of States was prohbted; and actvtes aganst the State's personalty and ts poltcal, economc and cultural elements, as also coercve measures desgned to force the soveregn wl of a State, were forbdden. Lastly, and above all, the terrtory of a State was nvolable. The Afro-Asan and non-algned countres, whch had suffered most from the nterventonst polces of ther former colonal rulers, had also defned the prncple n clear and unambguous terms n the Declaraton of Bandung, adopted at the I/Corfu Channel case, Judgment of Aprl 9th, 1949: I.C.J. Rgporm 194. ÿ9, p, 4. tons adopted by the Conferences of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Algned Countres held at Belgrade n 1961 and Caro n 1964, and n artcle HI of the Charter of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty. In all those documents, specal emphass had been placed on respect for the soveregnty and terrtoral ntegrty of all natons; n July 1964 the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty had passed a specal resoluton solemnly declarng that they pledged themselves to respect the borders exstng on ther achevement of natonal ndependence, whle n October 1964 at Caro the Second Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Algned Countres had declared that the establshed fronter's of States were nvolable and that fronter dsputes should be settled by peaceful means. 36. Of the varous'documents before the Commttee, the USSR draft resoluton (A/C.1/L.343ÿRev.1) emboded the essental prncples to whch he had referred, and could serve as a useful and approprate bass for the declaraton whch the General Assembly would fnally adopt. On' the other hand, he thought that a draft declaraton on the nadmssblty of nterventon n the domestc affars of States and the protecton of ther ndependence and soveregnty should refer to those partcular ssues only and not to all prncples of nternatonal law, all aspects of nternatonal relatons, all the requrements of peace and peaceful coexstence, or all the prncples and purposes of the Unted Natons. Agan, n the declaraton fnally adopted, specal emphass should be placed on the Declaraton on the Grantng of Independence to Colonal Countres and Peoples, n vew of the close connexon between non-nterventon and the soveregn rghts of newly ndependent countres. In addton, the declaraton should be unversal n ts applcaton--n other words, t should be applcable to countres n all areas and regons throughout the world. Fnally, t should ncorporate and reaffrm the relevant provsons of the Unted Natons Charter and the other charters and nstruments to whch he had referred. Hs delegaton's amendments (A/C.1/ L.354) to the Latn Amercan draft resoluton were based on those four consderatons. 37. Mr. LOPEZ' (Phlppnes) sad that t was a sad commentary on the present state of the world that the Unted Natons should feel oblged--twenty years after the promulgaton of the Charter--to reaffrm one of ts essental prncples. 38. The whole purpose of the prncples of nonnterventon was to protect the weak from the depredatons of the strong. That was the meanng of the seres of solejmn nstruments ncorporatng the prncple of non-nterventon, from the Conventon on Rghts and Dutes of States adopted at Montevdeo n 1933 to the Declaratons of Bandung and Caro; yet those latter nstruments were merely reaffrmatons and elaboratons of Artcle 2 Of the Unted Natons Charter. 39. As hs country had often suffered nterventon-- both drect armed nterventon and ÿndreet or subversve nterventon--at the hands of varous Powers, t could not be ndfferent to any proposal to reaffrm the prncple of non-nterventon at the present tme; :
:1/ J!',!/ d :!ÿ! I Lj I' r 304 he regretted, however, that the statements by the Sovet delegaton and certan delegatons of lke mnd --and the statements whch other representatves had made n reply--had created the mpresson that the Commttee was consderng a specfc case, or specfc cases, of nterventon. Itwas not dealngwth a specfc complant or case. The approprate forum for dscussng specfc acts of nterventon was, n the frst nstance, the Securty Councl, not the General Assembly; and snce there was already an establshed procedure for dealng wth complants, the queston of the Congo, the Domncan Republc and Vet-Nam should not be dscussed n one of the Assembly, s Commttees. 40. If, as he beleved, the Commttee wshed to reaffrm and elaborate the prncple of non-nterventon emboded n Artcle 2 of the Charter, all t had to do was to follow the precedents establshed by the General Assembly tself. In 1948, t had adopted the Unversal Declaraton of Human Rghts on the bass of the 'human rghts provsons n the Charter, and n 1960 t had adopted the Declaraton on the Grantng of Independence to Colonal Countres and Peoples on the bass of the "Charter provsons regardng the self-determnaton of peoples, partcularly those contaned n Artcle 73. 41. A Unted Natons deelaratorÿ on non-ntervent0n should refer to the more contemporary, covert and ndrect forms of nterventon--partcularly subversve nterventon--as well as to the classcal, overt and drect forms whch were proscrbed n the USSR draft. Indrect forms of nterventon ncluded those defned n the new paragraph 2 proposed by the Unted States (A/C.I/L.350 and Corr.l) for nserton n the Sovet draft declaraton n the new paragraph 4 proposed by the Unted Kngdom (A/C.I/L.351) for nserton n the same draft, and n operatve paragraph 4 of the draft resoluton submtted by eghteen Latn Amercan countres (A/C.I/L.349/Rev.I and Add.l). 42. Fnally, the declaraton eventually adopted should nclude a reference to the purposes of the Unted Natons as ldefned n Artcle 1 of the Charter, as a logcal counterpart to the prncples expressed n Artcle 2: Whle Artcle 2 emphaszed the separateness and ndvdualty of States, Artcle 1 stressed ther collectvty; and t was essental, as the Unted Kngdom delegaton had suggested, to nclude some statement to the effect that respect for the prncple of nonnterventon should not have the effect of derogatng from the rght and duty of Member States to cooperate wth one another n accordance wth the Charter. 43. Snce too lttle tme remaned at the current sesson for the Commttee to set up a workng group to draft aÿ agreed text of a declaraton, as the Afghanstan representatve had suggested, he would support the Tunsan representatve,s proposal for General Assembly _ Twenteth Sesson -- Frst Commttee the appontment of a specal commttee or woz party to prepare a draft declaraton on non-n venton for consderaton by the General Asset at ts twenty-frst sesson. Such a specal commÿ should be relatvely small, consstng perhaps c more than seventeen members selected on the sÿ geographcal bass as the Vce-Presdents of General Assembly and representng all the mporÿ vewponts whch had emerged n the Commttÿ dscusson. All the proposals now before the F Commttee, together wth the records of ts dsc1 sons, should be referred to the specal commt for nformaton and gudance. 44. Mr. KABORE (Upper Volta) welcomed the n afre taken by the USSR n proposng a dscusson the nadmssblty of nterventon n the dornesl affars of States. At the same tme, hs delegat wshed to throw some lght on one aspect of nte: venton whch was threatenng peace and secur n Afrca. 45. When Afrca had cast off the yoke ofcolonalsn t had hoped to pursue ts economc, socal aÿ cultural development n an atmosphere of calm an stablty wth the assstance of frendly countres However, certan people had sent agents to th Afrcan contnent to spread camouflaged mperalsn there. Takng advantage of the credulty of a stl llterate populaton, they had found ambtous personÿ to fulfl ther dark desgns. In the name of freedorÿ and dgnty, ndoctrnaton schools had been n Afrca to tran ocent...? tabl sh.0, fratrcde. Informaton meda were... beng ÿ ÿo eorfn21ÿ used to teach ntolerance, dssenson, subverson and hatred. Attempts were beng made to conceal the true stuaton from the world by" depctng nnocent States such as the Upper Volta as trouble-makers. 46. Afrca Would not be able to play therole whch was expected of t unless the Unted Natons gave serous attenton to the problems of subverson n newly ndependent countres. In partcular, the great lÿ wers should behave wth tolerance and respect for others n the Unted Natons and should try to wn the confdence of the small countres by dsarmng and by renouncng the use of force. Each Member State should help the Organzaton to ensure strcter respect for the provsons of the Charter and other nternatonal nstruments wth the same ams, rather than use the Unted Natons as a school of deology and sterle phraseology. 47. He hoped that all countres would dsplay the same zeal n mplementng the resolutons adopted as they had shown n the current debate and that all Member States would accept the dea of nternatonal nspecton to guarantee the peace ard securty of manknd. The meetng rose at 1.15 p.m. Lthe n U.N.