Immigration Min Shu Waseda University 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 1
Group Presentation in Thematic Classes Contents of the group presentation on July 10 Related chapter in Global Political Economy Pre-assigned current issue(s) Book chapter for Group 15 Ch11: The Logics of Economic Globalization Current issue for Group 16 Brexit, Trump and Anti-Globalization Populism 2018/6/19 International Political Economy 2
Outline of the lecture The history and reality of migration Why do people migrate? Positive impacts of migration Negative implications of migration Migration policy I: high-tech migrants Migration policy II: illegal migrants and terrorism Migration in Japan Presentation I: Global Growth, Inequality, and Poverty Presentation II: The Schengen Crisis and the Refugee Inflow to Europe 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 3
The history and reality of migration Migrants and migration Encyclopaedia Britannica: the permanent change of residence by an individual or group; it excludes nomadism, (short-term) migrant labour, commuting, and tourism. Migrants in IPE: people who left their home countries and moved to another country on a mid- or long-term base Immigrants and emigrants Global migration in 2015 243.7 million worldwide About 140.5 million in developed countries About 103.2 million in developing countries 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 4
Top 20 migration corridors, 2010 (Source: WMR2013) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 5
Top five countries of destination and origin (South North & North North, 2010, in thousands. Source: WMR2013) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 6
Top five countries of destination and origin (South South & North South, 2010, in thousands. Source: WMR2013) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 7
Diasporas: Overseas Chinese and Indian Communities (top 20) Source: the Economist (2011) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 8
The history and reality of migration The history of migration Earliest footprints in Kenya (1.5 million years ago) Homo erectus was a great leap in evolution, showing increased variety of diet and of habitat, and was the first Homo species to make the journey out of Africa. (BBC, 2009) Oldest evidence of Homo sapiens found in Morocco (300 thousand years ago) (Nature, 2017) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 9
The history and reality of migration Pre-history human (humo sapiens) migration (DNA-based research) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 10
The history and reality of migration Colonial migration in the 18 th century 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 11
The history and reality of migration International migration in the 20 th century 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 12
Why do people migrate? Economic motivations Wage gap Living standards Internal migration: rural (periphery) areas business and political centres of the country International migration: developing countries developed countries Destination country Language Culture and religion Working environment Social (e.g., education and health) conditions Migrants community 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 13
Net migration rates for 2008 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 14
Why do people migrate? Influences of migration policy Push factors : home countries situation Pull factors : destination countries Policies towards foreign workers Rules on overseas labors and permanent residency Refugees of war and famine War (esp. civil war) and political refugees Famine and poverty Today, about 90% of refugees are staying in developing countries 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 15
Positive impacts of voluntary migration Re-allocation of labors Home countries: labor (human capital) surplus Destination countries: labor insufficiency Worldwide labor reallocation based on wage difference The economic growth of destination countries Higher productivity because of reduced labor cost Enhanced social efficiency in the areas of migration jobs Young migration increases the taxation-social benefit ratio Spill-over effects on home countries Remittance sent back to home country Investment and technology transfer Connecting home and destination countries 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 16
Migrants by age group and gender in the North and the South (WB 2010) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 17
Top five remittance corridors on the four migration pathways (WB 2010) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 18
Negative implications of voluntary migration Impacts on home countries Brain drain Implications for destination countries Lower wage in the sectors attracting the inflow of migrants Higher unemployment for domestic workers Potential crimes and social problems Illegal immigration New challenges of migration Security: migration and terrorism Regional governance: migration and refugee policy in the EU 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 19
Public opinion on immigration (UK) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 20
Public opinion on immigration (Australia) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 21
Migration policy I: high-skilled migrants Migration policy Specific laws and rules applied to emigrants and immigrants Closely related to industrial policy, science and technology policy, social policy, security policy, etc. High-skilled migration Migrates who hold special skills and special qualifications Contributing to the economic and technological development of destination countries Better salaries and benefits compared to low-skilled migrates Examples of high-skilled migration The Silicon Valley & the EU s Blue Card scheme Expatriate professionals in Shanghai, Singapore, Bangkok, and Kuala Lumpur IT migration in Asia: Hsinchu City (Taiwan), Bangalore (India) 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 22
Migration policy II: illegal migrants and terrorism Illegal migration Migrants who have moved across the borders against the migration laws of home and/or destination countries Illegal entrance or overstaying a visa Local repulsion against illegal immigrants Terrorism and migration September 11 attack (2001) International terrorist organizations US reaction: Department of Homeland Security (2002), immigration control tightened Discrimination against Muslim migrants 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 23
Migration in Japan The current situation of migration in Japan Registered alien residents in July 2017 are about 2.47 million (1.88% of the total population) 2.05m from Asia, 69.9k from North America, 73.1k from Europe The supporters and opponents of immigration Pro-immigration Political implications (political openness, East Asian Community) Economic impacts (industrial competitiveness, ageing society, declining birth rate) Anti-immigration Social cost: public order, social security, crimes Possible cultural conflicts; difficult social assimilation Japanese immigration policy Political, economic, and cultural factors 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 24
Group Presentation Book chapter for Group 11 Ch12: Global Growth, Inequality, and Poverty Current issue for Group 12 The Schengen Crisis and the Refugee Inflow to Europe 2018/6/26 International Political Economy 25