Commodore Perry, Treaty, 1853 End Japanese Isolation by demonstrating superior naval force introduced interchangeable weapon parts Japan begins rapid industrialization & modernization
Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908 U.S. interpretation = honor status quo in Pacific Japanese interpretation = U.S. sanctioning Japanese sphere of influence in Far East except for Philippines T.R T. R. mediated Peace Russo-Japanese War
Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917 Recognize Japan s special interests in Manchuria Admonish Japan to honor Open Door Policy in China
Summary of Diplomatic Problems with Japan Language Barrier Discrimination of Japanese Immigrants Cultural Arrogance
The Versailles Treaty
A Weak League of Nations
The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.
The Stab-In-The-Back Theory German soldiers are dissatisfied.
Decadence of the Weimar Republic
France False Sense of Security? The Maginot Line
Italy, 1922 Mussolini & his Black Shirts march on Rome Beginning of Fascist Dictatorship T.R
Washington Conference, 1922 U.S.:Britain:Japan scrap warships 5:5:3
International Agreements Locarno Pact 1925 France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy Guarantee existing frontiers Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East bank of Rhine River Refrain from aggression against each other Kellog-Briand Pact 1928 Makes war illegal as a tool of diplomacy No enforcement provisions
The Great Depression
The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 Creates puppet state Manchukuo China asked League & U.S. to intervene Stimson Doctrine = U.S. not recognize territory seized by force
Japan attacks Shanghai, 1932 U.S. embargo on munitions sales to belligerents
1933 Hitler Seizes Power in Germany F.D. R. elected President T.R
Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934 Grants Philippine Independence in 10 yrs Japanese Interpretation = U.S. no longer interested in Pacific Basin Japan terminates Washington Treaty, 1934
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie
Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936
U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
America-First Committee Charles Lindbergh
The Austrian Anschluss, 1936
The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939 The National Front [Nationalists] Carlists [ultra-catholic monarchists]. Catholic Church. Falange [fascist] Party. Monarchists. The Popular Front [Republicans] Anarcho-Syndicalists. Basques. Catalans. Communists. Marxists. Republicans. Socialists.
The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939
The Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939 The American Lincoln Brigade
The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939 Francisco Franco
The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid
Guernica by Pablo Picasso
The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937
Japanese Invasion of China, July 1937 No formal declaration of war FDR allows munitions sales to continue China--7 million, Japan 2 million
Panay Incident, 1937 Japan mistakenly bombs American gunboat on Yangtze River = issues formal apology U.S. aid to China increases Volunteer Air Force U.S. manufacturers boycott Japan
The Problem of the Sudetenland
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have peace in our time! Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 The Pact of Steel
The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [ Lightening War ]
German Troops March into Warsaw
European Theater of Operations
The Phoney War Ends: Spring, 1940
Dunkirk Evacuated June 4, 1940
France Surrenders June, 1940
A Divided France Henri Petain
The French Resistance The Free French The Maquis General Charles DeGaulle
Fall of 1940 Rapid fall of Belgium, Holland, France, Denmark, Norway to Blitzkrieg Battle of Britain sinking of Robin Moor & Reuben James
Japan invades Indochina, 1940 Congressional Ban on selling gasoline & scrap iron to Japan
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: The Tripartite Pact September, 1940
Now Britain Is All Alone!
Winston Churchill T.R Led lone battle against appeasement Prime Minister at moment Britain plunges into War
U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941 Great Britain...$31 billion Soviet Union...$11 billion France...$ 3 billion China...$1.5 billion Other European...$500 million South America...$400 million Totaled: $48,601,365,000
Lend-Lease
Battle of Britain: The Blitz
Battle of Britain: The Blitz
The London Tube : Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The Royal Air Force
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
The Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941. Solidifies alliance. Fashioned after Wilson s 14 points. Calls for League of Nations type organization.
Operation Barbarossa: Hitler s Biggest Mistake
Japanese American Talks, Spring 1941 Cordell Hull & Ambassador Nomura U.S. demands Japanese withdrawal in exchange for removal of trade restrictions
Japan resumes take-over of Indochina FDR freezes Japanese assets
March, 1941 Hideko Tojo & War Party Control Japanese Government
Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 3,000,000 German soldiers. 3,400 tanks.
Hull & Nomura Talks Continue, June 1941 Nomura: Japan stops further expansion U.S & Britain stop aid to China U.S. lifts embargo Japan pulls out of Indochina after just peace with China Hull (Nov. 26, 1941) Japan must withdraw all military, naval, air, and police forces from China & Indochina
Ultra Secret: Enigma Machine U.S. breaks Japanese Code (Col. W. Friedman) Knows war is eminent Expects attack on Malaysia & Philippines
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!
Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941 Yamamoto plan of attack Also invade Philippines & Malaysia U. S. Losses: 2 battleships destroyed 6 near destruction 12 out of action 150 planes destroyed 2,300 killed 1,100 wounded Not present during attack: U.S. aircraft carriers
President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Memorial
Germany & Italy Declare War on United States