China China from 221 B.C.E. to 907 C.E. Conquest, consolida<on, and confirma<on of empire Inclusion of Outer China Rela<ons with areas influenced by Chinese culture Comparison of China and Rome
The Qin Dynasty Military Power and Mobiliza<on Qin defeated regional states by 221 B.C.E. Armed forces essen<al to Qin success Defeated Koreans and Xiongnu (Huns) Mass mobiliza<on of men for public works including Great Wall of China 700,000 workers used to create capital city Qin Shi Huangdi tomb included 7,000 life- size figures of soldiers
The Qin Dynasty Economic Power Public works intended to improve economy Canal and river transport systems Irriga<on in Sichuan for grain produc<on Acquisi<on of areas rich in iron ore and two ironworking facili<es
The Qin Dynasty Administra<ve Power Used bureaucracy instead of personal <es Empire divided into forty commanderies Each administered by three officials to insure that no one leader could develop power base to challenge the emperor Standardiza<on of weights, measures, etc.
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Empire Emperors used philosophy to jus<fy ac<ons Court historians wove ideals into histories of China Ideals drawn from the Period of Warring States, which triggered reflec<on on how best to promote stability
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Government Confucianism Good government requires men of jen- - humanity, benevolence, virtue, and culture Governments should promote these traits; their absence leads to chaos Believe all people have virtue and are educable Virtues of idealized past can be reestablished
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Empire Confucianism Junzi (gentlemen) were made and not born Ideals were rejected by the Qin but favored by the Han dynasty Flexibility of ideas made them adaptable Mencius and Xunzi were the major interpreters of meaning of Confucianism
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Empire [cont.] Legalism Qin favored legalism with its strict laws and enforcement Values and laws were posted around the empire Major interpreter was Han Fei Tzu (d. 233 B.C.E.) Favored two handles of chas<sement and commenda<on to control imperial ministers
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Empire [cont.] Daoism Mys<cal doctrine of spontaneity in the face of nature and the cosmos Consoled leaders about the extent of their powers Laozi the founder of the ideals Rejected Confucianism but was ofen <ed to it Confucianism = the public philosophy Daoism = solace in private lives
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Empire [cont.] Struggle between Legalism and Confucianism Qin rejected Confucian respect for the past Ordered Confucian texts burned Rejected personal <es as basis of government in favor of bureaucracy with defined rules
The Qin Dynasty Compe<ng Ideologies of Empire Mandate of Heaven Heaven supported rulers of high moral character and undercut those who lacked it Peaceful, prosperous <mes seen as proof of divine approval of dynasty Turmoil or natural calamity seen as proof of withdrawal of divine approval for moral failings Rebel groups claimed evidence of emperor s loss of Mandate
The Qin Dynasty The Fall of the Qin Dynasty Dynasty collapsed with death of Qin Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C.E. Oppression brought backlash Use of peasantry to fight Hsiungnu ruined peasantry Succession fight within Qin Rebellions in regional capitals Had lost the Mandate of Heaven
The Han Dynasty A Confucian Bureaucracy Liu Bang, first Han, was commoner who chose educated men with Confucian principles History became more important Established elite academy to teach Confucianism as part of requirement that knowledge of Confucius is necessary for promo<on in bureaucracy Consolidated legal system Established principles for the conduct of women
The Han Dynasty Military Power and Diplomacy Han as militaris<c as Qin had been Army of 300,000 to one million Campaigns to the west for silk markets and access to Bactrian horses Foreign rela<ons by tributary system Payments and obedience to Chinese government in return for gifs from emperor to tribal leaders
The Han Dynasty Popula<on and Migra<on Created military- agricultural colonies on northern and southern borders Popula<on declined and shifed southward by 140 C.E. North faced flooding and war casual<es Southern residents faced few threats to life
The Han Dynasty Economic Power Developed ironworking techniques Spread trade routes to the west Raised land revenues and na<onalized private enterprise Confucianists opposed these policies but also opposed business ac<vity in general
The Han Dynasty Fluctua<ons in Administra<ve Power An Interregnum [9-23 C.E.] Death of child emperor Ping led to akempt of regent Wang Mang to create new dynasty Failure and restora<on of Han created dis<nc<on between earlier and later Han Flooding and course changes of the Yellow River disrupted daily and economic life Invasions of Xiongnu and rebellion of Red Turbans in 23 C.E. opened door for return of Han
The Han Dynasty Fluctua<on of Administra<ve Power [cont.] A Weakened Han Dynasty [23-220 C.E.] Han weakness enabled barbarians to live inside the Great Wall, serve in army, and intermarry with Chinese Led to siniciza+on of barbarians Southern movement of popula<on enriched merchants rather than emperor Han failed to force local administrators to send tax revenues to central government
The Han Dynasty Fluctua<on of Administra<ve Power [cont.] Peasant Revolt and the Fall of the Han Yellow Turban revolt in 184 C.E. broke out simultaneously in sixteen places Four fac<ons within government sought dynas<c power Child emperor Bureaucrats, advisors, palace guard, and regent Court eunuchs Women of the court
Disintegra<on and Reunifica<on Ecology and Culture China split into three governments that reflected geographic features North suited to wheat; south to rice culture Chinese culture endured imperial division; people of the Han refers to culture Western dynasty became more Chinese over <me
Disintegra<on and Reunifica<on Buddhism Reaches China Entered during Han Dynasty Foreignness contributed to its success An<- priestly stance and presence in trading communi<es made it acceptable to merchants Mixed with Confucianism and Daoism to bring innova<ons to Chinese culture
Disintegra<on and Reunifica<on Reunifica<on under Sui and Tang Dynas<es The Short- lived Sui Dynasty [581-618 C.E.] Used Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist beliefs Centralized government; rotated officials Completed Grand Canal but efforts helped deplete Sui treasury Successor (Tang, 618-907 C.E.) dynasty con<nued expansion to Outer China
Disintegra<on and Reunifica<on Reunifica<on under Sui and Tang [cont.] Arts and Technology under the Tang Block prin<ng and Buddhist religious art Development of porcelain Tang poetry on medita<on, nature, and suffering Major poets are Wang Wei, Li Bai, and Du Fu China essen<ally unified from this era forward
Imperial China Introduc<on Chinese modified defini<on of empire as rule of one people over another Chinese pursuit of assimila<on was regarded as mutually beneficial to Chinese and barbarians Danger in the threat of civil war when members of an ethnic group rejected assimila<on
Imperial China The West and the Northwest Control was flee<ng but Chinese culture endured The South and the Southwest Process of assimilia<on made much less of a mark Remaining tribal people lived in enclaves Revolt by Miao but most assimilate
Imperial China Vietnam Part of Chinese empire (111 B.C.E.- 939 C.E.) Love- hate rela<onship made Vietnam a haven for dissident Chinese officials Gained Buddhism and some agricultural prac<ces adopted from China Intense desire for independence coupled with Confucian prac<ces, exam system, eli<st administra<on
Imperial China Korea Cultural influence high; poli<cal control brief Adopted much Chinese culture Free of direct control afer 220 C.E. Resisted Chinese akempts to retake peninsula Confucianism, legal codes, bureaucracy, literature, and Buddhism were borrowed from China
Imperial China Japan Immigra<on and Cultural Influences Japanese adopted rice culture from China (300 B.C.E.) One- third of Japanese nobility claimed Chinese or Korean ancestry (by 500 C.E.) Chinese script from Korean scribe (405 C.E.) Embryonic Japanese state (3rd century, C.E.) Japanese frequently visit China to learn Chinese models
Imperial China Japan [cont.] Immigra<on and Cultural Influence [cont.] Emperor was figurehead; power to elites Taika ( great change ) in 646 C.E. centralized state and abolished private ownership of land 710 C.E.- - new capital at Nara and emperor regarded as divine but no adop<on of Mandate of Heaven Reliance on Chinese models declined over later centuries
Legacies for the Future Comparison of China and Rome Differences Geopoli<cal Ideological Longevity and persistence Policy and powers of assimila<on Language policy Ideology and cultural cohesion Influence on neighbors
Legacies for the Future Comparison of China and Rome Similari<es Rela<ons with barbarians Religious policies Role of the emperor Gender rela<ons and the family Significance of imperial armies Overextension
Legacies for the Future Comparison of China and Rome Similari<es [cont.] Public works projects The concentra<on of wealth Policies for and against individual mobility Revolts Peasant flight