What would you do if a friend were accused?

1945-1991 After World War II, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union lead to a war without direct conflict the Cold War. Both countries invest heavily in nuclear weapons, and the U.S. enters the Korean War. At home, fear of communism escalates. 1

At the end of WWII, Americans begin to be haunted by a new fear. The Soviets have embraced a tightly controlled political system called communism. Many believe it threatens the American way of life. Throughout the nation, suspected communists are called before a House subcommittee for questioning. Anyone accused of un-american activity faces public humiliation and professional ruin. What would you do if a friend were accused? Do Americans with communist beliefs pose a threat to the nation? What can individual citizens do to protect the rights of all people? Should citizens speak out to preserve the rights of others? In 1945, U.S. and Soviet troops met at the Elbe river in Germany. The meeting was characterized as a symbol of peace. 2

Section 1: Origins of the Cold War Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts Objectives: 1. Explain the breakdown in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II 2. Summarize the steps taken to contain Soviet influence 3. Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions 4. Explain how conflict over Germany increased fear of Soviet aggression 3

The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as Two superpowers with vastly different political and economic systems. Terms and Names: Soviet Communism Joseph Stalin United Nations Potsdam Conference Satellite nations Containment Iron Curtain Cold War Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO 4

U.S.-Soviet Relations: U.S. and U.S.S.R. had very different economic, political systems Under Soviet Communism the state controlled all property and economic activity The U.S. economic system allows private individuals to control property and the economy with some government intervention The U.S. was suspicious of Joseph Stalin (the Soviet leader) because he had once been Hitler s ally Stalin resented that the U.S. had delayed attacking Germany and hid the atomic bomb The United Nations: In June 1945, 50 nations agree to create the United Nations as a new peacekeeping body Ironically, the UN becomes arena where the U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete for influence 5

Truman Become President: After FDR dies, Truman succeeds him as president He had only been Vice President for a short time Truman had not been included in policy decisions Didn t even know about the atom bomb The Potsdam Conference: In February 1945, the Big Three U.S., Soviets, England had met at Yalta to discuss post-war goals The Potsdam Conference occurred in July 1945: Now it was Stalin, Truman and at first Churchill then Clement Atlee It was clear now that Stalin had no intention of allowing free elections in Eastern Europe He banned democratic parties Truman was furious 6

Bargaining at Potsdam: U.S. and Soviet aims were deeply at odds Truman demanded free elections and to spread democracy around Europe He wanted to create a new world order in which all nations had the right of self-determination Stalin wanted the Germans to suffer and to pay for war damages which happened on Soviet soil He felt that he should have power over eastern Europe as a buffer from future invasion Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe Stalin installs communist rule in satellite nations countries it dominates In 1946, Stalin announces that war between communism and capitalism is inevitable United States Establishes a Policy of Containment: U.S. policy of containment measures to prevent spread of communism In 1946, Churchill gives a speech in the U.S. describing the division of Europe as the iron curtain 7

Turn to page 605 of your textbook Use the map to draw the iron curtain on your map of 1939 Europe The Truman Doctrine: 1945-1991 Cold War political and ideological conflict between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Neither nation directly confronts each other on the battlefield Truman Doctrine policy essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures -Truman In 1947, the U.S. replaces British economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to reduce communist threat 8

The Marshall Plan: Europe was devastated after World War II and communism looked like a viable option to many In 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposes sending aid to all European nations that needed it The Marshall Plan sent over $13 billion in aid reviving 16 nations By 1952, economies flourishing and communism looked less appealing The Berlin Airlift: After WWII, Germany was split up into occupied zones: France, Britain and the U.S. controlled the west, while the Soviets had the east. Berlin, located in Eastern Germany, was also divided amongst the four powers. In an effort to seize control of the whole of Berlin, in 1948, Stalin closed all access to West Berlin Berlin Airlift Britain and U.S. fly over and drop supplies into West Berlin for 327 straight days The airlift saved West Berlin from the Soviets and increased U.S. prestige in Europe In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade 9

The NATO Alliance: Fear of Soviet expansion leads to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 10 European nations, together with the U.S. and Canada, pledge mutual military support Significance it was the first time ever that the U.S. had entered into a peacetime military alliance It also marked the end of U.S. isolationism Turn to page 605 in your textbook and using a marker, draw the iron curtain on your map of Europe Distrust of the Soviets: Following the creation of NATO, the Soviets detonated their own atomic bomb. Truman wanted to make sure he d have the financial capability to defeat the Soviets The NSC-68 outlined the de facto national security strategy of the United States for that time and analyzed the capabilities of the Soviet Union and of the United States of America from military, economic, political, and psychological standpoints. The NSC-68 described the challenges facing the United States in cataclysmic terms. "The issues that face us are momentous," the document stated, "involving the fulfillment or destruction not only of this Republic but of civilization itself. The NSC-68 document showed a definite shift from isolationism to a foreign policy of containment 10

Film Noir: 1. A French term meaning "black film," or film of the night, inspired by the Series Noir, a line of cheap paperbacks that translated hard-boiled American crime authors and found a popular audience in France. 2. A movie which at no time misleads you into thinking there is going to be a happy ending. 3. Locations that reek of the night, of shadows, of alleys, of the back doors of fancy places, of apartment buildings with a high turnover rate, of taxi drivers and bartenders who have seen it all. 4. Cigarettes. Everybody in film noir is always smoking, as if to say, "On top of everything else, I've been assigned to get through three packs today." The best smoking movie of all time is "Out of the Past," in which Robert Mitchum and Kirk Douglas smoke furiously at each other. At one point, Mitchum enters a room, Douglas extends a pack and says, "Cigarette?" and Mitchum, holding up his hand, says, "Smoking." Terms and Names: Soviet Communism Joseph Stalin United Nations Potsdam Conference Satellite nations Containment Iron Curtain Cold War Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO 11

Students group up and work on Section 1 of Chapter 18 study guide. Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts 12

U.S. containment policies and Communist successes in China and North Korea lead to the Korean War After World War II, China became a communist nation and Korea was split into a communist north and a democratic south Ongoing tensions with China and North Korea today continue to involve the United States 13

Turn to page 613 in your textbook. Analyze the Korean War The firing of MacArthur Old soldiers never die, they just fade away Section 3: The Cold War at Home Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts 14

1. Describe government efforts to investigate the loyalty of U.S. citizens 2. Explain the spy cases of Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg 3. Describe the efforts of Senator Joseph McCarthy to investigate alleged Communist influence in the United States Terms and Names: HUAC Hollywood Ten Blacklist Alger Hiss Paul Robeson Joseph McCarthy Ethel and Julius Rosenberg McCarran Act Loyalty Review Board McCarthyism 15

Been put in a situation in which your guilt, rather than your innocence, is presumed and the burden is upon you to prove yourselves innocent? Consider the power of the smear campaign, where it is difficult to prove the truth once a lie has been spread about a person American Sentiments: Communist takeover of Eastern Europe and China fuel fear of its spread At the height of World War II, 100,000 Americans claimed they were members of the Communist Party Loyalty Review Board: Truman is accused by Republicans of being soft on communism In 1947, he sets up the Loyalty Review Board to investigate government employees Between 1947 and 1951, the Loyalty Board investigates 3.2 million employees and fired 212 Another 2,900 quit because they felt their constitutional rights were being violated 16

The House Un-American Activities Committee: House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigates Communist ties HUAC makes headlines in 1947 when they investigate the Hollywood movie industry The Hollywood Ten refuse to testify and are sent to prison Fearing trouble, Hollywood execs blacklist people with Communist ties and they can t get work Paul Robeson: Read the Historical Spotlight on Paul Robeson on page 617 of your text 17

The McCarran Act: Fearing Truman wasn t doing enough, Congress passes the McCarran Act making it illegal to plan any action that might lead to a totalitarian dictatorship Truman vetoes stating that in America we don t punish people for having opinions Congress overrides the veto Alger Hiss: Alger Hiss was accused of spying for the Soviet Union by a former Soviet spy While evidence against him was weak, he was convicted of perjury The high profile case was pursued by young congressman Richard Nixon Within four year Nixon was vice president 18

The Rosenbergs: In 1949, The U.S. public is shocked when it discovers that Soviets had detonated an atomic bomb Many begin to wonder if communist supporters had sold secrets Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving info Ethel and Julius Rosenberg minor Communist Party activists, are implicated Rosenbergs are sentenced to death and Supreme Court upholds conviction McCarthy s Tactics: Senator Joseph McCarthy is a strong anticommunist activist Ineffective legislator, needs an issue to win reelection McCarthyism attacking suspected Communists without evidence It is a term coined even today for the act of accusing someone of something without evidence McCarthy claims he has names of Communists in the State Department no evidence Few Republicans spoke out because they believed he had the winning strategy for the 1952 presidential election 19

McCarthy s Downfall: In 1954, McCarthy makes false accusations about the U.S. Army Televised hearing show him bullying witnesses Loses public support, Senate condemns him of improper conduct Three years later, McCarthy, suffering from alcoholism, dies a broken man During the Army trial, McCarthy was shamed by Army attorney Joseph Welch McCarthy s Downfall: McCarthy also had a very public fight with legendary television journalist Edward R. Murrow 20

Other Anti-Communist Measures: By 1953, 39 states and many towns pass laws to forbid speech favoring the violent overthrow of the government Millions are forced to take loyalty oaths and many are investigated People become afraid to speak out on public issues Terms and Names: HUAC Hollywood Ten Blacklist Alger Hiss Paul Robeson Joseph McCarthy Ethel and Julius Rosenberg McCarran Act Loyalty Review Board McCarthyism 21

Students pair up and work on Section 3 of Chapter 18 study guide. Jack Finney published The Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1955 during the height of the Red Scare and Senator Joe McCarthy s investigation into Un- American Activities. Finney s tale of an alien invasion of a small California town by pod-people that replicate and replace its citizens would seem to be a classic example of America s fear of Communist invasion and conformity. Many critics view this novel as a work that reflects the dominant cultural attitudes of its day. Finney does not analyze his culture but transfers his fear of Communism into a story of an alien invasion. Some scholars view the alien invasion as an obvious displacement of the Soviet threat [which] turn[s] on the metaphor of communism as pathology or disease. 22

Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts 1. Explain the policy of brinksmanship 2. Describe American and Soviet actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world 3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U- 2 incident on the United States 23

Terms and Names: H-bomb Dwight D. Eisenhower John Foster Dulles Brinksmanship Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Warsaw Pact Eisenhower Doctrine Nikita Khrushchev Francis Gary Powers U-2 Incident 24

Race for the H-Bomb: When Soviets explode atom bomb in 1949, Truman has to decide to develop an even bigger bomb H-bomb hydrogen bomb nuclear weapon more powerful than the atom bomb 1952: U.S. detonates H-bomb 1953: Soviets detonate one Policy of Brinksmanship: Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes president after Truman and during the height of the Cold War John Foster Dulles is his Secretary of State Proposes policy of brinksmanship the willingness to go to all out war to prevent spread of communism Thermo-nuclear threat is greater than ever before Millions can die Nation prepares by practicing air-raid procedures, many others build bomb shelters 25

Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America: Newly-formed Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies to gather information In Iran, the CIA helps oust the prime minister for fear he may turn to Soviets for help after British stopped buying Iranian oil They put in place a pro-american Shah In Guatemala, the CIA helps oust the president after he gave land to peasants Guatemalan army leader becomes president The Warsaw Pact: U.S.-Soviet relations thaw a bit after Stalin s death in 1953 West Germany is allowed to rearm and joins NATO This scares the Soviets, so they form the Warsaw Pact military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries Using map handout, label European countries and color countries in NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances, as well as neutral countries. Use map on page 624 of your text for reference 26

A Summit in Geneva: Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes open skies policy to allow flights over each other to keep eye on nukes Soviets reject the proposal, but world hails the spirit of Geneva as step towards peace The Suez War: In 1955, U.S. and Great Britain agree to help build Aswan Dam in Egypt Egypt s leader Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. and Soviets for more aid Dulles withdraws loan offer, Nasser responds by nationalizing Suez Canal (owned by France and Great Britain) Israel, Britain and France send troops UN intervenes Fighting stops, Egypt keeps canal, others withdraw The Eisenhower Doctrine: Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957, says U.S. will defend any Middle East country against Soviet Invasion 27

The Hungarian Uprising: In 1956, Hungarians revolt against communist rule, call for democratic government Popular liberal Communist leader, Imre Nagy, creates government, promises elections Soviet tanks quickly roll in, fighting Hungarians in streets, capturing and executing Nagy Despite Truman Doctrine, U.S. does nothing to help Soviet satellites, Soviets also vetoed any action by the UN A New Soviet Leader: Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader Favors peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition 28

The Space Race: October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite Shocked Americans pour money into own space program A U-2 is Shot Down: CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 planes to spy on Soviets Eisenhower wants the flights discontinued before summit with Khrushchev Francis Gary Powers is shot down on last flight over Soviet territory Renewed Confrontation: Eisenhower at first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying Agrees to stop flights, but refuses to apologize to Khrushchev U-2 incident renews tensions between superpowers; summit is cancelled 29

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, commonly known as Dr. Strangelove, is a 1964 black comedy film which satirizes the fear of nuclear war in the 1960s. It was directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick and starred Peter Sellers and George C. Scott. The film is loosely based on Peter George's Cold War thriller novel "Red Alert". The story concerns a crazy U.S. Air Force general who orders a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President of the United States and his advisors as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. It separately follows the crew of one of the B-52 bombers as they try to launch the bomb over Soviet territory. The film is often ranked by critics and directors amongst the greatest comedies of all time, and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 2000, readers of "Total Film" magazine voted it the 24th greatest comedy film of all time. As of July 2012, it ranked the 35th greatest film of all time at the Internet Movie Database. Movie critic Roger Ebert said the movie is "arguably the best political satire of the century." In 1989, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was listed as number three on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Laughs list. Students pair up and work on Section 4 of Chapter 17 study guide. 30

Let s review! Transition 15, 16.pptx 31