Can Illegal actions cause oil spills? Mirva Salokorpi, Research Manager, Kymenlaakso UAS 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 1
21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 2 Bondys Web Design IanzTrainz 2011
Causes of small oil spills (>7 t), 1974-2012 By causes By operations at time of incident 7 % 3 % 2 % 21 % Other/Unkonwn Fire/Explosion Equipment failure Hull failure Grounding 40 % 36 % Unknown Ohter operations Bunkering Loading/Discharging 65 % Allision/Collision 2 % 7 % 17 % Source: ITOPF, Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2012 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 3
Causes of medium oil spills (7-700 t), 1970-2012 By causes By operations at time of incident 15 % 7 % 2 % 11 % 4 % 20 % Hull failure Grounding Unknown Allision/Collision Other/Unkonwn 29 % 58 % Loading/Discharging Bunkering Other operations 28 % Fire/Explosion 26 % Equipment failure Source: ITOPF, Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2012 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 4
Causes of large oil spills (>700 t), 1970-2012 By operation at time of incident Under way (Open water) 18 % Other 2 % 3 % 9 % 49 % Bunkering Loading/Discharging At anchor (Inland/Restricted) 1 % At anchor (Open water) 18 % Under way (Inland/Restricted) Source: ITOPF, Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2012 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 5
Main reasons of incidents? Hull failure Equipment failure Allision / Collision Grounding Accidentially or intentionally? Illegal actions might be included also in an accident (gross negligence) Fire / Explosion 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 6
Direct attack/harm to the ship/port/infra Terrorism Exploiting the ship/supply chain Smuggling of drugs, weapons and other goods Piracy Illegal environmental activism Harm to the marine environment Illegal fishing Illegal emissions Illegal exploitation of natural resources Seafarers involved Illegal emissions Violations of marine rules The potential threat in all categories Stowaways, miggrant smuggling and human trafficking In particular, the problems of passenger ships: Crimes of violence Thefts and vandalism Other Economic crimes Unlabeled weapons and / or unreported transport Unmarked transport of chemicals CBRN threats 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 7
Direct attack/harm to the ship/port/infra Terrorism Piracy Illegal environmental activism Harm to the marine environment Illegal fishing Illegal emissions Illegal exploitation of natural resources Seafarers involved Illegal emissions Violations of marine rules The potential threat in all categories Exploiting the ship/supply chain Smuggling of drugs, weapons and other goods Stowaways, miggrant smuggling and human trafficking In particular, the problems of passenger ships: Crimes of violence Thefts and vandalism Other Potential Security Threats of Oil Transportation - Globally Economic crimes Unlabeled weapons and / or unreported transport Unmarked transport of chemicals CBRN threats 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 8
Four possible ways Intentional oil pollution Someone wants to destroy marine environment Unrealistic and unlikely scenario Direct attack against a ship / port oil spill likely Terrorism and vandalism in some cases Possible, but still uncommon Actions that unintentionally lead to an accident + oil spill Piracy, vandalism, smuggling, etc.? The risks are the days, but oil spills very rare Illegal oil pollution Small amount of oil is released intentionally, but the aim is not cause to harm Happens every day, but decresed due to the surveillance 21.11.2013 Pictures: AP Photo/Gerald Herbert; Kotka Terrorism Maritime Research Centre; Maritime Heikinkatu Security 7, 48100 Review; Kotka Getty 9
MT LIMBURG 2002 Al Qaeda carried out an attack on the French tanker, killing one crewman and resulting an explosion a hole in the hull 90,000 barrels of oils spilled Source: Terror Trends Bulletin 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 10
Possible but uncommon Maritime terrorism represents a very small percentage of overall terrorist attacks. maritime targets represented less than one percent of all terrorist attacks (Database 1999-2003, the Aegis Research and Intelligence, 2003) of the 40,126 terrorist incidents recorded between 1968 and 2007, only 136 (0.34%) were against the maritime domain (RAND terrorism database) 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 11
Maritime terrorism in the Baltic Sea? Unlikely Good level of surveillance Large-scale activities would be detected No organized terrorist groups in the area No apparent reason: Political status in the surrounding countries stable Welfare and democracy 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 12
Year Number of acts Lives lost Wounded crew Ships and Lives lost due to Piracy and armed robbery Missing crew Crew hostage/ kidnapped Crew assaulted Ships hijacked 2006 254 17 23 0 224 225 10 0 2007 310 22 75 57 223 39 18 0 Ships missing 2008 330 6 22 38 773 21 47 1 2009 406 8 57 9 746 2 56 2 2010 489 1 27 0 1,027 30 57 12 2011 544 0 3 0 569 3 50 0 Source: IMO GISIS Database 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 13
Source: International Maritime Bureau Piracy Reporting Centre, 2012 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 14
Maritime Piracy in the Baltic Sea? Very unlikely No organized groups in the area There are not proper hiding place Good level of surveillance No reasons: Stable conditions in the area Welfare 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 15
Oil spills detected by Finnish surveillance planes Source: Finnish Environment Institute, 2013 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 16
Direct attack/harm to the ship/port/infra Terrorism Potential Security Threats of Oil Transportation Baltic Sea Exploiting the ship/supply chain Smuggling of drugs, weapons and other goods Piracy Illegal environmental activism Harm to the marine environment Illegal fishing Illegal emissions Illegal exploitation of natural resources Seafarers involved Illegal emissions Violations of marine rules The potential threat in all categories Stowaways, miggrant smuggling and human trafficking In particular, the problems of passenger ships: Crimes of violence Thefts and vandalism Other Economic crimes Unlabeled weapons and / or unreported transport Unmarked transport of chemicals CBRN threats 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 17
Answering the question Yes, illegal actions can cause oil spills, but: Human factors contributing in 70-90% of maritime accidents, technical reasons 10-20% Mariners also breaks law, sometimes even intentionally or with gross negligence, but the aim is not to cause harm. Terrorists, pirates and other criminals cause huge economic and even human losses, but there is no clear connection between these actions and oil spills. 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 18
Outputs of WP 3 Fransas, A., Nieminen, E., Salokorpi, M. & Rytkönen, J. (2012) Maritime safety and security. Literature Review. Research and Reports Series B, No. 77, Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences, Kotka. Tuominen, R. (2013) Methods for security threat analysis. Literature survey for MIMIC project., Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere. Tuominen, R. (2013) Security threat analysis model for the MIMIC-project.,Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere. Fransas, A., Nieminen, E., Salokorpi, M. (2013) Maritime security and safety threats Study in the Baltic Sea area. Research and Reports, Series B No. 92, Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences, Kotka. Fransas, A., Nieminen, E., Salokorpi, M. (2013) Maritime security and security measures MIMIC Study in the Baltic Sea area. Research and Reports, Series B, Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences, Kotka. Not published yet. 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 19
Connections of safety and security Piracy Theft Natural disasters Threats Gross negligence Communication failure Technical failure Common threat cloud Similarities between safety management methods and security management methods, in general level Consequences might be similar incidents, accidents, economic and human losses 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 20
Future work The studies should be continued Focusing on certain threat types Security threats modeling 21.11.2013 Kotka Maritime Research Centre Heikinkatu 7, 48100 Kotka 21
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