Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet Early American Histry EOC Review #1 Triangular Trade Declaratin f Independence Thmas Jeffersn Early Influences Magna Carta: limited the pwer f the King Glrius Revlutin: Limited the King s pwer Parliament s pwer increased English Bill f Rights: Parliament pwer; basic rights f citizens Cmmn law: system f law based n precedent: a ruling in an earlier case that was similar (als traditins) Enlightenment: stressed the use f reasn & scientific methd Jhn Lcke: argued gv t exists fr the peple (Scial Cntract) purpse f gv t is t prtect natural rights life, liberty and prperty Mntesquieu: prpsed separatin f pwers (3 branches) Russeau: all men are created equal Great Awakening: Religius mvement Clnies: Jamestwn (Virginia): 1 st permanent English settlement in New Wrld Jint-Stck Cmpanies: prvide mney t finance trip, expect prfits in return Huse f Burgesses : 1 st representative demcracy Plymuth Clny (Massachusetts): funded by Pilgrims, 2 nd permanent English Clny (Separatists/Puritans), left fr religius freedm Mayflwer Cmpact: direct demcracy; twn meetings Religin is imprtant (Jhn Winthrp - City Upn a Hill ) Salem Witch Trials Fundamental Orders f Cnnecticut: first written cnstitutin in clnies Rhde Island religius tlerance, Anne Hutchinsn & Rger Williams Pennsylvania William Penn Quakers Gergia debtrs clny, buffer frm Spanish/Cathlic Flrida Maryland Tleratin Act: freedm f religin, sep. f church and state Prprietary Clny ruled by 1 Ryal Clny ruled by King Self-Gverning Clny ruled by the peple Indentured Servants: wrk t pay ff debt f trip t New Wrld; Headright System extra land given fr each servant yu bring New England: trade, shipping, rum, lumber Middle: wheat, shipping Suthern: Tbacc, farming, slavery Mercantilism: cuntry shuld sell mre gds t ther cuntries than it buys Clnies were seen as a gd surce f cheap materials fr G.B. Middle Passage: slaves frm Africa Relatins with England Salutary Neglect: England ignres Clnies (becme self-sufficient & selfgverning) French and Indian War: England (w/ clnies) vs. France (w/ Indians) England wins cntrl ver France s territry in New Wrld Treaty f Paris 1763 ended it British debts led t heavy taxes n clnies Albany Plan f Unin: began unifying clnies; Ben Franklin-Jin, r Die (als used in Rev. War) n taxatin withut representatin Prclamatin f 1763: clnists may nt expand past Appalachian Mtns. Writs f Assistance: British fficers can enter and search prperty (led t 4 th Am.) Stamp Act: paper/playing cards Twnshend Acts: paint, clth, glass etc. Bstn Massacre: prpaganda, first deaths f revlutin Tea Act: mnply fr English tea cmpany Bstn Tea Party Intlerable Acts- clsed Bstn Harbr; included Quartering Act- must huse sldiers (led t 3 rd Am) 1st Cntinental Cngress: prtest Intlerable Acts frm Cmmittees f Crrespndence Sns f Liberty: prtests, resistance Revlutinary War: Lexingtn/Cncrd ( Sht Heard Rund the Wrld ); French aid; Yrktwn (end); Treaty f Paris 1783 Cmmn Sense Thmas Paine 2 nd Cntinental Cngress began Art. f Cnfederatin; rganize fr war; send Olive Branch Petitin (peace) t King Other Key Events/Cncepts Bacn s Rebellin: pr farmers wanted $ t fight N.A. s in Va. gv t did nt help them Land Ordinance f 1785 divided land int blcks t sell & settle rderly Nrthwest Ordinance f 1787- plan t make land int states Shays Rebellin - farmers in Mass. Prtests taxes: demnstrates a need fr a strnger central gv t Articles f Cnfederatin: Lse cnfederatin f states 1 huse legislature; each state had 1 vte Pwers: Fed gv t can declare war, sign treaties, establish weights/meas., pst ffice Mre pwers t State gv t (army, taxes) Prblems: Cngress had n pwer t tax, regulate trade, enfrce laws N single leader r a natinal curt system Hard t amend (all 13 needed) T much pwer t states, nt enugh pwer t Federal gv t 1787, 12 states (n R.I.) met at Philadelphia Cnventin Articles discarded; Cnstitutin was created Whiskey Rebellin: shwed pwer f Fed. Gv t t enfrce laws - Virginia Plan (cngressinal representatin based n ppulatin) vs. New Jersey Plan (equal representatin fr all states) Great Cmprmise (bicameral legislature, tw huses, Huse f Reps based n ppulatin, Senate equal) - 3/5 th Cmprmise: cunt 3/5 f slaves fr ppulatin/representatin purpses, will nt tuch slave trade fr 20 years - Federalists (strng natinal gv t, Federalist Papers Hamiltn/Madisn, supprt Cnst n) vs. Anti-Federalists (weaker natinal gv t, strng state gv t) Bill f Rights added t prtect peple frm gv t abuses - Electral Cllege: president nt elected by a direct ppular vte - Three Branches f Gvernment; Separatin f Pwers; Checks and Balances (fear f t much pwer cncentrated in ne place, like King) - Ppular Svereignty: Rule by Peple 1
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet Amendments & Curt Cases Pay special attentin t Amendments 1- Religin Assembly Petitin Press Speech 2- Right t bear arms 3- Quartering trps 4- Search and seizure 5- Self-incriminatin Indictment Due Prcess Eminent Dmain Duble Jepardy 6- Speedy trial & right t a lawyer 7- Civil Suits 8- Excessive bail & fines prevents cruel & unusual punishment 9- Pwer t the peple (right t privacy 10- Pwers t the states 11- Place limits n suits against states 12- Electral Cllege 13- Ablishes slavery 14- Defines citizenship (due prcess) = prtectin under the law 15 - Black males allwed t vte 16- Incme Tax 17- Peple vte fr Senatrs directly 18- Prhibitin (n drinking) 19- Wmen can vte(suffrage) 20- Changes the dates f cngressinal & presidential terms 21- Drinking is legal 22- Tw-terms fr the president 23- D.C. gets t vte fr president 24- Eliminates pll tax 25- Presidential secessin 26-18 year lds allwed vte 27- Cngressinal pay raises Terms Civil liberties: pwers are nt abslute are limited by the rights f thers Libel: printing lies Slander: spken lies Censrship: banning films r printed materials Exclusinary rule: evidence cllected r analyzed in vilatin f the U.S. cnstitutin is nt admissible fr a criminal prsecutin in curt f law Search warrants: curt rder allwing law enfrcement fficer t search a suspect s hme/business and take specific items as evidence Suffrage: right t vte Pll tax: $ paid in rder t vte Self-incriminatin: right t remain silent Indictment: frmal charge by a grup f citizens called a grand jury Due prcess: fllwing established legal prcedures Eminent dmain: right f the gv t t take private prperty fr public use Duble jepardy: persn wh is accused f a crime & judged nt guilty may nt be put n trial again fr the same crime Curt Cases Curt Cases will be in italics with the date in parenthesis at the end. It is imprtant t knw that typically the date will give away the answer, curt cases frm 1801-1834 are frm the Marshall curt and Jhn Marshall almst always made a ruling that tried t strengthen the natinal/federal gvernment ver the state gvernment; curt cases frm the 1950s t the present typically dealt with extending individual rights. Curt cases will always have the fllwing appearance: Gibbns v. Ogden (1824) 1. Marbury v. Madisnestablished Judicial Review and strengthened the federal gvernment 2. McCullch v. Marylandstrengthen the federal gvernment states are bund t the Cnstitutin 3. Gibbns v. Ogden- strengthen the pwer f the federal gvernment t interstate trade/cmmerce 4. Leandr v. Nrth Carlinaguarantees a sund basic educatin 5.Plessy v. Fergusn 14th- Separate is equal - segregatin is allwed 6. Brwn v. Bard f Ed. 14th - verturned Plessy- rdered desegregatin separate IS NOT equal 7. Krematsu v. U.S. - upheld FDR s executive rder t put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during WWII 8. Furman v. Gergia 8th-stpped capital punishment (death penalty) until laws were rewritten 9. Gregg v. Gergia 8th-reinstated r brught back the death penalty 10. Giden v. Wainwright 6thright t an attrney 11. New Jersey v. TLO 4th- stupid girl schls can search students if they have reasnable suspicin 12. Tinker v. Des Mines 1st- symblic speech r students have freedm f speech as lng as it is nt a disruptin 13. Hazelwd v. Kuhlmeier- 1 st schl publicatins can be censred 14. Texas v. Jhnsn- 1 st flag burning is legal 15. Engel v. Vitale-1 st remves prayer frm schl 16. Miranda v. Arizna- 5 th strengthens the rights f accused r must be read yur rights when arrested 17. Mapp v. Ohi- 4 th prtects against unreasnable search and seizure Exclusinary ruleevidence btained illegally can nt be used in curt 18. Heart f Atlanta Mtel v. U.S- Cngress can utlaw racial segregatin f private facilities that engage in interstate cmmerce 19. Regents f the University f Califrnia v. Bakke- reverse discriminatin (14 amendment affirmative actin) 20. Bethel Schl District v. Frasier- schls can discipline students fr lewd r indecent speech at schl events 21. State v. Mann- state decisin verrides lwer decisins 22. In re Gault- Established rights fr juveniles (right t cunsel, parent ntificatin, etc.) 23. Dartmuth Cllege v. Wdward - limited the pwer f the States t interfere with private institutin s charters safes guards business enterprises frm state gv t dminatin 24. Dred Sctt v. Sanfrd- peple f African decent, slave r nt, culd never be citizens f the US Cngress culd nt prhibit slavery in federal territries 25. Escbed v. Illinis- ruling held that criminal suspects have a right t cunsel during plice interrgatins 26. Re v. Wade-9 th legalized abrtin Amending the US Cnstitutin 1. vte f 2/3 s f members f bth huses apprved by ¾ s f the 50 state legislatures 2. by natinal cnventin at the request f 2/3 s f the 50 state legislatures- apprved by ¾ s f ratifying cnventins held in 50 states 2
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH-CONGRESS BICAMERAL: 2 HOUSES OF CONGRESS Hw is membership decided? HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Members are elected frm lcal districts in each state. Gerrymanderingwhen states divided in dd-shaped districts fr strictly plitical gain, i.e. mre Republicans in district. SENATE Members are chsen frm an entire state. What is the 435 100 membership? Leaders Speaker f the Huse Cnstitutinal leader: Vice President vtes in tie nly Actual leader: President Pr Tempre Term f Office- N Cnst tinal limit n # f terms 2 years 6 years (1/3 up fr electin every 2 years) What is membership based n? (Great Cmprmise) What are the requirements? Privileges & Penalties Hw is impeachment handled? Hw are debates handled? Hw are bills dealing with mney handled? Wh apprves Presidential treaties? Ppulatin f the state (taken frm the census: ppulatin cunt taken every 10-years) 25 years ld, citizen fr 7 years prir t the electin, live in the state yu represent Franking-free pstage Immunity-freedm frm legal prsecutin Censure-frmal disapprval fr minr ffenses Expulsin:2/3 vte f HR r Sen. fr serius ffenses May impeach (t accuse gvernment fficials f miscnduct while in ffice) Rules Cmmittee sets the terms fr debate usually places time limits n the discussin All tax bills and ther measures t raise $ must start in the HOR Authrizatin bills: create prjects & establishes hw mney can be spent n them Apprpriatins bills: actually prvides the $ fr each prgram/activity Des nt apprve presidential treaties 2 per state equal representatin 30 years ld, citizen fr 9 years prir t the electin, live in the state yu represent Same as Huse Senate is the jury 2/3 s vte Filibuster: talk a bill t death can end a filibuster if 3/5 s f the members vte fr clture; n ne may speak mre than 1 hur Has t apprve $ bills 2/3 vtes t ratify treaty TYPES OF CONGRESSIONAL SESSIONS: Regular sessin meet frm Jan. t Nv/Dec Special sessin Called by Pres. t deal w/pressing prblem Jint sessin Huse & Senate meet tgether--i.e. State f Unin HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW 1. Intrduced t the Huse f Representatives 2. Ges t cmmittee in the HR (STANDING COMMITTEE) 3. Ges t HR flr debate Party whips- stirs up party supprt fr a piece f legislatin Flr leaders-watches parties activities n the flr (Majrity/Minrity) 4. Intrduced t Senate 5. Ges t Senate cmmittee (STANDING COMMITTEE). 6. Ges t Senate flr debate Filibuster- stalls legislatin 7. Cnference Cmmittee- if the tw huses apprve different versins f the bill. This is where the kinks are wrked ut. 8. Final Cngressinal Apprval 9. Presidential apprval Vet- t reject Pcket vet- nly when Cngress nt in sessin & President sits n bill fr 10 days w/ signing--kills bill Apprval signing bill int law r nt signing bill fr 10 days while Cngress in sessin CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE TYPES: 1. Standing cmmittee: permanent cmmittee 2. Select cmmittee: temprary cmmittee meets fr limited time till jb dne 3. Jint cmmittee: bth Senate & Huse members; meet fr limited time abut specific issues THE POWERS OF CONGRESS 1. Expressed pwers: a.k.a. delegated pwers listed in the Cnstitutin levy and cllect taxes (tax laws must start in the Huse f Representatives and must be apprved by Senate) brrw mney; cin, print and regulate mney establish bankruptcy laws, regulate freign and interstate cmmerce, cpyrights & patents declare war; raise and supprt and army and navy establish a pst ffice & federal curts regulate immigratin and naturalizatin, pass laws if n candidate receives a majrity f the vtes the Huse picks the president frm amng the three vte getters Senate chses the Vice President 2. Implied pwers: pwers nt stated in the Cnstitutin that allw whatever is necessary and prper (elastic clause) t carry ut the expressed pwers. 3. Nn Legislative Pwers: Ratify treaties (Senate), Apprve Presidential appintments (Senate), Prpse Cnstitutinal amendments by 2/3 vte Bring Impeachment charges (Huse),Try impeachment cases (Senate), Investigate The Pwer f Apprval and Remval: Senate has the pwer t apprve r reject the president s nminees Cngress may remve any federal fficial wh has cmmitted a serius ffense Limits n Pwer f Cngress: Cngress cannt suspend: 1. Writ f habeas crpus: curt rder that requires plice t bring a prisner t curt t explain why they are hlding the persn 2. Bill f Attainder: laws that punish a persn withut a jury trial 3. Ex pst fact laws: laws that make an act a crime after the act was cmmitted Cngress cannt interfere w/ the pwers that the Cnstitutin reserves fr the states. 3
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet The Executive Branch (Article Tw) Qualificatins fr US President 1. At least 35 2. A natural brn citizen 3. resident f the USA fr at least 14yrs. prir t the electin 4. Vice-president meets same requirements Electing a President 1. Presidential electins every 4 yrs. 2. The Electral Cllege includes 538 electrs (3 frm D.C.) Winner-take-all-system Need at least 270 vtes t win # f electral vtes determined by ppulatin (census every 10 years) Terms f the President Terms are 4 years 22 nd amendment limits president t 2 elected terms in ffice r a maximum f 10 years N term limit n the Vice- Presidency Presidential Successin 1. 1947 Presidential Successin Act Indicates the line f successin after the vice president 25 Amendment if the president dies/ leaves ffice the vice pres becmes president & chses a VP 2. If the President dies in ffice, the fficers belw wuld replace him/her in the fllwing rder. 1 st Vice President 2 nd Speaker f the Huse (if Pres. & VP die) 3 rd Senate President Pr Tempre (if Pres, VP & Speaker die) Cnstitutinal Pwers 1. Vet (reject) bills passed by Cngress - Pcket Vet (desn t sign fr 10 days and Cngress ISN T in sessin= des nt becme law) 2. Call Cngress int special sessin 3. cmmander in chief f the armed frces 4. receive leaders & ther fficials f freign cuntries 5. Makes treaties (Senate apprval) 6. Appints heads f executive agencies, judges& ambassadrs 7. issues pardns 8. Must give a State f the Unin Address Presidential Rles 1. Chief Executive: carries ut the laws issued by Cngress - Can grant pardns (declaratin f frgiveness & freedm frm punishment), reprieves (rder t delay punishment until a higher curt can hear the case) and amnesty (a pardn tward a grup f peple) - Issues Executive rders (have the same frce f a law) 2. Chief Diplmat: -Directs freign plicy 3. Cmmander in Chief - Cmmander f the armed frces - Right t declare war belngs t Cngress BUT the War Pwers Reslutin: states that the president must ntify Cngress within 48 hurs when trps are sent int battle - must be brught hme within 69 days unless Cngress gives its apprval t remain lnger r declares war 4. Legislative leader nly Cngress can make laws President can suggest laws t members f Cngress 5. Head f State greets freign leaders carries ut ceremnial functins 6. Ecnmic Leader prepares the federal budget 7. Party Leader represents their plitical party ften used t raise $ fr candidates Freign Plicy natin s verall plan fr dealing with ther natins - Basic gal is natinal security- the ability t keep the cuntry safe frm harm/attack TERMS -Treaties- frmal agreements b/t the gv ts f 2/mre cuntries NATO Nrth Atlantic Treaty Organizatin defense treaty b/t the US, Canada and Eurpean natins NATFA- trade agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexic -Executive agreement- agreement b/t the president & the leader f anther cuntry -Ambassadr- fficial representative f a cuntry s gv t -Trade sanctins- effrts t punish anther natin by impsing trade barriers -Embarg- an agreement amng a grup f natins that prhibits them frm trading with a natin Advisers &Executive Agencies EOP Executive Office f the President OMB Office f Management and Budget NSC Natinal Security Cuncil Cabinet includes the heads f the 15 departments they are called secretaries - Sec. f State - Sec f Treasury - Sec f Defense - Dept. f Hmeland Securitylast cabinet psitin created in respnse t 9/11. FEMA- Federal Emergency Management Admin. Jint Chiefs f Staff FDA- Fd & Drug Administratin EPA- Envirnmental Prtectin Agency Other Key Terms Federal bureaucracy Civil service wrker Spils system Merit system 4
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet Judicial Branch Article III Supreme Appeals District The way t remember the Level f Federal Curts (Supreme, Appeals, District): When yu have t g t curt, yu may be feeling S.A.D. (Supreme, Appeals, District) Cases Heard in Federal Curts Thse invlving the Cnstitutin Vilatins f federal laws Cntrversies between states Dispute between parties frm different states Suites invlving the federal gv t Cases invlving freign gv ts & treaties Cases based n admiralty & maritime laws Cases invlving U.S. Diplmats Jurisdictin Exclusive jurisdictin: authrity t hear & decide cases Cncurrent jurisdictin: authrity fr bth state & federal curts t hear & decide cases Appellate jurisdictin: the authrity f a curt t hear a case appealed frm a lwer curt Original jurisdictin: the authrity t hear cases fr the first time District Curts Trials are held & lawsuits begin here 94 districts 550 judges Each district has at least 2 judges Judges are appinted by President Subpenas: curt rder requiring smene t appear in curt Other fficials Magistrate U.S. Attrney U.S. Marshal Appeals Curts Each has jurisdictin ver 1 f 12 circuits: the area f jurisdictin f a federal curt f appeals Judges Appinted fr life Each appeals curt has frm 6-27 judges Decides n fairness f first trial - nt guilt r inncence may remand (return) a case t a lwer curt Special Federal Curts U.S. Tax Curt appeals dealing with federal tax laws U.S. Curt Federal Claims cases f citizens wh are suing the gv t U.S. Curt f Military Appeals appeals curt fr the military curt martial: trial befre a panel f military fficers U.S. Curt f Internatinal Trade hears disputes arising frm tariff (tax n an imprted gd) and trade laws Supreme Curt Highest curt in the land Final curt f appeal Original jurisdictin in cases invlving diplmats, and cases invlving states Judicial Review: curt can review any federal r state law t see if it is in agreement with the Cnstitutin - established by Marbury v. Madisn Justices: 9 justices (8 assciates & ne chief) Presidential appintment with Senate apprval (2/3 s vte) First African-America justice Thurgd Marshall First female- Sandra Day O Cnnr Decisins Majrity Opinin: statement explaining the majrity view in a case in which the justices are divided Cncurring Opinin: statement that is written by a justice wh supprts the majrity decisin but has different reasns Dissenting Opinin: statement f any judges wh disagrees with the majrity decisin Other Terms Uncnstitutinal: vilates the principles and rights established in the US Cnstitutin Recess: a halt in curt rm prceedings Writ f certirari (directs a lwer curt t send its recrds n a case t the Supreme Curt fr review) Writ f habeas crpus: a curt rder requiring that the accused g befre a judge t decide if they shuld be held fr trial Brief: summary f a case curt Dcket: curt calendar Remand: when an appeals curt sends a case back t a lwer curt t be tried again Stare Decisis: a guiding principle that discurages judges frm ver turning precedents. let a decisin stand 5
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet Plitical Parties & Electins Plitical Parties first plitical parties were the federalist (supprters f the Cnstitutin)and the anti-federalist (ppsed the Cnstitutin) Plitical Systems One party system - Cuba Tw party system- U.S. Multiparty system- United Kingdm (England) r mst places with parliaments Basic Terms Plurality- having the mst vtes (but nt half) Majrity- ver half f the vtes Calitin an alliance with anther party/parties s that tgether they cmmand a majrity f vtes Functins f Plitical Parties Select candidates Infrm the public abut issues Act as a watchdg Serve as a link between branches f gvernment and the peple Idelgies/Plitical Spectrum Cnservative- (Right wing) Limited gv t Traditinal values Oppse gv t regulatins Liberal (left wing) Help the pr and wrking class Supprt public husing, affirmative actin, welfare Mre gv t interventin Mderates (middle) Hld a variety f beliefs. Plitical Parties in the US Demcrats-liberal Republicans-cnservative Third Parties: frm arund ne candidate r issue; act as spilers in an electin Mst Americans are mderates Plitical Party Organizatin Lcal level rganize vlunteers t get the peple t vte & wrk t elect lcal gv t fficials Precinct: electin district f a city/twn Why peple d nt vte? Apathy (dn t care), nt registered, feel their vte desn t matter Hw d we nminate candidates? Caucus: a clsed meeting f peple frm ne plitical party, especially a lcal meeting t select delegates r candidates Primaries-held t nminate candidates t ffice Open primary- anyne can vte Clsed primary- nly peple registered with a party may vte Electins General electins are held the first Tuesday after the first Mnday in even numbered years. (Nvember) Incumbents: the persn already hlding an elected ffice Prpaganda Techniques Glittering generality: says little, but cnveys emtin Bandwagn: encurages the listener t d smething b/c it s the ppular thing t d Stacked cards: presents the evidence in a partial /slanted way Name-calling: uses negative labels t stigmatize ppnents Just plain flks: emphasizes similarities w/ the average citizen Endrsements: when a famus & respected persn supprts yu Symbls: uses symblic images t enhance a candidate s prfile Types f Vting Split-ticket- vting fr different parties Straight ticket- vting fr the same party Absentee Vting: if yu are nt able t vte n Electin Day yu may vte by absentee ballt and mail it in Electral Cllege- fficially elects the president 538 electral vtes ttal (435 peple in the HOR + 100 Senatrs + 3 vtes frm Washingtn, D.C.) A candidate needs 270 electral vtes t win the presidency --- # f vtes is determined by the # f peple the state has in the HOR + the 2 senatrs KEY wrds Platfrm: series f statements that explain a party s/ candidates views, beliefs & psitins Lbbyist: are paid by interest grups t represent a particular issue Vting Rights Act 1965- stps vting laws that discriminate against race, religin r ethnicity. Canvassing-ging dr t dr asking fr vtes r taking plls Prpaganda- an attempt t persuade vters t supprt a particular issue Winner-take-all-system: the candidate that gets the largest ppular vte will receive all f the state s electral vtes Nnpartisan races: free frm a plitical party r affiliatin State level- rganize campaigns t get candidates elected t natinal ffice Plitical machine: an unfficial system that cntrls the activities f a party/candidate Natinal Cnventin held every fur years (each party hlds their wn) party members elect delegates t attend delegatin then vtes in rder t select a candidate used fr presidential electins Vting & Electins Wh can vte? At least 18 yr. ld, registered vters, live in state, nt in jail r a mental institutin Plank: a statement abut a party s psitin n an individual plitical issue PAC- plitical actin cmmittees-a cmmittee frmed by business, labr, r ther special-interest grups t raise mney and make cntributins t the campaigns f plitical candidates whm they supprt. Special Interest Grup: an rganizatin f peple with sme cmmn interest wh try t influence gvernment decisins (exs. AARP, NRA, NAACP) 6
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet Criminal and Civil Law The Surces f American Law 1- Cde f Hammurabi- first knwn system f law-eye fr an eye justice 2- Ten Cmmandments- mral rules 3- Justinian Cde- rules f the Rmans 4- English Law- mst imprtant surce f American law 5- Cmmn law- system f law based n precedent and custms 6- Declaratin f Independence/Cnstitutin Types f Laws 1. Civil Law Nn-criminal actins- divrce, child custdy hearings -Lawsuits (legal actin in which a persn/grup sues t cllect damages fr sme harm that is dne) Plaintiff- makes the cmplaint Defendant- defends themselves - Trt: wrngful acts fr which an injured party has the right t sue 2. Criminal Law Types f crimes Misdemeanr- less serius crime fr which the penalty is ften a fine Felny-is a serius crime fr which the penalty can be imprisnment fr mre than ne year Jury- grup f unbiased peers wh decide guilt Grand jury-decides if there is enugh evidence t bring charges r indict (16-23 citizens) Petit jury-trial jury (12 citizens) Hung jury- jury cannt agree n a verdict Punishment Restitutin- payment fr damages dne Rehabilitatin-ultimate gal f the juvenile curt system Prbatin-granted fr lesser crimes Jail time 3. Cmmn Law 4. Cnstitutinal Law 5. Administrative Law all the rules and regulatins that gv t agencies f the executive branch must issue t carry ut their jbs 6. Statutry Law- is a law written by a legislature branch f gv t 7. Internatinal Law - Cmprises treaties, custms and agreements amng natins Types f Crimes 1. Crimes against peple Assault placing smene in fear withut actual physical cntact Battery if physical cntact ccurs Hmicide killing smene Murder killing that is intentinal & the killer had n legal recgnized excuse Manslaughter killing smene that happens by accident/in a fit f anger 2. Crimes against prperty Larceny- taking anything f value that belngs t anther persn withut vilence Rbbery- taking smething frm smene by frce /with the threat f vilence Burglary- breaking int a building planning t d smething illegal 3. White Cllar Crime Fraud- taking smene s prperty/$ by cheating/lying Embezzlement- stealing mney that has been entrusted t yur care 4. Victimless Crimes acts that primarily hurt the peple wh cmmit them 5. Crimes against the Gvernmenttreasn- is the betrayal f ne s cuntry by helping its enemies r by making war against it t make an arrest, seizure, r search Preliminary hearing defendant may enter a plea f guilty, nt guilty, r a plea f n cntest Bail - $ that a defendant gives the curt as a kind f prmise that they will return fr the trial Indictment- a frmal charge against the accused Arraignment curt hearing in which the defendant is frmally charged with a crime and enters a plea Plea bargaining- agreeing t plead guilty in exchange fr a lesser charge r a lighter sentence Additinal Terms Jurisprudence study f law Statues - law written by a legislative bdy Writ f habeas crpus requires an law fficial t bring anyne arrested t curt & explain why they are being held Bill f attainder law that punished a persn accused f a crime w/ a trial Ex pst fact law wuld allw a persn t be punished fr an actin that was nt against the laws when it was cmmitted Due prcess f law- gv t may nt take away civil liberties w/ fllwing the law Duble jepardy- a persn wh is tried and fund nt guilty may nt be placed n trial fr the same crime again Injunctin curt rder frcing a grup/persn t stp an actin Acquittal nt guiltily Delinquent- juvenile wh is fund guilty f a crime Characters Prsecutr-brings the charges and has the burden f prf Defense Attrney- gv ts attrney The arrest & pretrial prcess Prbable cause- a gd reasn t believe that a suspect has been invlved in a crime Warrant- legal paper, issued by a curt, giving plice permissin 7
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet State Gvernment Nrth Carlina s Cnstitutin N.C. became a state in 1789 Cnstitutin was written in 1776 May be amended (changed) Legislative Branch: NC General Assembly Main purpse is the write & passes state statutes. General Assembly- bicameral (Huse f Representatives and Senate) State Huse f Representatives 120 members elected every 2 years; each represents a district 21 yrs. ld, registered vter, live in district at least 1 yr. prir t electin Senate 50 members elected every 2 years - 25 yrs ld, registered t vte, and must live in district elected 1 yr prir Declaratin f Rights- explains citizen s rights and limits gvernment (like the Bill f Rights) reduce a criminal s sentence)sentences 2. Ceremnial Leader: Greets imprtant visitrsrepresents the state 3. Chief Executive: Carries ut state laws Appints fficials Prepares a budget (delivers the State f the State Address) 4. Chief Legislatr: Prpses legislatin Apprves r vetes legislatin 5. Cmmander in Chief: 6. Party Leader: In charge f the Natinal Guard (state militia) Leader f their plitical party Gvernr s Advisry Bard: * Cuncil f State elected * Cabinet f State- appinted Lieutenant Gvernr Same qualificatins as gvernr Elected separately frm the gvernr 4 year term Succeeds gvernr if he/she dies/leaves ffice Serves as president f the state senate 1. Initiative- the pwer t intrduce laws 2. Referendum- when citizens vte directly n a statute r law 3. Recall- remving a public fficial frm ffice 4. Recunt- in an electin when the vtes are tallied mre than nce because f a prblem with the riginal cunt. Lcal Gvernment Municipalities- twns r cities. Ordinances- lcal laws such as leash law Types f Gvernments Mayr-Cuncil Pwer is divided between legislative & executive branches Executive-mayr Legislative-cuncil Cuncil-Manager Frm This frm is used fr sme cities and all cunties Elected cuncil & mayr make laws Appinted manager handles day-t-day business Cmmissin Frm Cmmissiners are elected head f a majr department N clear legislative r executive branch Executive Branch Gvernr * Chief executive f the state * Qualificatins: 30 years ld, resident f the state fr at least 5 years, American citizen * Elected by the peple 4 year terms may be elected t ne additinal cnsecutive term Have vet and lineitem-vet (veting a small sectin f a bill) pwer Pwers and Duties f the Gvernr 1. Judicial Leader: Offers pardns(a declaratin f frgiveness & freedm frm punishment) and reprieves (an rder t delay a persn s punishment until a higher curt can hear the case; grants parles (giving a prisner an early release frm prisn), cmmute (t Law Enfrcement 1. State Level: State Trpers, SBI, and Natinal Guard 2. Cunty Level: Sheriff runs the jails 3. City Level: Plice Judicial Branch District Curts Handles juvenile, divrce, traffic vilatins, misdemeanrs( $10,000 r less r punishable by mre than 1 year in jail) Superir Curts Civil cases and felnies MURDER cases Supreme Curt- 7 judges Hears all appeals cases and death penalty cases Magistrates- hld pre-trials, try small claims cases, and issue warrants District Attrney (D.A.)- represents the state in all criminal cases & juvenile delinquency cases District Public Defender- represents peple accused f crimes wh cannt affrd lawyers Quick Terms Taxes/ Revenues Prperty Tax fund cunties Bnds- lcal and state (ie schl bnds) Lttery prfit ges t state educatin User Fees $ paid t use sme facilities state and lcal budget General Sales Tax divided b/w state and cunty Leandr Case A N.C. curt ruling that guarantees all children in NC a sund and basic educatin. Federal and State Issues N Child Left Behind A federal initiative by President Bush t refrm public educatin and t create teacher accuntability. Prk Barrel when legislatrs n the state and federal level fund pet prjects that benefit regins with their cnstituents (peple frm their district) Ear Mark- federal r state mnies allcated fr prk barrel prjects. 8
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet ECONOMICS Supply & Demand Law f Demand: As P, Qd As P, Qd Law f Supply As P, Qs As P, Qs Substitutes: used in place f each ther (Cke & Pepsi) Cmplements: used tgether (tennis racket & tennis balls) Equilibrium: where S & D curves intersect; supply equals demand Equilibrium Price: price at equilibrium Elasticity f Demand Elastic: demand changes mre than price (items with substitutes, luxury items, expensive items) Inelastic: demand change less than price (items with n substitutes, necessities, cheap items) Unit-elastic: demand & price change the same amunt Surplus: supply is greater than demand; price will fall Shrtage: demand is grater than supply; price will rise Mvement alng supply r demand curve: caused by change in price Changes in Equilibrium Price Demand D = Equilibrium Price D = Equilibrium Price Supply S = Equilibrium Price S = Equilibrium Price If in dubt, draw it ut!!! Law f Diminishing Marginal Utility: the additinal satisfactin a cnsumer gets frm purchasing 1 mre unit f a prduct will lessen with each unit purchases Law f diminishing returns: after sme pt., adding units increases ttal utput extra utput fr each additinal unit will begin t decrease Intrductin t Ecnmics Scarcity nt enugh resurces t meet ur needs; always exists; fundamental prblem f sciety Opprtunity Cst: what we lse when we chse the value f what we give up Needs things we must have Wants things we dn t need Gds tangible items Service actin taken Factrs f Prductin 1. Land natural resurces 2. Labr wrkers 3. Capital tls 4. Entrepreneurship wners & - managers - Prducers- makers f the gd/service - Cnsumers- users f the gd/service Types f Csts 1. Fixed dn t change (rent) 2. Variable change with utput (labr, utilities) 3. Ttal Fixed + Variable 4. Marginal cst f making 1 mre item Types f Revenue 1. Marginal: revenue frm selling ne mre item 2. Ttal Revenue: P x Q (Price x Quantity) Types f Ecnmic Systems 3 questins every ecnmy must answer 1. What t prduce? 2. Hw t prduce it? 3. Fr whm t prduce it? Hw these questins are answered determines a cuntry s ecnmic system Cmmand gvt cntrls resurces & makes decisins Lack f incentives Less custmer satisfactin Less efficient use f resurces Traditinal decisins based n traditins; develping natins Less technlgy & innvatin Hunter/gatherer scieties Market individuals wn resurces & make decisins accrding t the laws f supply & demand Mre incentives (prfit) Mre innvatin Mre custmer satisfactin Bigger gap b/t rich & pr Mixed cmb f cmmand & market; US is a mixed ecnmy US Ecnmy Mixed (mstly market) Als knwn as capitalism & freeenterprise Fundamentals f capitalism 1. cmpetitin 2. private prperty 3. freedm f chice 4. vluntary exchange 5. free enterprise Adam Smith: The Wealth f Natins Invisible Hand thery cmpetitin & free enterprise shuld guide the ecnmy like an invisible hand Laissez-faire the gvt shuld nt interfere with the ecnmy Types f Businesses /Cmpetitin/Labr Types f Businesses 1. Sle Prprietrship 1 wner Keeps all prfits & assumes all debts (unlimited liability) 2. Partnership 2 r mre wners Divide wrk (specializatin) Divide prfits & debt 3. Crpratin wned by hundreds r thusands f stckhlders Stck: share f wnership Dividend: % f prfit paid t each stckhlder Merger: tw r mre cmpanies jin tgether Hrizntal merger: tw r mre firms that prduce the same/similar item Vertical merger: cmbines every step in prductin prcess under 1 cmpany Cnglmerate: a cmpany that wns 3 r mre businesses that make unrelated prducts Divisin f labr: dividing a jb int smaller tasks (increases prductin) assembly lines Specializatin: each wrker fcuses n 1 task Stck Market Stck- wnership f a cmpany Securities and Exchange Cmmissin (SEC) - mnitrs the stck market Bull Market: the market is gd Bear Market: the market is dwn Labr Unins - grups f wrkers wh band tgether t get higher pay & better wrking cnditins Clsed shp: nly unin members are hired; illegal fr 9
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet any cmpany wh s prduct crsses state lines Open shp: anyne can be hired regardless f unin membership Unin shp: dn t have t jin t be hired, but must jin at later time Right-t-wrk laws: state laws that prevent unins frm frcing wrkers t jin Strike: wrkers refusing t wrk Lckut: wners ban wrkers frm entering the factry Cllective bargaining: negtiating as a grup Taft-Hartley Act (1947): banned clsed shps Wagner Act: required wners t recgnize & negtiate with unins Mediatin: 3 rd party listens t dispute & ffers slutin; neither side has t agree t the slutin (nt legally binding) Arbitratin: 3 rd party listens t dispute, and ffers a slutin; bth side have t fllw this decisin (legally binding) Types f Cmpetitin Mnply nly 1 seller Seller has ttal cntrl ver price & quality f prduct Oligply nly 3-4 sellers Sellers still have sme cntrl ver price Perfect cmpetitin many sellers Best fr the buyer b/c there s lts f cmpetitin b/t sellers Higher quality & lwer prices Sherman Anti-Trust Act & Claytn Anti-Trust Act banned mnplies Mney, Banking, Federal Reserve Interest: price f mney; what yu pay t brrw mney Prime rate: rate ffered t best custmers Discunt rate: rate banks charge ther banks Reserve requirement: amunt banks must keep in the vault t handle custmer demands Cllateral: item used t secure lan; the bank gets it if yu can t pay the lan Deregulate: the remval f gvernment cntrl FDIC: Federal Depsit Insurance Crpratin insures depsits f up t $100,000 Fractinal reserve banking: banks keep a fractin f depsits in the vault & lan ut the rest Federal Reserve (Fed): bank f banks Natin s central bank Cntrls the mney supply (mnetary plicy) Sets several key interest rates Fiscal and Mnetary Plicy Fiscal Plicy Cngress slw Increase taxes Cut gv t spending -speed up Decreases taxes Increase gv t spending Mnetary Plicy (Fed. Reserve) Slw Increase interest rates Decrease $ supply Speed up Decrease interest rates Increase $ supply Easy r lse mney plicy: Fed makes mney mre available by lwering interest rates r lwering the reserve requirement Dne t help a struggling ecnmy Hard r tight mney plicy: Fed makes mney less available by raising interest rates r raising the reserve requirement Dne t fight inflatin Ecnmic Grwth & Prblems CPI- Cnsumer Price Indexmeasure in the change in price ver time f a specific grup f gds & services GDP: Grss Dmestic Prduct the dllar amunt f all gds & services prduced in the US each year; used t measure the utput/strength f ur ecnmy Business Cycle Peak: highest pint expansin & inflatin stp- business is gd, jbs plentiful, & prfits are high Cntractin: ecnmy slws dwn & demand fr gds & services lessen Trugh: lwest pint Recessin: GDP ging dwn fr 6 cnsecutive mnths Depressin: lng & severe recessin Inflatin: verall increase in prices The value f each dllar decreases t much mney chasing t few gds Types f unemplyment 1. frictinal in between jbs 2. seasnal caused by weather 3. technlgical lse jb t machine 4. cyclical jb cut due t recessin Deflatin: verall decrease in prices Taxes & Gvernment Spending Fiscal plicy: hw gvt spends tax mney Federal gvt spends the mst n entitlement prgrams (Scial Security, Medicare, etc) & natinal defense Types f taxes Prperty tax: biggest surce f revenue fr lcal gvt mstly funds educatin Sales tax: cllected by state & lcal gvernments Inheritance tax: charged n the items yu leave after yur death Prprtinal takes that same % f everyne s incme Regressive pr pay a higher % f their incme (sales & excise taxes) Prgressive wealthy pay a higher % f their incme (incme tax) Als called Estate tax & Death tax Excise tax: tax n nly certain items (tbacc, gas, etc) Incme tax: biggest surce f revenue fr federal gvt; cllected by federal & state gvt. 10
Civics and Ecnmics EOC Review Packet Circular Flw. - shws hw mney travels between businesses, husehlds, and he gvernment in a capitalistic sciety Physical flw land, labr & capital Mnetary flw MONEY Factr market: the markets where prductive resurces are bught and sld Prduct market: markets where prduces ffer gds and services fr sale Price Cntrls Price ceiling- is a gvernment-set maximum price that can be charged fr gds and services Price flrs- prevent price frm drpping t lw Minimum wage- lwest legal wage that can be paid t mst wrkers, is a price flr Functins f Mney Medium f exchange Stre f value Measure f value Internatinal Trade Natins trade fr several reasns Allws them t specialize in the prductin f particular gds and thereby increase their prductivity & utput They have different amunts f land, labr, capital and natural resurces Trade allws them t use their ecnmic resurces mre efficiently. Abslute advantage- the ability t prduce mre f a given prduct using a given amunt f resurces Cmparative advantage- a principle by which cuntries determine which cmmdities they shuld exprt/imprt Exprts - gds and services a cuntry sends t anther cuntry Free trade- the eliminatin f restrictins n trade Prtectinism- includes thse plicies which prtect dmestic prducers fr freign cmpetitin Tariff- a tax n imprts Trade deficit- ccurs when a natin s exprts f gds and services are greater than the ttal value f its imprts Internatinalism: idea that natins shuld cperate t prmte cmmn gals fight against terrrism Wh are yu? United Natins (UN): internatinal rganizatin dedicated t wrld peace Wrld Trade Organizatin (WTO): help prducers f gds & services helps t reduce tariffs amng & eliminate qutas NAFTA: trade treaty between Canada, Mexic and the United States OPEC: bdy that cntrls Middle Eastern il Eurpean Unin (EU): cnfederatin f Eurpean cuntries Internatinal Mnetary Plicy (IMF) - mnitrs a fixed exchange rate system Outsurcing: sending jbs verseas fr cheap labr Freign aid: giving resurces t ther cuntries Glbalizatin: plitical & glbal interdependence f natins Develping natins: 3 rd wrld cuntries Imprts - gds and services a cuntry receives frm anther cuntry 11