Drivers of Regional Integration in ASEAN Skills for Tomorrow, Collaborating for the Future: Australia-Indonesia-ASEAN Symposium, Jakarta, 22-24 August 2017 Professor Christopher Ziguras President, International Education Association of Australia Deputy Dean, International, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University)
Europe North South Dependency United States Post-colonial ties to former colonial powers Cold war ties to major powers Asymetrical flows - students and scholars in one direction, models and knowledge in the other 2
Diversification More countries attracting foreign students and scholars Globalisation of trade and investment flows Growth in bidirectional flows mobility both ways, research collaboration 3
Regionalisation Regional supply chains driving economic linkages Political leadership in EU and ASEAN Proximity allows for greater access to mobility and collaboration 4
What does regional integration mean in practice Harmonization Mobility degree mobility credit mobility academic mobility graduate mobility Collaboration between universities to improve quality of programs and research
Harmonization across ASEAN Alignment of quality assurance standards and processes Development of consistent national qualifications frameworks and ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework Mutual recognition agreements (credits and qualifications) Alignment of duration of levels of schooling (eg Philippines adopting K-12 now) Alignment of academic calendars SEAMEO has been a key agent, as have partners who fund development initiatives is low-income member countries
2011
2015
Degree mobility within ASEAN
ASEAN students undertaking HE programs abroad Over 250,000 ASEAN students are taking degrees outside their home country Intra-ASEAN mobility is mostly to neighbouring countries with a higher GDP per capita 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 ASEAN students undertaking HE programs abroad 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 Major destinations of ASEAN students Australia Japan Malaysia Thailand United Kingdom 0 United States Mobility out of the region is predominantly to major English language destinations Japan and Malaysia are the largest Asian destinations Singapore and China are likely major destinations too, but don t provide data
Indonesian students undertaking HE programs abroad Brunei Viet Nam Darussalam Thailand Korea, Rep. Netherlands Other Australia 41919 outbound degree students Saudi Arabia Germany United Kingdom Egypt Japan United States 14% are studying in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and Vietnam No data published by Singapore, Myanmar, Lao, Cambodia, Philippines Chart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5 Malaysia
Singaporean students undertaking HE programs abroad Egypt Thailand Brunei Germany Japan Ireland Darussalam New Zealand Canada Malaysia Other Australia 24,135 outbound degree students 4% are studying in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and Vietnam United States No data published by Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Philippines, Lao Chart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5 United Kingdom
Lao students undertaking HE programs abroad United States Malaysia United Kingdom Mongolia New Zealand France Korea, Rep. Japan Australia Thailand Other Viet Nam 3,460 outbound degree students 75% are studying in Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei and Vietnam No data published by Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, Philippines Chart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5
International degree students in Malaysia Other Bangladesh Indonesia 60,244 international degree students 17% are from other ASEAN countries Chart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5 China Lao PDR Cambodia Philippines Myanmar Viet Nam Singapore Thailand Brunei India Libya Pakistan Iraq Yemen Nigeria Iran, Islamic Rep.
International degree students in Thailand Singapore Other Malaysia Philippines Indonesia Bangladesh Bhutan India Korea, Rep. 12,274 international degree students 40% are from other ASEAN countries China Chart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5 United States Viet Nam Lao PDR Cambodia Myanmar
International degree students in Vietnam Turkmenistan Japan Ukraine Mongolia Philippines France Indonesia Korea, Rep. China Other 2874 international degree students 76% are from other ASEAN countries Chart shows top 10 countries plus ASEAN >5 Cambodia Lao PDR
ASEAN, Asian and Asia Pacific regionalism?
Which region ASEAN, Asia and Asia Pacific? ASEAN is competing with broader regional blocs for the hearts and minds of South East Asian students, scholars and universities APEC Vladivostok declaration, Promoting Cross-Border Education Cooperation, called on governments to enhancing the mobility of students, researchers, and education providers, and enhance the existing network of bilateral agreements Japan, China, EU and Australia and others are keen to grow influence and engagement in ASEAN, and are devoting considerable resources Let s consider Japan and Australia s student mobility with ASEAN
90,000 80,000 70,000 Japanese Study Abroad(OECD&UNESCO) Japanese University Students Study Abroad (JASSO) 62,324 79,455 75,156 69,869 84,456 60,000 50,000 60,138 55,350 53,197 40,000 39,258 30,000 36,302 20,000 10,000 18,066 15,335 Undertaking HE programs abroad 18,570 Japanese university students 0 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2015 Chart source: Akinari Hoshino & Nami Iwaki (2017) Expansion of Outbound Study Abroad in ASEAN Countries: Focusing on Historical Transformation and Case Studies of Nagoya University, UMAP and JAISE International Forum 2017: Trends and Prospects of Mobility: Student Mobility and Support in the Asia-Pacific Region, Toyo University, Tokyo, 18-19 August (slightly adapted)
3,500 3,000 2,500 Student mobility from Japan to ASEAN has grown seven-fold between 2009 and 2015 Thailand Philippines 2,000 1,500 1,000 Malaysia Vietnam Singapore Indonesia 500 0 Cambodia Myanmar Laos 2004 年 2005 年 2006 年 2007 年 2008 年 2009 年 2010 年 2011 年 2012 年 2013 年 2014 年 Brunei 2015 年 Chart source: Akinari Hoshino & Nami Iwaki (2017) Expansion of Outbound Study Abroad in ASEAN Countries: Focusing on Historical Transformation and Case Studies of Nagoya University, UMAP and JAISE International Forum 2017: Trends and Prospects of Mobility: Student Mobility and Support in the Asia-Pacific Region, Toyo University, Tokyo, 18-19 August (slightly adapted)
ASEAN student mobility to Japan, all forms Source country 2016 Growth 15-16 China 98483 5% Vietnam 53807 38% Nepal 19471 20% Republic of Korea 15457 1% Taiwan 8330 14% Indonesia 4630 29% Sri Lanka 3976 72% Myanmar 3851 40% Thailand 3842 9% Malaysia 2734 5% Other 24706 14% Total 239287 15% Data source, JASSO
ASEAN student mobility to Japan and China, all forms Japan, top 10 Source country 2016 Growth 15-16 China 98483 5% Vietnam 53807 38% Nepal 19471 20% South Korea 15457 1% Taiwan 8330 14% Indonesia 4630 29% Sri Lanka 3976 72% Myanmar 3851 40% Thailand 3842 9% Malaysia 2734 5% Other 24706 14% Total 239287 15% China, top 15 Source country 2016 South Korea 70540 United States 23838 Thailand 23044 Pakistan 18626 India 18717 Russia 17971 Indonesia 14714 Kazakhstan 13996 Japan 13595 Vietnam 10639 France 10414 Laos 9907 Mongolia 8508 Germany 8145 Malaysia 6880 Other 173239 Total 442773 Data source: JASSO Data source: Ministry of Education
ASEAN student mobility to Japan and China Indonesia Thailand Japan = blue China = orange Malaysia Vietnam Data source: JASSO and Ministry of Education
Growth in Australian outbound mobility 31,846 students in Australian higher education studied abroad in 2014, representing 16.5% of completing undergraduates, continuing to grow rapidly Chart from: Harrison, L. and D. Potts (2016). Learning Abroad at Australian Universities. Universities Australia and the International Education Association of Australia.
Australian learning abroad in Asia Other China 45% of outbound students in 2014 were studying in Asia, by far the fastest growing region Burma Brunei Laos Philippines Thailand Vietnam Hong Kong Japan Malaysia Australian Universities International Directors Forum (2016) Learning Abroad 2015 Cambodia Singapore India Indonesia ieaa.org.au
Australian mobility to Asia is mostly short-term (as is Japanese) Australian outbound students in China, 2014 Australian Universities International Directors Forum (2016) Learning Abroad 2015
Equity in the shift from elite to mass mobility Australia s A Fair Chance for All report (1990) aimed to improve participation in higher education of people from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds so that the mix of commencing students more closely resembles the mix of the general population. But, less than one in five Australian undergraduates is mobile, and the inequities in access to higher education are amplified in the mobile student population The mobile population, as in other countries is: More female More urban More affluent Than university students and than the population as a whole. ieaa.org.au
Expanding regional mobility means improving accessibility Offer international programs that will appeal to students from neighbouring countries (as Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore do) Allow internationally mobile students to work, undertake internships and remain after graduation to gain professional experience (as Australia, NZ, Canada do) Provide financial support, as the ASEAN University Network s ASEAN Credit Transfer Scheme does (but only five students from each of 30 universities, four in Indonesia) Develop mobility programs that are: Career-oriented Affordable Short Immersive Collaborative Regular ieaa.org.au
Innovation in internationalization at home To cater to the whole student population, many universities are currently expanding global experiences at home. Micro-credentialed global leadership programs that involve a range of activities, particularly intercultural and engaging the broader community Globally-connected classrooms (sometimes virtual exchange ) help students develop an ability to engage internationally through culturally and contextually appropriate use of polymedia (Madianou and Miller, 2012) Ryerson University s Global Campus Network State University of New York s Center for Collaborative Online Interactive Learning (COIL) Macquarie University s Classroom of Many Cultures Beezr teamwork across borders ieaa.org.au
Global cities, global challenges collaboration Classrooms at four university partners University of Hawaii, Waseda University, National University of Samoa and RMIT are connected through videoconferencing. Lecture series is provided by those universities and also by guest lecturers from the United Nations University, Tongji University, Asian Institute of Technology, University of the Ryukyus, the Chiba University of Commerce and government officials from Japan and Samoa. Photograph Brendan Barrett. ieaa.org.au
THANK-YOU Christopher Ziguras christopher.ziguras@rmit.edu.au