Entry into the Morass

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Transcription:

Entry into the Morass

Ho Chi Minh 1890-1969 1911-19 Rejected from school (FRA), baker (USA), waiter/chef (UK) 1919-23 Learns communism in FRAà 1923 Lives in Moscow & works for Comintern 1924 Lived in CHN & married 20s & 30s USSR, FRA, THI, Hong Kong, ITA 1941 Home to Vietnam Leader of communist Vietminh since 1941

Bringer of Light Fought in WWII & jailed by Chaing 1945 Leads communists against FRA Met w/ Mao & Stalin in 1950 1956 After Geneva, he loses power to Le Duan Remains president until his death Figurehead to a degree, but still held clout in government and decided when to negotiate

The Best of Intentions America lost track of the basic principle of Richelieu s foreign policy: The thing that is to be supported and the force that is to support it should stand in geometric proportion to each other (621) CHN vs. VIE US altruism had no political or geographic bounds American exceptionalism turned on itself (622)

Domino Theory Outlined in NSC-64 & 68 (623) Did USSR really have power in these areas? US thought so; fought the surrogate of a surrogate (624) US didn t realize Europe & SE Asia were different Existing states vs. Emerging states No tradition of cooperation

Truman Koreaà Indochina (aid to FRA)à 7 th Fleet to ROC By 1952, 1/3 of FRA effort in VIE from US Ideology based upon geopolitical strategy, NOT in support of imperialism Caught between support of FRA & Containment (625) 1950 US determines Indochina can t become communistà can t spare troopsà incentivize FRA KISS Large enough to get US entangled, not significant enough to prove decisive (626)

US& FRA Adventures in Indochina US presses FRA to let Indochina be independent & keep fighting Vietminh to save it from communism Acheson US can t defend Indochina in Indochina Would be another Korea; Might attack CHN!? (627) HST s legacy to Ike was $200M military aid program and a strategic theory in search of a policy

FRA not really cooperating; engaged in guerrilla war against Vietminh (629) Neither FRA nor US won guerrilla wars in VIE, but FRA did it faster FRA losing severely b/c war would focus on where they were not. KISS Casualties kept mounting while criteria to defend progress remained elusive (630)

Dien Bien Phu FRA tried to lure Vietminh into war of attrition KISS: Reduced options to irrelevance or defeat (630) Lose definitively b/c they underestimate their rivals 3/13/1954 All out attack by Vietminh on DBP

United Action Decision whether to back the Domino Theory w/ military action Dulles proposes coalition of US, UK, FRA, NZE, AUS & Indochinaà United Action Ike wanted to avoid war Churchill/Eden not committed to UA Dien Bien Phu falls to communists while they talk (5/7) KISS: UA turned into an alibi for doing nothing (633)

Geneva Accords July 1954 Partition of VIE @ 17 th Parallel Official: Administrative arrangement for facilitating the regrouping of military forces prior to internationally supervised elections Elections in 2 years; foreigners out in 1 year KISS: Uneasy stalemate (635)

Didn t go great Vietnamese Statecraft Lots of death in N. VIE & concentration camps Mass migration from N to S US installs Ngo Dinh Diem in S. VIE KISS: Devotion to democracy proved not to be his forte (636)

SEATO 1954 Southeast Asian Treaty Organization US, FRA, UK, PAK, PHI, THI, AUS, NZ No CHN, RUS, IND, Indonesia, Malaya, Burma No common political objective or means for mutual support

Ngo Dinh Diem Thought US would bring democracy Revolutionaries find trouble reconciling with demo. KISS: Heroes don t make comfortable companions (638) Confucianism maintains objective truth, which clashes w/ democracy as well Dulles: The only horse available

Diem in Action Oct. 54 Ike promises aid in exchange for maintenance of a stable government $1B by 1961 + 1500 US military personnel In the beginning, things go pretty well (639) Nation building obscured lagging pace of democratic reform (640) 1959 Guerrilla uprisings start up again 1960 2500 S.VIE officials assassinated each year

Military Preparedness US trains S. VIE army to fight conventional war WHY?! During preparation, N.VIE invade Laos & set up supply route The Ho Chi Minh Trail Ike tells JFK his top priority in FP is defending Laos

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