CHAPTER 21 FDR and the New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt N.Y. governor Under Sec. of Navy Wealthy family Cousin of TR Polio New Deal for Americans
Eleanor Roosevelt Independent woman Active role in social movements
1932 Election
State of Nation in 1932 12 million unemployed 30 banks a week failed Factories closed Farms auctioned
First Hundred Days Emergency Banking Act Rebuilt confidence in banks Kept strong, closed weak, aided medium fire side chats Explained actions Reassured Americans This worked, people once again used banks.
New Banking regulations Glass-Steagall Act Federal Deposit Insurance (FDIC) Confiscated gold
Secretary of Commerce Harry Hopkins Believed in work relief Key to FDR economic recovery plan
Secretary of Interior Harold Ickes Conservationist Civil rights activist PWA
Louis Brandeis Supreme court justice Author of the Brandeis brief
NEW DEAL LEGISLATION
Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley Authority Poor region Dams electricity jobs
Tennessee Valley Authority
TVA Dam
National Recovery Administration Partnership with industry and government Monitored prices, wages, production Voluntary Blue eagle a symbol shop with the blue eagle
End of NRA Supreme court ruled unconstitutional Ended the NRA
AAA Agriculture Adjustment Administration Farmers paid to NOT plant crops Surplus reduced, allowed prices to stabilize Worked fairly well
Dust Bowl Great Plains Drought and erosion Poor farming techniques Many fled U.S. Supreme Court also struck much of this law down. Altered, and allowed to stand
Black Blizzard
FSA Farm Security Administration Designed to help share croppers Farm collectives Unpopular Shifted to loans for farmers
CCC Civilian Conservation Corp Conservation of environment Youth programs Unmarried 18-25 year olds Provided 2.5 million jobs
WPA Works Progress Administration Work relief program Put as many as possible to work Often labor intensive Built schools, bridges, roads, and airports
Relief Provided relief for millions Did not immediately stimulate economy Millions of jobs Self respect for people
Public Works of Art Project
New Deal Art
Dorothea Lange; photographer
Voices of Discontent Father Coughlin Priest International bankers toppled economy Blamed Jews Admired fascists Rejected New Deal
Huey P. Long Kingfish Louisiana Senator and governor Attacked wealthy Give $$ to poor Built bridges and roads Promoted literacy But.. Corrupt Violent Killed by unhappy constituent
Huey Long
Francis Townsend Disturbed by poor seniors Proposed old-age pension Popular idea Seniors organized, became political
Social Security Act Help aged, infirm, and forgotten people Funded by payroll tax 65 years and older Unemployment insurance Dependent mothers and children Crippled Blind Public health services
Problems with Social Security Underfunded Began in 1942 Excluded farmers and domestic servants Some unhappy, un-american Others, wanted it to go farther
Labor Legislation National Labor Relations Act or Wagner Act Created a National Labor Relations Board Collective bargaining would have federal support Outlawed union busting Fair Labor Standards Act Minimum wage Maximum hours Benefitted lowest wage earners
Labor during the Depression John D. Lewis Former head of United Mine Workers Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) Organized steel and auto industries Both skilled and unskilled workers organized
Labor during the Depression 1929 -unions 3 million members 1939 AFL-CIO 10 million members
Minorities Voted for FDR FDR integrated Washington Sympathetic Eleanor very sympathetic 1935 Executive Order 7046 Banned discrimination in WPA
Eleanor and Marian Anderson
Mary McLeod Bethune Office of Minority Affairs Educator and advisor to FDR
Minorities in Depression Blacks WPA good job opportunities Illiteracy rates improved Rise in life expectancy Unable to get anti-lynching bill passed
Native Americans less than $100.00 a year High infant mortality rates Short life expectancy Unemployment 3x the national average Assimilation policies not working
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Encouraged traditional life Elders encouraged to revive old ways John Collier Enacted these changes Expanded education Employed Native Americans
WOMEN IN THE NEW DEAL
Eleanor Roosevelt Vocal wife of FDR Women s rights Minority rights
Francis Perkins Secretary of Labor First female cabinet member
Women in New Deal Era Working in social work Familiar with poor Still expected to fill traditional roll Most women worked out of necessity
Election of 1936
FDR and Supreme Court Many New Deal programs overturned Older justices Docket falling behind Court packing scandal FDR wanted Congress to appoint new justices for any over 70 One did retire
After election of 1936 Cut many WPA jobs Nation fell quickly back to recession Eventually reversed New Deal cuts FDR made many enemies South Congress Senate