Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice 2d Edition Jack Donnelly CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON
Contents PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IX INTRODUCTION 1 Part I. Toward a Theory of Universal Human Rights 1. THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 7 1. How Rights "Work" 7 2. Special Features of Human Rights 10 3. Human Rights and Human Nature 13 4. The Question of Foundations 18 2. THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION MODEL 22 1. The Universal Declaration Model 23 2. Individual Rights 23 3. Interdependence and Indivisibility 27 4. The State and International Human Rights 33 3. EQUAL CONCERN AND RESPECT 38 1. Hegemony and Settled Norms 38 2. An Overlapping Consensus on International Human Rights 40 3. Moral Theory, Political Theory, and Human Rights 41 4. Equal Concern and Respect 43 5. Toward a Liberal Theory of Human Rights 46 6. Consensus: Overlapping but Bounded 51 Part II. Cultural Relativism and International Human Rights 4. MARKETS, STATES, AND "THE WEST" 57 1. The Evolution of Lists of Human Rights 57 2. Markets, States, and Political Equality 58
vi Contents 3. Expanding the Subjects and Substance of Human Rights 60 4. Linking "The West" and Human Rights 61 5. States, Citizens, and the Legal Order 64 6. Economic and Social Rights and the Welfare State 64 7. Inside, Outside, and the Society of States 65 8. Global Markets 67 9. Historical Analysis and the Genetic Fallacy 69 5. NON-WESTERN CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 71 1. Islam and Human Rights 72 2. The Premodern West 76 3. Traditional Africa 78 4. Traditional Confucian China 79 5. Caste and Human Rights 81 6. The Relevance of Human Rights 84 7. Culture and Human Rights 86 6. CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS 89 1. Defining Cultural Relativism 89 2. Relativity and Universalism: A Necessary Tension 90 3. Internal Versus External Judgments 92 4. Concepts, Interpretations, Implementations 93 5. Explaining the Persistence of Culturalist Arguments 99 6. Culture and Politics 100 7. Dialogue over Real Differences 103 7. HUMAN RIGHTS AND "ASIAN VALUES" 107 1. Sovereignty and International Human Rights 108 2. The Demands of Development 109 3. Economic and Social Rights 110 4. Individuals and Society 112 5. Rights and Duties 114 6. Traditional Order and Human Rights 115 7. Human Rights and "Asian Values" 119 Part III. Human Rights and International Action 8. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIMES 127 1. International Regimes 127 2. The Global Human Rights Regime 129
Contents vii 3. Political Foundations of the Global Regime 135 4. Regional Human Rights Regimes 138 5. Single-Issue Human Rights Regimes 145 6. The Evolution of Human Rights Regimes 151 9. HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY 155 1. Human Rights: A Legitimate Concern of Foreign Policy? 155 2. International Human Rights and National Identity 159 3. Trade-offs 162 4. Choice of Means 164 5. The Purposes of International Human Rights Policies 166 6. Selectivity and Consistency 168 7. Toward More Effective International Human Rights Policies 171 10. THE PRIORITY OF NATIONAL ACTION 173 1. The Limits of Multilateral Action 173 2. The Limits of Bilateral Action 177 3. The Limits of International Action 179 Part IV. Essays on Contemporary Theory and Practice 11. DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT, AND HUMAN RIGHTS 185 1. The Contemporary Language of Legitimacy 186 2. Defining Democracy 188 3. Democracy and Human Rights 191 4. Defining Development 194 5. Development-Rights Trade-offs 196 6. Development and Civil and Political Rights 199 7. Markets and Economic and Social Rights 200 8. The Liberal Democratic Welfare State 202 12. GROUP RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 204 1. Individual and Community 204 2. Liberal Approaches to Group Difference 205 3. Group Human Rights: A Skeptical View 208 4. Women 211 5. Minorities 212 6. Protecting Group Identity, 214 7. Indigenous Peoples 215 8. Group Rights in a Human Rights Framework 217
viii Contents 9. Cultural Rights 218 10. A Right to Cultural Identity 220 11. Appendix: The Right of Peoples to Self-Determination 221 13. NONDISCRIMINATION FOR ALL: 225 THE CASE OF SEXUAL MINORITIES 1. The Right to Nondiscrimination 225 2. Nondiscrimination and Political Struggle 227 3. Discrimination against Sexual Minorities 229 4. Nature, (Im)Morality, and Public Morals 233 5. Strategies for Inclusion 237 14. GENOCIDE AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION 242 1. Intervention and International Law 242 2. Humanitarian Intervention and International Law 243 3. The Moral Standing of the State 244 4. Politics, Partisanship, and International Order 247 5. Changing Conceptions of Security and Sovereignty 249 6. Justifying the Antigenocide Norm 251 7. Changing Legal Practices 252 8. "Justifying" Humanitarian Intervention 254 9. Mixed Motives and the Problem of Consistency 255 10. Politics and the Authority to Intervene 257 11. Judging the Kosovo Intervention 258 REFERENCES 26l INDEX 287