AP World History Review Development, Transmission, and Transformation of Cultural Practices Slide Key Directives Period Topics Topic breakdowns World History Themes Memorize these themes and how they are interrelated. Environment Technology Belief systems Government Economy Trade and cultural exchange Cultural traits (customs) Social structure Gender roles and structure 1
Geography Themes Use these to make connects or contextualize your historical evidence or your own evidence. Location Movement Place Region Human-environment interaction Essays Graded on a 9-point scale Basic core 7 of 9 for DBQ, 6 of 9 for CCOT and comparative Expanded core for students who show excellence in world history knowledge and skills (only after basic core points are earned) Essays must Include a thesis supported by historical evidence Address all parts of the question Make relevant connections (themes / topics) Periods 1. Technological and Environmental Transformations (to c. 600 B.C.E.) 5% 2. Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.) 15% 3. Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450) 20% 4. Global Interactions (c. 1450 to c. 1750) 20% 5. Industrialization and Global Integration (c. 1750 to c. 1900) 20% 6. Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (c. 1900 to the Present) 20% 2
Technological and Environmental Transformations (to c. 600 B.C.E.) Early humans Neolithic Revolution Early civilizations Indo-European migrations Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.) Classical civilizations Global trade routes Fall of Empires (late classical) Belief systems CCOT What causes change over time? Mass migrations Imperial conquests Cross-cultural trade and exchange *At this point, we have enough history to begin analysis in terms of what has been consistent and what has changed. 3
Regional and Transregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450) Islamic world Interregional networks China s internal and external expansion Developments in Europe Social, cultural, and economic patterns in the Amerindian world Demographic and environmental changes Islamic world Origins Beliefs and practices Spread of Islam Sunni-Shi a split Changing status of women Arts, sciences, technologies Interregional networks Sea routes: Mediterranean, Indian Ocean Land routes: Silk Road, Trans-Saharan Sub-Saharan: Ghana, Mali, Swahili City-States Increases the power of China Connects Europe to other areas Spreads major religions Mongols disrupt trade before promoting and safeguarding it (Asia, Europe, Africa) 4
China s internal and external expansion Tang and Song dynasties Strengths of Tang Weaknesses of Song China s economic revolution and expansion of influence on surrounding areas Tang, Song, Ming Neo-Confucianism Patriarchal social structures (foot binding) Mongols take over (Yuan Dynasty) Han retake control (Ming Dynasty) Developments in Europe Kingdoms grew from Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire in the 5 th century Vikings and Magyars Feudalism developed (compare to Japan) Catholic Church split (schism) East and West Byzantine Empire Crusades reconnect the eastern and western worlds Late Middle Ages agricultural revolution population increase commercial revolution guilds Trade is reestablished and relevance of cities through centralized government Church loses power to monarchs Social, cultural, and economic patterns in the Amerindian world Major civilizations emerge, building on the foundations of smaller ones Omecs, Toltecs, Quechua Maya, Aztec, and Inca control large amounts of territory and other native groups Agricultural techniques Modern empires (Aztec and Inca) What makes them modern, and what makes them not modern? *You will need to refer to GRAPES to provide substantial evidence support a thesis. 5
Demographic and environmental changes Urbanization continues and major cities develop in different parts of the world Nomadic migrations during this time include Aztecs, Mongols, Vikings, and Arabs (spread of Islam), Bantu-speaking people o Africa Long-distance trade promotes the spread of disease (plague leads to decline in population and labor shortages) Global Interactions (c. 1450 to c. 1750) Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions Major maritime and Gunpowder Empires Slave systems and slave trade Demographic and environmental changes Cultural and intellectual development Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions Atlantic Ocean trade leads to crossing the Pacific New maritime technologies made these interactions possible Global patterns changed dramatically 6
Major maritime and Gunpowder Empires Maritime powers Portugal, Spain, France, England Gunpowder empires Ottoman, Ming / Qing, Mughal, Russia, Tokugawa, Songhay (Songhai), and Benin Slave systems and slave trade Most extensive slave systems and slave trade New European colonies in Americas rely on slave labor Important link in the triangular trade Demographic and environmental changes Trade patterns altered habitats for plants and animals Columbian Exchange results in changes in human diet and activities Migrations across Atlantic (including forced migrations) changed demographic patterns 7
Cultural and intellectual development Renaissance Reformation Enlightenment Neo-Confucianism in China New art forms in Mughal Empire (India) Industrialization and Global Integration (c. 1750 to c. 1900) Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology Demographic and environmental changes Changes in social and gender structures Political revolutions and independence movements new political ideas Rise of western dominance Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology Industrial revolution changed communications and commerce, changing patterns or trade and contact Distances become shorter as the Suez and Panama canals open New ship technology increased speed Railways revived land travel 8
Demographic and environmental changes Huge numbers of people migrated to the Americas from Europe and Asia population in the western hemisphere grows dramatically Slave trade ended, stopping forced migration of Africans to the Americas Industrialization impacts the environment Demand for new fuels Cities dominate the landscape in industrialized countries Demand for raw materials from less industrialized countries changes the landscapes further Changes in social and gender structures Serf and slave systems become less common Gap between rich and poor grew in industrialized countries Women s roles change in response to industrialization Did women s status improve, or did gender inequality grow? Political revolutions and independence movements new political ideas Absolutism was challenged in many parts of the world Democracy took root as a result of economic and social change and Enlightenment philosophies Nations rose as political entities that inspired nationalism and movements of political reform What is nationalism? 9
Rise of western dominance West refers to Europe, United States, and Australia Western dominance extends beyond economic and political areas to reach social, cultural, and artistic realms The haves versus the have nots New nations in Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe (increasing the ongoing competition among European countries) Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (c. 1900 to the Present) War and diplomacy New patterns of nationalism Impact of major global economic developments Political revolutions and innovations Social reform and revolution Globalism of science, technology, and culture Demographic and environmental changes War and diplomacy First half of the 20 th century was marked by two world wars (accompanied by genocide) The second half included a major change in the nature of war the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union International organizations increased to address the changing balance of power 10
New patterns of nationalism Large empires broke into smaller ethnic-based countries Widespread decolonization after WWII reflected and promoted nationalism in former colonies Impact of major global economic developments Great Depression impact some countries more than others, including industrialized and nonindustrialized countries as well as on trade New technologies promoted economic development in Pacific Rim countries, contributing to the emerging importance of multinational corporations Political revolutions and innovations Revolutions shook Russia, China, and many Latin American countries Political leaders experimented with different versions of communism, socialism, and capitalism Some turned to authoritarian methods, while others to democracy Monarchy declined in many parts of the globe 11
Social reform and revolution Changes in gender roles Family structures Rise of feminism Peasant protest International Marxism Globalism of science, technology, and culture Increasing international contacts encouraged the global spread of science and consumer culture, sparking various local and regional reactions Patterns of resistance to globalization raised questions of fragmentation, or the tendency for regions to turn toward local beliefs and values and resist influence from other areas Demographic and environmental changes North America and Europe experienced population declines in terms of proportion to world population, despite migrations to these areas Environment was altered by continued urbanization and deforestation Green / environmental movements emerged to resist these changes 12