What is isolationism? GIVE 5 REASONS WHY AMERICA WANTED TO BE ISOLATED (IMAGE) What tariff was introduced in 1922? What was Laissez Faire? How did low taxes help America boom in the 1920 s? What was mass production? How did mass production help America to boom in the 1920 s? WHAT ADVERTISING METHODS WERE USED?
Fordney-McCumber Act tax on foreign goods making them always more expensive than American goods IMAGE I:ISOLATIONISM FROM EUROPE, M:COST OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, A: DEATH OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS, G: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS VIEWS ON THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND E: ANTI EMPIRE ATTITUDES. Wages increased but taxes stayed low so workers had more money to spend on American products which increased sales and boosted profits even more. Isolationism is a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. The belief that business should be left to run itself businessmen know best, not politicians MAIL ORDER CATALOGUES, TRAVELLING SALES MEN, DEPARTMENT STORES Goods were made on a large scale using machines rather than workers. This meant consumer goods could be made much cheaper. Mass production mean the production of goods quickly, cheaply and in great amounts
Why did Americans want high tariffs? How did isolationism help America to boom in the 1920 s? How did credit help America to boom in the 1920 s? WHY DIDN'T AMERICA JOIN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS? HOW DID THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGE ISOLATIONISM? Name 3 immigration laws and when they were introduced Why did the Americans introduce immigration laws? By 1929 what had annual immigration reduced to? How did WW1 contribute to the boom?
Tariffs made overseas versions of products expensive, so people bought American goods. Isolationism encouraged America to focus on their own problems rather than the problems of other nations. Businesses wanted the Wartime boom to continue, immigration would lower Americans wages, Isolationism and Farmers were overproducing. 1917: Immigration Law & Literacy Test, 1921: Emergency Quota Act, 1924: Johnson-Reed Act THE GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGED ISOLATIONISM THROUGH IMMIGRATION LAWS AND TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS AMERICANS DID NOT TRUST THE LEAGUE, THEY WANTED TO ISOLATE THEMSELVES FROM EUROPE. THEY FEARED THE COST THAT RUNNING THE LEAGUE WOULD HAVE. Wartime boom They did not join until 1917. American business benefited from selling weapons to Europe. Annual Immigration reduced from 1 million to 150,000 by 1929 P: Prejudice, R: Red Scare, A: Anglo- Saxons, T:Trade Unions
What was the cycle of Prosperity? What was the Red Scare? Who were Sacco and Vanzetti? WHAT PASTTIMES DID PEOPLE ENJOY? WHO WERE THE FLAPPERS? Name a famous gangster What was life like for the farmers during 1920s? Did everyone benefit from the boom? Who were the KKK?
Two Italian immigrants wrongly accused of a crime due to their immigration status. They were acquitted in the 1970s because the judge was seen to be prejudiced. However they were executed in the 1920s. The fear of Communism emerging from the rise of immigration from Communist Eastern Europe The 1920s was a time of plenty. Increase in jobs and wages, leads to more spending on American goods, means more jobs are needed to supply the demand. Therefore boosting the economy. Bugsy Moran, Al Capone DUMPED THE OLD RESTRICTIVE FASHIONS IN FAVOUR OF SHORT SKIRTS AND HAIR, SMOKED, DRANK, WORE MAKEUP AND DANCED WILDLY IN JAZZ CLUBS GOING TO THE CINEMA, JAZZ CLUBS, BASKETBALL AND SPORTS, SPENDING TIME IN THE NEW RECREATIONAL PARKS BUILT DURING CITY DEVELOPMENT Klu Klux Klan. Know for lynching Black Americans. They had 5 million members by 1925. No. Farmers, blacks, low wage earners, immigrants all suffered. Overproduction and cheap grain from Canada meant that the wage of a farmer was only 40% of the national wage average. Many farms went bust and farmers were broke.
What were the Jim Crow Laws? Why were some not happy about women s freedoms? Give evidence of how women became more free during this period What was the Volstead Act of 1919? Who were the women s temperance movement? Why did Prohibition fail? What are: bootlegging, moonshine and speakeasies? Who was Eliot Ness? Why was Prohibition introduced?
Women got the right to vote in 1920. More women were in work although lower paid jobs and women were able to express themselves by being Flappers Some people saw women s freedoms and their changing attitudes as devaluing traditional family values and traditions The name for the law passed in the southern states which prevented Black Americans from mixing with whites. Segregation. Drinking continued, it was Available, it made criminals of ordinary people, it had adverse effects moonshine was dangerous, led to a rise in Gangsters and had to be ended in 1933 The women's temperance movement were against alcohol Banned the production and selling of alcohol classified as anything above 0.5% Anti-Saloon League campaigned that drink wrecked families, Christians saw it as the demon drink, rural America saw it as reducing the values of society, it led to crime, poverty and illness. Eliot Ness was a Prohibition enforcement officer (made famous by the film the untouchables) Bootlegging is illegally importing alcohol, moonshine is illegally made alcohol and a speakeasies were illegal bars selling alcohol
Was Prohibition a complete failure? Why was Al Capone finally caught? GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A 1920S FILM? What were the talkies? Which old industries suffered? Why couldn t many prohibition officers be trusted? What social developments happened? Give evidence of how traditional values continued What happened on the 29th October 1929?
THE TOLL OF THE SEA 1922 WAS THE FIRST TALKIE Tax Evasion. He was actually treated like a celebrity, a kind and generous man who gave to charity 50 million liters of alcohol was destroyed, Prohibition had a big legacy levels of consumption did not return until the 1970s, Eliot Ness was a successful agent bringing down the criminals Many officers were being bribed by the criminals and organized crime gangs Coal suffered from competition with oil 10% less coal was mined in 1929 than in 1919. Cotton industry. Talkies were the first movie with talking The Wall Street Crash Women were still expected to be homemakers, still employment discrimination, vast amount of make values continued to promote the superiority of men Women gained more freedom, the right to vote, sexual freedom, more women were in work. There were changing morals it was more accepted to drink and smoke.
What happened on Black Thursday? What does speculation mean? What does PATGOTCASH stand for? What does standardization mean? What were Assembly lines? Why is Henry Ford important? Why did the stock market collapse? Why did people have large debts? Why did the banks cause the crash?
Population. Abundant raw materials, Tariffs, Government, Opportunities, Techniques of production, cycle of prosperity, advertising, sales methods and hire purchase. Speculation is where you buy and sell shares recklessly 13 million shares were sold. Some major stocks lost 3/4 of their value. By 1933 83% of the stock markets value had been lost Used the assembly line to reduce the cost of the Model T Car, there was 1 car for every 5 Americans by 1929. the motor industry led the way in the economic boom. Manufacturing tasks among a group of workers spaced alongside a moving belt to speed up the time taken to produce goods and to reduce the cost by needing less skilled workers Technique of production where products are produced the same to reduce costs i.e. Model T car all painted black The banks were unregulated, they were unstable and were gambling peoples money on the stock market they lost everyone's savings! People bought products on credit, when the stocks collapsed they couldn t afford to pay back the loans Overproduction and flooding the market with surplus goods meant that the shares in these companies fell. Reckless selling and buying led to a loss of confidence in the market and even more selling of shares. This causes the price of shares to drastically decline. This leads to
Why did buying stocks on credit cause the crash? Why did people lose confidence and start selling their shares? What did the crash lead to in America and the world? What is a Great Depression? How did Hoover respond to the depression? What impact did the depression have on unemployment? What were the breadlines? What were the Hoovervilles? Why were they called Hoovervilles?
The Great Depression. America called back its loans i.e. Dawes Plan from places like Germany who themselves couldn't afford to pay it back Falling share prices led to losses by bankers and private owners which led to pressure on banks and panic, leading to bankruptcy and the closing of banks If the stick price fell you would not have the money to pay back the loan and you would be in negative equity Around 13 million people had lost their jobs by 1932. Between 1929 and 1932, factory production had dropped by 45% as people were not buying products. House building fell by 80%. 12,000 people a day were losing their jobs by 1932 as 20,000 companies went out of business. Hoover remained convinced that America would recover soon. He believed in rugged individualism - that people can overcome their problems through their own hard work, not with government help. Many saw him as the do nothing President. A depression is a time in a country s history when factories close, banks fail and unemployment reaches record levels. America s depression was so bad that people started calling it the Great Depression. It was a sarcastic reference to President Herbert Hoover, whom many felt he wasn t doing enough to help people Homeless people moved into urban waste ground and built shacks with boxes, scrap metal, old cloth and pallets. These camps- with no proper toilets or washing facilities- were called Hoovervilles. Charities set up soup kitchens where the homeless could get soup and bread. The huge queues that formed were known as the breadlines.
How were farmers affected by the depression? What were dustbowls? When was Roosevelt elected as President? What was rugged individualism? What happened in FDR s first Hundred Days? What was the emergency banking act? What were the fireside chats? What were the alphabet agencies? How did the New Deal help Wall St?
FDR won a staggering election victory. In 1932, there were 48 states in America- and 42 of them chose FDR. For the farmers who managed to keep their land, a drought combined with unsustainable farming methods turned the land into what was called a dust bowl. Dust Bowls- Huge dust storms that blew away millions of acres of dry top soil, making it impossible to farm. With so many unemployed, farmers couldn t get good prices for their food. As a result, many farmers couldn t pay their mortgages, and by 1932, one in 20 farmers had been evicted. The banks had little or no money. If they closed then the USA would collapse. Roosevelt s solution was to shut all banks for 4 days to work out which banks needed to be permanently shut, and which banks could be opened again with the support of the government. People began trusting the banks again. In his first 100 days as President, FDR took action. He passed new laws and created the Alphabet agencies to tackle the most urgent problems. The new laws became to be known as the New Deal. The hands off approach by the government that meant that there was little or no government intervention. People should be responsible for their own success and not rely on the government. The Securities Act forced companies selling new shares to give the public full information about the company. In 1934 Roosevelt set up a Securities and Exchange Commission to keep an eye on and control activities of the stock market. During the Hundred Days government created many organizations to carry out the New Deal. They had acronyms like AAA, TVA, CCC etc. Roosevelt used the radio as a means of communication. During the banking crisis he started having fireside chats with the nation as if he were talking to a group of friends. This was good as it made citizens feel in touch with their government and made people feel united.
How did the New Deal help the farmers? How did the New Deal help the unemployed? How did the New Deal help Industries? How did the New Deal help home owners? What was the Beer Act? What were the criticisms of the New Deal? What were the achievements of the New Deal? How many homes had radios in the 1930 s? What were the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1930 s?
The National Recovery Act set up two important agencies, they were; The National Recovery Agency (NRA) that created a partnership between government and industry to give fair wages and conditions in return for fair prices charged for the goods. The Public works Administration (PWA) who use unemployed skilled workmen on large public construction projects. Businesses still had too much power Roosevelt interfered too much The New Deal took power away from local governments Europe seemed to recover quicker than the USA Failed to challenge discrimination against African Americans, Native Americans and women. Radio and film. Musicals, gangster and horror films were particularly important. Roosevelt set up the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which provided work for young men on a range of environmental projects in the countryside. Wages were low so some people criticized this as forced labour. BUT the CCC carried out many useful projects such as; strengthening river banks, fish farming and fighting forest fires. Roosevelt also set up the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to give federal money to state and local governments to help people who were unemployed The Beer Act of 1933 was the start of the end of prohibition as it legalized the sale of alcohol again. By the end of 1933 prohibition was completely reversed There was still overproduction! Roosevelt s solution was to pay farmers not to produce! The Agricultural Adjustment Act allowed the government to control prices by paying farmers to make less so that the price of food would rise as there was less of it. Due to the depressions many home owners were at risk of losing their homes if they missed mortgage payments. To prevent this, Roosevelt introduced the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) which gave low interest loans to home owners. This would help people who were temporarily unemployed. 28 million It restored confidence Helped trade unions Created millions of jobs Improved banking systems Fewer businesses failed Standards of living rose African Americans benefitted from some of the alphabet agencies Roosevelt popular- got re-elected 3 times
Why were films popular in the 1930 s? When did America join WW2? What was the Lend Lease? What was the War production board and what did it do? What were war bonds? How did WW2 help boost American industry? How did WW2 help end the problem of unemployment? What impact did WW2 have on African American soldiers? What impact did WW2 have on African American workers?
In March 1941, FDR agreed to a Lend Lease deal with Britain. Instead of selling, America would lend Britain up to $7000 million worth of weapons. December 7 th 1941 Films took people s minds off the Depression and helped to restore confidence in America. Main manufacturing contracts went to big companies 500,000 new businesses were established during the war By 1944, the USA were making half of all the world s weapons. Farmers got a huge boost as food exports increased. By 1944, 2 million African Americans worked in factories and as a result the northern states started to feel less segregated. Civilians were encouraged to invest in war bonds. They gave the government money and were promised a return in later years. US army included over 1 million African Americans War highlighted problem of racism in the USA- those based in the UK found less racial discrimination When African American soldiers returned home they wanted to be treated equally. In January 1942, the War Production Board (WPB) was created to convert industries from peacetime work to war work. For example, factories that made silk ribbons now produced parachutes and typewriter companies converted to make machine guns. 14 million Americans worked in factories producing war goods General motors took on 750,000 new workers making shells, bombers, tanks, machine guns and engines. Others were drafted into the army Workers in demand= wages increased= people had more money to spend.
How did WW2 influence the membership of the NAACP? How did WW2 affect the lives of women? What was the cash and carry plan? What was FDR s famous Quarantine speech in reference to? What was the Neutrality Act of 1935? Why was there a consumer boom in the 1950 s? How many households had TV s in 1958? How did the TV influence people s attitudes towards spending? Who influenced the Rock and Roll generation?
In November 1939, Britain and France began buying US weapons, warships and planes known as the Cash and Carry plan. This created valuable jobs at a time when unemployment was rising. The percentage of women in paid employment increased from 35% in 1941 to 50% in 1944 Women often replaced male workers that had gone to fight Women s wages increased as they proved how important they were in the war effort. Despite these changes, people still held the same stereotypical view of women. Membership of the NAACP surged to 50,000 by the end of WW2. This highlighted that African Americans wanted to challenge racism. After the lean years of the Depression and the challenge of wartime, people were encouraged to spend. Unlike the 1920 s, more people shared the wealth. An average American earned 3 times the salary than in the UK. Rock and Roll music became popular, particularly with the younger generation. The most famous singer, Elvis Presley, had over 170 hit records. The Neutrality Act banned all loans to countries at war and a 1937 law stopped sales of weapons to any countries involved in conflict. Programmes were interrupted with regular adverts promoting the latest consumer goods. Soap operas showed houses overflowing with the most up-to-date gadgets and furnishings. In October 1937, FDR made his famous Quarantine speech in which he said that peace loving nations should stand up to aggressive nations by breaking off relations with them. It was clear that he was referring to Germany, Italy and Japan, which had been taking over countries in Europe, Africa and the Far East. In 1948 less than 1% of people in the USA owned a TV. By 1958, 83% of households did.
Name two 1950 s icons. Why did a distinct youth culture emerge in the 1950 s? What caused the second Red Scare? Who was Joseph McCarthy? What was the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)? What was McCarthyism? How did the US respond to McCarthyism? What happened to people that were blacklisted as communist sympathisers? What was civil rights?
The fear of communism sparked by the Cold War between Russia and the USA. The teenager emerged as a distinct social group. Teenagers were old enough to be independent, had money to spend but no work or family responsibilities. Teenagers identified themselves as different from their parents through different clothes, leisure activities and music. Marlon Brando James Dean It means extreme anti-communism. The House of Representatives Un- American Activities Commission. It began investigating and searching for communists working for the government, in workplaces, the media and in the movie industry. Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy was the leading American anticommunist figure in the late 1940s and early 50s. Civil rights refers to equal opportunity and access to employment, housing and education, as well as the right to vote and be free of racial discrimination. People that were blacklisted (particularly Hollywood stars) were barred from working in Hollywood. Hundreds if not thousands of people s lives were ruined by allegations of communist sympathypeople were blacklisted US citizens became increasingly suspicious and anxious about communist spies. The spirit of McCarthyism stained America for decades.
How did the NAACP help to end segregation in education? Did all schools end segregation? How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott help end segregation on buses? How much did the bus profits fall by? What were sit ins? What were the freedom rides? Which black nationalist groups rejected non-violent action? What did the Nation of Islam believe? What did the Black Panthers believe?
Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. The MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) was formed to organise a bus boycott. Its leader was Martin Luther King. All African Americans were to boycott buses for as long as it took to end segregation on buses. In 1956, the Supreme court ruled that segregation on buses was illegal. No, some states refused to comply. In 1957, Arkansas declared that it could not integrate as it was not able to keep students safe. At Little Rock President Eisenhower sent troops to force integration. It brought the case of Linda Brown, an African American girl who had to walk past white schools to get to her own. This case became known as Brown vs Board of Education. The judge declared that school segregation was unconstitutional and therefore the laws had to change. Began in 1961. Mixed groups of black and white American travelled on interstate buses into areas that were refusing to desegregate. African Americans wanted to end segregation in cafes by sitting in white people s seats. The companies changed their policy and 126 cities desegregated by the end of 1960. By 65% They totally rejected MLK s nonviolent ideas. They argued that African-Americans needed to protect themselves and use violence if necessary. The Nation of Islam argued for separatism (keeping the races apart). It believed that the Black people of America are one nation which has been denied its culture, history and heritage by White Americans. The Nation of Islam The Black Panthers
When was Martin Luther King assassinated? What did Martin Luther King believe? What year was the first Civil Rights Act passed and what did it allow? When was the voting rights act passed and what did it allow? What did the voting rights marches campaign for? What year was the second civil rights act passed and what did it allow? Give an example of a famous sit in. What were the aims of President Kennedy s new Frontier? When was JFK assassinated?
1964- made it illegal to discriminate against people in housing and employment. The equality of African American and White Americans. April 4 th 1968 1968- stopped discrimination in housing based on race, religion, nation of origin and gender. The campaign aimed to persuade people to register to vote and to challenge the intimidation tactics used to stop them from doing so. 1965- allowed states to ensure that voting took place properly. 22 nd November 1963 He promised that there would be a new generation of leadership - new men to cope with new problems and new opportunities. He wanted to make America a better, fairer place by eliminating poverty and inequality, improving education and fighting unemployment Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960.
What were the aims of Johnson s Great Society? What was the 1964 Economic opportunities Act? What was the 1964 Development Act? What was Medicare and Medicaid in 1965? Did people see Johnson as successful? Why did a strong feminist movement emerge in the 1960s? What was the National Organisation of Women (NOW)? Why was progress slow for equal rights? What are the question types for the USA section of the paper?
Provided money to remove slum hosuing Improved education and training for disadvantaged young people so that they could find work. Johnson called for an end to poverty and racial injustice and a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. Women felt trapped in their stereotypical roles. Being able to earn their own money during WW2 gave them a new sense of independence. Many women wanted to challenge these limitations. 1) How do they differ? 2) Why do they differ? 3) Which is more convincing? 4) Describe 2.. 5) In what ways. 6) Bullet point Opinions on LBJ vary dramatically. Supporters argue that he did more than any other president to make America a better and fairer society. However, other say that he spent far too much on reforms. His popularity fell when he encouraged participation in the Vietnam war. Changing law did not mean changing people s ideas The campaign did not have support of all women Middle class women were comfortable Religious influences affected people s opinions A lot of women campaigned for changes that would affect them Protests against sexism was ridiculed. Provided medical insurance for the over 65 s and hospital care for the poor. In 1966, NOW was formed. In 1968, its members adopted a bill of rights calling on the government to ban sex discrimination in the work place; guarantee maternity leave; offer tax breaks for child care; provide equal education and training; and allow access to abortion and contraception.