IS EUROPE TOLERANT TO OTHERS?: ESS ANSWERS Lilia DIMOVA Martin DIMOV Sofia, 2016
European tolerance depends on: 1. Who are the others? 2. Who are the Europeans? 3. What do we mean by tolerance? 4. How do we measure tolerance in the ESS? 5. Is there time effect?
Clarification background Tolerance = a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, beliefs, practices, racial or ethnic origins, etc., differ from one's own Main levels of tolerance = 1) level of understanding; 2) level of assessment foreigners' influence on society; 3) level of acceptance foreigners in the country Others here = homosexuals, foreigners from dominate ethnos, foreigners from different ethnoses, foreigners from poorer country in/outside Europe Tolerance index = a synthetic indicator calculated as a centered average weighted by actual respondents answers, ranging from -100 (no tolerance) to + 100 (high tolerance) Linear regression analyses = tolerance index on a country basis and on an individual socio-demographic basis
UNDERSTANDING LEVEL OF TOLERANCE = willingness of US to understand THEM Shalom H. Schwartz s human value variable: It is important to him/her to listen to people who are different from him/her. Even when s/he disagrees with them, s/he still wants to understand them. How much is this person like you? Very much like me Like me Somew hat like me A little like me Not like me Not like me at all
Dynamic of the Europeans tolerance to understand "others by countries and years (% Very much like me ) The Netherlands UK France Germany Poland Spain Portugal Hungary Bulgaria 35 30 25 20 15 19,1 17,3 16,9 20,7 10 5 0 2002/3 2004/5 2006/7 2008/9 2010/11 2012/13 2014/15
Tolerance to homosexuals by countries: 'Gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as they wish ( ESS R6) 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 Толерантни Нетолерантни
Is the country made a worse or a better place to live by people coming to live here from other countries? 2013 v/s 2015 60,00% Better 2013 Worst 2013 40,00% 20,00% 16,70% 0,00% Worse 2015 Better 2015 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00%
Immigrants make the country a better place to live (8+9+10 of the 11-points scale%) 2013 2015 40,00% 35,00% 30,00% 25,00% 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00%
Immigrants make the country a worse place to live (0+1+2 of the 11-points scale%) 2013 2015 30,00% 25,00% 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00%
People from poorer countries should be allowed to settle in the country (ESS R7) Allow many to come and live here Allow some Allow none 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 59% 71% 66% 77% 77% 74% 77% 76% 74% 77% 74% 76% 60% 72% 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% Allow many from outsite Europe Allow many from Europe
Who should NOT be allowed to settled in the country (% ESS R6) From dominate ethnos From different ethnos From poorer counntry outside Europe 40,0 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0
Tolerance index Main characteristics Tolerance index - a synthetic indicator, calculated as a centered average weighted by actual respondents answers Ranging from -100 (no tolerance) to + 100 (high tolerance) Could be implemented to any ESS round and any country Variables and Levels The Index combines tolerance levels to: People with different sexual orientation Immigrants Different ethnic groups Different people in general Based on ESS core module variables on: Understanding the others Assessments the others Acceptance foreigners in the country
100 80 60 40 20 Dimensions of tolerance in Europe Tolerance index (-100 +100) (Linear regression on ESS R6 ) 65-74 Tolerance by age 75 + 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 15-17 18-24 0-20 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 Tolerance by life satisfaction Tolerance by trust in institutions International institutions National Institutions 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 0,00 0 Dissatisfied 2 3 4 5 Satisfied -10,00 Tolerance by life satisfaction
Dimensions of tolerance by countries and demographic factors (Linear regression on ESS R6 ) 60 40 Tolerance by residence Tolerance by age Germany France Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic UK 20 60 0-20 Germany France Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic UK 40 20 Country village Town or small city A big city 0-20 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 + Tolerance by education No education Basic Primary Secondary High education Doctoral Tolerance by employment Paid work Unemployed Retired Other non working 60 50,00 40,00 40 20 30,00 20,00 10,00 0-20 Germany France Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic UK 0,00-10,00-20,00
GDP EURO (PP) Tolerance Levels by country s maturity (Linear regression on ESS R6 v/s R7) 15 Czech Republic(R7) Hungary(R7) 90000 80000 Norway(R6) Switzerland(R7) 70000 Norway(R7) Switzerland(R6) 60000 50000 Sweden(R6) United Kingdom(R7) Sweden(R7) Austria(R7) Netherlands(R7) 40000 Belgium(R7) Netherlands(R6) Germany(R7) United Kingdom(R6) Belgium(R6) Germany(R6) 30000 France(R7) France(R6) Spain(R7) Portugal(R6) Portugal(R7) Spain(R6) 20000 Estonia(R6) Czech Republic(R6) 10000 Poland(R7) Poland(R6) Estonia(R7) Hungary(R6) Bulgaria(R6) Tolerance index is a synthetic indicator calculated as a centered average weighted by actual respondents answers Ranging from -100 (no tolerance) to + 100 (high tolerance) The Index combines tolerance levels to: People with different sexual orientation Immigrants Different ethnic groups Different people in general 0-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Tolerance index (range -100;+100) Base (R7) N = 28158 Base (R6) N = 30452
The ESS answers Europe is selectively tolerant to others - the range and level of tolerance correlate to social distance between US and THEM The closer to US are the others (related to life style, moral norms, values, attitudes, behavior, etc.) the higher tolerance to THEM is In the beginning of migrant wave Bulgaria was among the tolerant countries where is now, the R8 will show On the country basis the main factors of tolerance are GDP + nat. culture ( luso tropicalism in Portugal; Luxury rich Switzerland is ready to pay for its peace and to keep its life style ) On the individual basis the strongest factors are age, education and trust in institutions, in particular in international institutions (the mean of trust in European Parliament decreased from 4.9 (2003) to 4.1 (2015) and in the whole that period thrust was higher than mistrust )
Dynamic of trust in the European parliament (0 = No trust at all; 11 = Complete trust) Mean 2015 2013 2011 2009 2007 2005 2003 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,9
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