IX Migration Summer School: Theories, Methods and Policies Workshop on International Migration Statistics Anna Di Bartolomeo (anna.dibartolomeo@eui.eu) 18 June 2013 1
Outline Measuring migration: key concepts What about second generation migrants? Focus on data sources Practical examples 2
Moroccan emigration stocks in France, 2005 Source Criterion Moroccan emigrants Country of citizenship 461,465 French source (Census) Country of birth 837,840? Immigrés 663,985 Moroccan source (consular records) Country of? citizenship 1,036,909 Immigrés -> people who were born abroad as foreign citizens Measuring migration 3
Measuring migration: key concepts - Who do we measure? Migrants definition issue - What do we measure? Stock vs flow - How do we measure? Data sources Measuring migration 4
Who do we measure? Geopolitical-legal criteria (birth vs citizenship) Country of birth population born abroad Country of citizenship foreign population regardless their country of birth Country of citizenship at birth matters! Measuring migration: WHO? 5
Who do we measure? Temporal criterion (temporary vs permanent) Short stay (or temporary) migration: at least 3 months (touristic visa) but less than 12 Long stay migration: at least 12 months (UN Population division recommendation) Measuring migration: WHO? 6
What do we measure? Stock number of migrants living in a country at time t (e.g. 1 Jan. 2013) Flows number of migrants who move in a specified time period (usually one year) Measuring migration: WHAT? 7
How do we measure? Destination vs. origin statistics (direct vs indirect): counting who is in! Emigration from a given country should be reconstructed as the aggregated immigration originating from this country in all other countries of the world; Immigration in a given country should to be measured using data collected in this country. Measuring migration: HOW? 8
Institution of destination countries Population Census Population Registers/Residence permits Ad hoc surveys Updated Rich of info Not available for some countries Scarcely comparable (birth vs. citizenship!) No info on irregular migrants Who counts? MAIN SOURCES Consulates Institution of origin countries Ad hoc surveys ADVANTAGES Partial recovery of emigrants residing in countries which do not publish or simply collect data on immigrants (e.g. Gulf) Partial recovery of irregular emigrants Partial recovey of temporary migrants in countries which fail in capturing temporary immigration (see e.g. Russia) LIMITATIONS Registration is voluntary (consulates) Second generation migrants are in Measuring migration: HOW? 9
The role of ad hoc surveys: the Moldovan Labour Force Survey Advantages Partial recovery of temporary and irregular emigrants Longitudinal study Special module on emigration: rich of info Limitations Understimation of «permanent» emigrants (indirect measurement) Measuring migration: HOW? 10
Immigrant children and second generation migrants Definitional issues depending on: STATUS OF PARENTS: born abroad or foreigners (naturalizations?) STATUS OF CHILDREN: With one or both parents born abroad or foreigners (children of mixed couples?) Born in the host country or born abroad (pure second generation or also decimal generations, i.e. 1.75-1.5..?) Second generation migrants 11
Who are immigrant children? No full agreement at the international level Most used definition: individuals born in the host country or born abroad and migrated before the age of 18 with at least one parent born abroad -> two variables of interest: country of birth (children and parents) + year of arrival/age of children Second generation migrants 12
Decimal classification of immigrant children (Rumbuat, 1997) > US 2G Born in the host country 1.75 Born abroad and emigrated at preschool age 0-5 Primary socialisation and education in the host country 1.5 Born abroad and emigrated at primary school age (6-14) 1.25 Born abroad and emigrated at secondary school age (15-18) Primary socialisation and education in the country of origin Second generation migrants 13
US vs. EU: Does this definition fit other cases? Traditional immigration countries European countries characterized by large inflows due to post-war labour recruitment European countries with long immigration histories linked to their colonial past European countries of recent immigration Second generation migrants 14
The case of European new countries of immigration Status of born abroad people in Italy Place of birth Abroad Citizenship at birth Not Italian Italian Status Immigrant? Being Italy recently characterized by mass emigration flows, this population would also include children of nationals born in the traditional emigration countries, who later returned -> these children are the result of emigration rather than immigration! The variable parents citizenship at birth needs to be considered as well! Second generation migrants 15
The case of European countries with immigration linked to their colonial past Status of born abroad people in France Place of birth Abroad Citizenship at birth Not French French Status Immigrant Repatriate BUT.. Few surveys available: statistic invisibility of immigrant children: not possible to distinguish them from the children of repatriates! Second generation migrants 16
Visible minorities and anti-discrimination theory -> the case of France Limitations of using the category immigrés: People originating in the French Overseas Departments and Territories (DOM- TOM) and their descendants are not included; Third generation migrants are lost; Anti-discrimination theory: the transmission of characteristics rather than migration links partially explains discrimination.. -> Visible minorities Second generation migrants 17
Second generation and labour market participation in France RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: 2 nd generation have a higher risk to be unemployed than natives not because of nationality but visible characteristics DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AREAS OF ORIGIN: 2 nd generation whose parents came from North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) encounter more difficulties when looking for a job than those whose parents came from South Europe DOUBLE DISCRIMINATION: women of the 2 nd generation have a higher risk to be unemployed than men of the 2 nd generation and than native women Second generation migrants 18
Participation to the labour market of major second generation migrants (aged 18-45) by country of origin and sex, France (2005) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Labour market status 4,3 4,1 7,1 8,7 12,9 16,8 18,2 31,4 22,4 9,7 10,9 20,3 88,6 87,2 64,7 73,5 70,9 48,4 Natives G2 South Europe G2 Maghreb Natives G2 South Europe G2 Maghreb Males Females Employed Unemployed Inactive Population: people aged 18-45 Source: INSEE, Employment Survey 2005 Source : Steichen, 2007 (data: INSEE, Employment Survey 2005) Second generation migrants 19
Logistic regressions results: risk of being unemployed (Odds ratio: OR) Origin Males Females Natives REF REF G2 Maghreb 3.33*** 2.62*** G2 South Europe n.s. n.s. Gender Natives G2 South Europe G2 Maghreb Males REF REF REF Females 1.76*** 1.87** 1.47* Origin and gender OR Racial Natives discrimination Males based on visible characteristics.. REF Natives Females 1.76*** G2 Maghreb Males 3.31*** G2 Maghreb Females 4.66*** G2 South Europe Males n.s. G2 South Europe Females 1.98*** Gender discrimination.. DOUBLE DISCRIMINATION! Controlled for age, education level, rate of unemployment in the region of residence, civil status and parental occupation. Source : Steichen, 2007 (data: INSEE, Employment Survey 2005) Second generation migrants 20
Focus on data sources Stock sources 1. Population census 2. Population Register/special register of foreigners 3. Residence/work permits 4. Ad hoc national and international surveys (e.g. EU LFS; OECD-PISA) Flow sources 1. Population Register/special register of foreigners: registration and deregistration in a specified time period (usually one year) 2. Residence/work permits: first permits granted in a specific time period vs. not renewed-expired permits 3. Visa statistics (scarcely used) Focus on data sources 21
Useful links Migration to the EU: the Eurostat database http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database OECD (Level of education and occupation) Migration to OECD countries (year 2001): http://stats.oecd.org/?lang=en Migration to OECD and non-oecd countries: http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/dioc.htm CARIM-Databases Migration from, to and through CARIM-East countries: http://www.carim-east.eu/database/ Migration from, to and through CARIM-South countries: http://www.carim.org/index.php?callcontent=4 National migration statistics https://international.ipums.org/international/ (IPUMS) http://www.census.gov/aboutus/stat_int.html (List of national statistical institutes) Focus on data sources 22
Immigration flows to the EU Eurostat indicator: First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship - annual data (migr_resfirst): Who? Foreign citizens and born abroad population What? Inward flows How? First residence permits granted to foreign citizens -> the largest part of migrants (those with a valid residence permit who are not necessarily resident) Source: residence permits (in Eurostat database) Focus on data sources 23
Immigration flows to the EU Eurostat indicator: International migration flows (migr_flow) Who? Foreign citizens and born abroad population What? Inward flows How? Registrations to national population registers -> permanent migrants, the more stable part of migrants as they both are permanent residents and hold a valid residence permit) Source: population registers of EU MS (in Eurostat database) Focus on data sources 24
Immigration stock in the EU Eurostat indicator:) Population by citizenship and by country of birth (migr_stock) Who? Foreign citizens and born abroad population What? Stock How? Registrations to national population registers -> permanent migrants, the more stable part of migrants as they both are permanent residents and hold a valid residence permit Source: population registers/census/.. of EU MS (in Eurostat database) Focus on data sources 25
Some exercises.. 26
Who? Population born abroad What? Stock How? Census (OECD) Exercise on STOCK n.1 Population born in Algeria living in Canada, France and Spain in 2001: age and level of education Country of residence Total Age group 15-39 Highly Skilled (ISCED 5/6) Canada 17,435 10,575 (60.7%) 10,370 (61.5%) Canada??? France 1,210,557 260,091 (21.5%) 184,278 (15.2%) France??? Spain 24,780 16,480 (66.5%) 3,060 (12.3%) Spain??? 27
Who? Foreign citizens What? Stock How? Population Register (Eurostat) Exercise on STOCK n.2 Moldovan and Moroccan citizens living in Italy in 2012 (Jan. 1 st ): sex and age Country of citizenship Total Females Age group (15-64) Moldova 144,505? 96,391 123,866?? (66.7%) (85.7%) Morocco 470,426? 206,196 333,156?? (43.8%) (70.8%) 28
Who? Foreign citizens What? Flow How? First residence permits (Eurostat) Exercise on FLOW n.1 First residence permits granted to Ukrainian citizens in Italy in the period 2008-2011: family reasons Country Year of residence Total Family reasons 2008 42,238? 3,626 (8.6%)? 2009 39,460? 2,632 (6.6%)? 2010 48,249? 7,384 (15.3%)? 2011 15,409? 6,275 (40.7%)? 29
Who? Foreign citizens What? Flow How? Registrations to Population Registers (Eurostat) Exercise on FLOW n.2 Ukrainian citizens registering at a place of residence in Italy the period 2008-2011: sex Year Total Females 2008 24,039? 18,578? (77.3%) 2009 22,594? 17,324? (76.7%) 2010 30,416? 24,664? (81.1%) 2011 17,889? 13,391? (74.9%) 30
Moldovan citizens living in Russia according to different sources in 2010 Source Russian sources Moldovan source Population Census 34,000 Work permits 72,233 Labour Force Survey 195,700 Measuring migration: HOW? 31
Moldovan citizens living in Italy according to different sources in 2010 Source Italian sources Moldovan source Population Register 174,129 Residence permits 133,915 Labour Force Survey 60,300 Measuring migration: HOW? 32