Enlightenment Locke Life, liberty, property Montesquieu Dividing power Consent of the Governed Colonial Democratic Developments Mayflower Compact Albany Plan of Union House of Burgesses New England style town meetings Common Sense
Declaration of Independence John Locke Natural Rights Jefferson Head of committee List of Grievances against King George III Advantages Revolutionary War American Knew the Land Home Field Advantage Fighting life and death
Articles of Confederation - 1781-1789 Won Revolutionary War Loose Arrangement of States Northwest Ordinance Plan for admitting new states Provisions for schools Foreign Problems Britain, France, Spain Weak Central Government No Taxes Shay s Rebellion
Constitutional Convention Philadelphia Tweak Articles Washington, Franklin, Madison (Father of Constitution), Hamilton. Representation Bundle of Compromises Great Compromise 3/5ths Compromise Trade Compromise No slave ban 20 yrs
Ratification Debate Federalist v. Anti Federalist Federalist Papers Bill of Rights Civil Liberties
Bill of Rights 1st - Freedom of religion, speech, the press, assembly, petition 2nd - Right to bear arms 3rd Quartering of soldiers 4 th - Searches and seizures; search warrant required 5th - Due process, selfincrimination, double jeopardy, rules for eminent domain 6th - Rights to a fair trial 7th - Right to trial by jury in civil cases 8th - Bans cruel and unusual punishment 9th - Certain rights in Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage other rights retained by the people. 10th - Limits the powers of the federal government to only those specifically granted by the constitution. State power.
Constitution 3 Branches of Government Legislative Branch Delegated, Implied, Elastic Clause (necessary and proper) Senate & House of Representatives Laws, Appointments, Oversight Executive Branch Commander in Chief, Veto, Electoral College Judicial Branch Judicial Review (Marbury v Madison)
Checks and Balances Executive Branch Checks the Legislative Branch President veto laws passed by the Congress Executive Branch Checks on Judicial Branch President pardon individuals convicted of crimes Legislative Branch Checks on Executive Branch Congress overturn Presidential veto with 2/3 vote Legislative Branch Checks on Judicial Branch Senate reject nominees to Supreme Court Judicial Branch Checks on Executive & Judicial Branch rule presidential actions & laws unconstitutional
Federalism Divided Powers in US Government Federal v. State Delegated Powers - Federal (enumerated powers) Implied Powers - elastic clause (necessary and proper clause) Reserved Powers - State Governments. Concurrent Powers
Divided Powers of Government Delegated Concurrent Reserved Maintain Armed Forces Power to Tax Establish Schools Coin Money Borrow Money Run Elections Declare War Regulate Interstate Trade Maintain Courts Pass Statewide Laws Regulate Intrastate Trade
Amending the Constitution Important feature of the Constitution is the ability to amend or change the document Amendment Proposed By 2/3rds Vote in Each House of Congress APPROVAL: Ratified by 3/4ths of The State Legislatures Or APPROVAL: Ratified by Constitutional Conventions in 3/4ths Of the States
Unwritten Constitution Not actually in Constitution. President s Cabinet Political Parties Lobbying Congressional Committees Judicial Review 2 Consecutive Presidential Terms (22 nd Amendment)
United States Economics Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Hamilton's Economic Programs Assumption of Revolutionary War debt Creation of a National Bank Pay off all of the debt of states and the old Continental Congress. National Bank support business community Protective Tariff Protect U.S. industry from overseas competition Excise Tax Generating revenue - whiskey (Whiskey Rebellion)
Washington (Hamilton vs. Jefferson) Hamilton Loose interpretation Elastic Clause Jefferson Strict interpretation Early political parties Federalist vs. Democratic-Republicans Whisky Rebellion French Revolution Jefferson - For Hamilton - Against Washington - Neutrality
Adam s Presidency XYZ Affair France undeclared naval war Alien and Sedition Act Deport immigrants / Restrict free speech Fines and Jail for critics of President Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions States right to nullify a federal law if don t agree.
Jefferson Presidency Midnight Judges Supreme court ruling Marbury v. Madison (1803) Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Embargo Act
War of 1812 War Hawks Want Canada British burn Washington D.C. Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson war hero No clear winner but United States survives.
Era of Good Feelings Monroe President Less sectionalism, more nationalism. Missouri Compromise No slavery north of 36 30 Monroe Doctrine No new European colonies in Western Hemisphere Election of 1824 End of Era Corrupt Bargain Adams and Clay
United States Economics American System Promote trade and commerce South Raw Materials, North Manufacturing Internal improvements national road, Erie Canal, steamboats, railroads Second National Bank Protective Tariffs Nullification Theory Early America Southern Plantations Slavery Northern farms and early industry Economic Philosophy - Laissez-Faire Capitalism
United States Foreign Policy Neutrality French Revolution Washington's Farewell Address 1796 - "steer clear of permanent alliances Monroe Doctrine Western Hemisphere
Jacksonian Era and Rise of the Common Man Increased Suffrage Spoils System War over B.U.S. Pet Banks Trail of Tears Worchester v. Georgia 1832 Sent to Oklahoma Territory Nullification Crisis Calhoun opposes tariff of 1832 Threatens succession
Reform Movements - Groups Woman s Movement Seneca Falls Abolitionist Education Religious Native American Manifest Destiny Texas Independence Mexican-American War Expansion
1850 s Decade of Controversy Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) Popular Sovereignty people of territory decide Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott Case Slaves are property John Brown Raid on Harpers Ferry Election of 1860 South Carolina secedes
Civil War Reason for secession Election of Lincoln States rights Lincoln s Measures Suspends writ of habaeous corpus Starts conscription Draft riots Emancipation Proclamation January 1863 Copperheads
Reconstruction Lincoln s Ten Percent Plan - Lenient - Forgiving Radical Republicans Wade Davis Bill - Lincoln - Pocket Veto Johnson s Plan - Lenient - Only punish wealthy Southerners Black Codes Freedmen s Bureau Impeachment of Johnson 13 th Amendment - Outlaws slavery 14 th Amendment Citizenship, Bill of Rights 15 th Amendment No voting discrimination Klu Klux Klan Sharecropping Jim Crow Laws
Monumental Legislation Legislation Change or Provision Constitutional Principle Northwest Ordinance (1787) The Bill of Rights (1791) Provided for the settlement of the Northwest Territory of the new nation and established guidelines such as protection of civil liberties in the territory, statehood eligibility and schools. Served as the founding list of rights and liberties to be guarded by the new American government. Many of the rights we expect our government to defend were added to the Constitution later as the first 10 amendments. This one of the few acts of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation that was considered a success. The Bill of Rights itself established many of the Constitutional principles of rights of the accused and freedoms of the individual that are fundamental to our system.
Legislation Change or Provision Constitutional Principle Charter of The Bank of the United States (1791) Missouri Compromise (1820) Alexander Hamilton who was serving as Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, advocated for a National Bank in order to aid in the running of the US economy. Established a line dividing the free and slave territories of the growing United States. Many disagreed over the constitutionality of the National Bank. In the end the creation of the bank was justified by the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution. The Constitution made no clear provision for the expansion of the nation. As the nation grew so did the argument over slavery. The compromise served as a short term "fix" to the larger issues that would explode into the Civil War.
The Supreme Court Cases to Know Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance Constitutional Concepts/ Enduring Issues Marbury v. Madison(1803)* Appointment of midnight justices by John Adams rejected by Jefferson. Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act. John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional The Supreme Court has the right of Judicial Review. Judicial v. Executive and Congressional Power. Judicial Review/Separation of powers McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)* Maryland attempts to tax the National Bank of the United States.Court must decide whether Bank is legitimate under the elastic clause and whether Maryland can tax it. John Marshall declares "the power to tax is the power to destroy." The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution prohibits state taxation of a federal institution. Supremacy vs State Rights; Elastic Clause Judicial Review; Federalism
Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance Constitutional Concepts/ Enduring Issues Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Ogden receives exclusive right from New York to use Steam boat to navigate in New York and to N.J. Gibbons gets right from Congress. John Marshall declares that Congress has the exclusive authority to regulate Interstate Commerce, especially when it involves a"stream of commerce. Interstate Commerce Clause (Art. I, Sect.8) vs States Rights Judicial Review/Federalism Worchester v. Georgia (1838) Worcester, a minister did not get a license from Georgia to do missionary work with the Cherokee nation residing in Georgia. The court ruled that only the United States had the authority to make treaties and regulations with Native Americans. The decision opened the door for Jackson to enforce the Indian Removal Act. Article I treaty power of Congress vs Tenth Amendment police Reserved Power of Georgia. Native Americans/Manifest Destiny/Rights of Ethnic Group/Power of National Government
Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Dred Scott was a slave who was brought into free Territory as defined by the Missouri Compromise. The Supreme Court declared that slaves were property and as such were not protected by the Constitution. It also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Constitutional Concepts/ Enduring Issues Article III citizenship rights vs Fifth Amendment property rights. Civil War causes/ Federalism/Equality /Rights of Ethnic Groups
Other Supreme Court Cases Schenck v US Tinker v Des Moines Island Trees v Pico Texas v Johnson Mapp v Ohio New Jersey v TLO Vernonia v Acton Lee v Weissman Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier West Virginia v Barnette Gideon v Wainright Miranda v Arizona Escobedo v Illinois