Handbook of the Sociology of the Military
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Handbook of the Sociology of the Military Edited by Italian Inter university Centre of Historical and Military Studies Pisa, Italy 4y Springer
Via S. Antonio 58 56125 Pisa, Italy gcaforio@tin.it Library of Congress Control Number: 2006923641 ISBN-10: 0-387-32456-9 ISBN-13: 978-0387-32456-2 Printed on acid-free paper. 2006 Springer Science* Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. (IBT) 987654321 springer.com
Contributors Bernard Boene, Dean, Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, 56381, Coetquidan Cedex, France Hans Born, Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland CH-1205 Wilfried von Bredow, Phillips University, Institute for Political Science, D-35032, Marburg, Germany James Burk, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4351, Italian Interuniversity Centre of Historical and Military Studies, Pisa, Italy 56125 Christopher Dandeker, King's College, London, United Kingdom WC2R 2LS Karl W. Haltiner, Swiss Military Academy and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland CH-8804 Lindy Heinecken, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa Ljubica Jelusic, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia SI 1000 Irene van der Kloet, Royal Netherlands Military Academy, 4800 PA, Breda, The Netherlands Gerhard Kiimmel, Bundeswehr Institute of Social Research, 15331, Strausberg, Germany Thomas Lindemann, University of Toulouse, 31000, Toulouse, France Philippe Manigart, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium 1000 Michel Louis Martin, Institute of Political Studies, 31000, Toulouse, France Rene Moelker, Royal Netherlands Military Academy, 4800 PA, Breda, The Netherlands Marina Nuciari, Turin University and Italian Military Academy, Turin, Italy 10149 Michael Pugh, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom PL4 8AA Vladimir O. Rukavishnikov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 117 334 Mady Wechsler Segal, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA 20742-1315 David R. Segal, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA 20742-1315 v
vi Contributors Joseph L. Soeters, Royal Netherlands Military Academy, Breda, The Netherlands 4811 XC, and Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 5000 LE Alise Weibull, National Defense College, Karlstad, Sweden 65225 Donna J. Winslow, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HV, and Royal Netherlands Military Academy, Breda, The Netherlands 4811 XC
Contents I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 3 2. Some Historical Notes 7 3. Social Research and the Military: A Cross-National Expert Survey 27 and Marina Nuciari II. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS 4. Models and Explanations for Military Organization: An Updated Reconsideration 61 Marina Nuciari 5. The Order of Violence: Norms, Rules, and Taboos of Organized Violence and the De-legitimization of the Military 87 Wilfried von Bredow 6. The Military and the Use of Force: Corporate Interests and War 99 Thomas Lindemann and Michel Louis Martin 7. Military Mobilization in Modern Western Societies Ill James Burk III. ARMED FORCES AND SOCIETY 8. Civil-Military Relations 131 Vladimir O. Rukavishnikov and Michael Pugh vii
viii Contents 9. Democratic Control of Armed Forces: Relevance, Issues, and Research Agenda 151 Hans Born 10. The Military as a Tribe among Tribes: Postmodern Armed Forces and Civil-Military Relations? 167 Bernard Boe'ne It. Soldiers and Governments in Postpraetorian Africa: Cases in the Francophone Area 187 Michel Louis Martin 12. Military Families and the Armed Forces: A Two-Sided Affair? 201 Rene Moelker and Irene van der Kloet 13. Implications for Military Families of Changes in the Armed Forces of the United States 225 Mady Wechsler Segal and David R. Segal IV. INSIDE THE MILITARY 14. Military Culture 237 Joseph L. Soeters, Donna J. Winslow, andalise Weibull 15. Military Officer Education 255 16. Women in the Military: Sociological Arguments for Integration 279 Marina Nuciari 17. Diversity in the Armed Forces 299 Donna J. Winslow, Lindy Heinecken, and Joseph L. Soeters 18. Unionization of the Military: Representation of the Interests of Military Personnel 311 V. TRENDS IN THE MILITARY: CONVERSION AND RESTRUCTURING 19. Restructuring of the Armed Forces 323 Philippe Manigart 20. Conversion of the Military: Resource-Reuse Perspective after the End of the Cold War 345 Ljubica JeluSic
Contents ix 21. The Decline of the European Mass Armies 361 Karl W Haltiner 22. Technology, Organization, and Power 385 Rene Moelker VI. NEW MISSIONS 23. Building Flexible Forces for the 21st Century: Key Challenges for the Contemporary Armed Services 405 Christopher Dandeker 24. A Soldier Is a Soldier Is a Soldier!? The Military and Its Soldiers in an Era of Globalization 417 Gerhard Kiimmel VII. CONCLUSIONS 25. Conclusion: Themes and Issues of the Sociology of the Military 437 References 445 Index 487