China and North Korea
International Relations and Comparisons in Northeast Asia This series strives to show the big picture of regional transformation. It crosses disciplinary lines and points to linkages between comparisons of countries and their bilateral or multilateral relations. Above all, it seeks to fill gaps in understanding ongoing changes in Northeast Asia. Series Editor: Gilbert Rozman is the Emeritus Musgrave Professor of Sociology, Princeton University, and the editor-in-chief of The Asan Forum. Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Misunderstanding Asia: International Relations Theory and Asian Studies over Half a Century Edited by Gilbert Rozman China and North Korea: Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China Edited by Carla P. Freeman
China and North Korea Strategic and Policy Perspectives from a Changing China Edited by Carla P. Freeman Palgrave macmillan
CHINA AND NORTH KOREA Copyright Carla P. Freeman, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-45565-9 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-68737-4 ISBN 978-1-137-45566-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137455666 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data China and North Korea : strategic and policy perspectives from a changing China / edited by Carla Freeman. pages cm 1. China Foreign relations Korea (North) 2. Korea (North) Foreign relations China. 3. Security, International China. 4. National security China. 5. China Politics and government. I. Freeman, Carla P. (Carla Park), 1962 DS740.5.K7C43 2015 327.5105193 dc23 2015001504 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my students
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Contents List of Illustrations Foreword Acknowledgments ix xiii xv 1 Introduction: Continuity and Change in Chinese Expert Views of North Korea 1 Carla P. Freeman Part I New Perspectives on China s Relations with North Korea and Regional Security 2 Painful Lessons, Reversing Practices, and Ongoing Limitations: China Facing North Korea since 2003 17 Shi Yinhong 3 North Korea s Security Implications for China 37 Zhu Feng and Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga 4 Identifying a New, More Effective Role for China vis- à -vis Korean Peninsula Issues through an Integrated Class Analysis Approach with Chinese Characteristics 65 Piao Jianyi and Ma Yunpeng 5 Chinese Views of North Korea s Regional Role 81 Yu Shaohua 6 Refuting Two Historical Myths: A New Interpretation of China-North Korean Relations 91 Shen Zhihua and Yafeng Xia Part II China-North Korea Relations in Historical Perspective 7 China s Anti-Japanese War and the Independence Movement on the Korean Peninsula 109 Jin Jingyi
viii CONTENTS 8 The Evolution of the Lips and Teeth Relationship: China-North Korea Relations in the 1960s 119 Cheng Xiaohe 9 An Attempt at Analyzing the Cross and Triangular Divided Relations among the Four Regimes in China and the Korean Peninsula after World War II 139 Quan Hexiu Part III The Many Facets of China s Relations with North Korea 10 China s Policy toward the DPRK s Nuclear and Missile Programs 157 Gu Guoliang 11 China s Role and Its Dilemmas in the Six-Party Talks 179 Yang Xiyu 12 A Strategic and Emotional Partner: China and Its Food Aid to North Korea in the Twenty-First Century 189 Li Nan 13 Evaluating North Korea s Economic Policy in the 2000s Economic Cooperation with China Is an Inevitable Choice 205 Lin Jinsu 14 North Korea s Guiding Ideology and Its Impact 225 Li Yongchun 15 Hereditary Succession and the DPRK Leadership 241 Jin Zhe Erratum to: Identifying a New, More Effective Role for China vis- à -vis Korean Peninsula Issues through an Integrated Class Analysis Approach with Chinese Characteristics E1 Notes on Contributors 249 Index 253
Illustr ations Map 0.1 China and North Korea in Northeast Asia xi Figures 9.1 Cross and triangular divided relations among the four regimes in the three countries 147 13.1 The foreign trade value of North Korea in the 2000s 213 13.2 Committed foreign direct investment in North Korea, 2000 2008 214 Tables 3.1 Matrix of security implications 43 13.1 China-North Korea trade scale and percentage 217 13.2 Direct investment by Chinese enterprises in North Korea 218
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Map 0.1 China and North Korea in Northeast Asia Modified by the editor from the University of Texas Libraries open source map: http://imagespublicdomain.wordpress.com/category/maps/
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Foreword The US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins University s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) is pleased to support this important volume. North Korea poses a major threat to the stability and security of Northeast Asia, an area of vital interest to the United States. How to deal with North Korea, especially given Pyongyang s determined pursuit of nuclear weapons, has baffled American administrations for more than a quarter century. We have gone from expecting (hoping) that North Korea s imminent collapse will end the problem an event that has obviously not occurred to expecting that China will discover a selfinterest in doing whatever might be required to moderate the North Korean threat to regional stability. That also has clearly not occurred, at least not yet. But developing a nuanced, informed appraisal of how China sees its interests in North Korea is obviously critical to American policy. The formulation and implementation of North Korea policy have become much more complicated for China in recent years. This edited volume illuminates the discussion and debate about North Korea within an evolving Chinese foreign policy establishment. As such, it is an important contribution to policy coordination efforts between China and the United States. AMBASSADOR STEPHEN W. BOSWORTH Chairman, US-Korea Institute at SAIS
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Acknowledgments My thanks go to all of the experts represented in this volume for their contributions. They stayed with the project as it proceeded along a far longer timeline than they could have imagined when they agreed to participate. Their responsiveness and enthusiasm made the process far easier than it might have been. While moving this volume toward completion was a lonely road at times, most of the effort that has brought it to publication in fact involved tremendous teamwork. Qingming Zhou and Zhaojin Ji carefully translated several of the chapters. A battery of talented research assistants gave their time, often until the wee hours of the morning, to move the chapters from their initial drafts toward their final ones: I thank Shan Ni, William Yale, Bo Li, and Kendrick Kuo, but special appreciation goes to Yiqian (Sunny) Xu, who worked on this project throughout her master s program at SAIS. Jiwon Kwon and Kwang Lee also played a key role in the project, bringing their fluency in Chinese, English, and Korean to the last stages of the editing process. My favorite freelance editor, Page Benkowski, stepped in in the final hour to help get the manuscript in order, including consulting on the cover design. I also owe a great deal to the insight and steady encouragement of contributor, Dr. Li Nan, who saw the project in its earliest stage when he and I discussed its potential during his time at Brookings in Washington, DC. I am also very grateful to the series editor, Professor Gilbert Rozman, who provided vital support and critical advice, as well as to the entire editorial team at Palgrave Macmillan. Finally, this project never would have happened without the financial and moral backing of the US-Korea Institute (USKI) at SAIS and its farsighted, patient, and generous leadership my gratitude goes to its chairman Ambassador Stephen W. Bosworth and to my colleagues, USKI Director, Dr. Jae Ku, and Assistant Director and editor of 38 North, Ms. Jenny Town.