Britain Creates an Empire
Why the tiny island of Great Britain? 1. Geography Easy sea access to explore and create trading posts in Americas, Africa, and India 2. Naval Power Weak standing army but unmatched sea power Control trade of slaves and goods 3. British Mercantilism Less government restrictions leading to rise in private wealth Wealthy landowners funded charters to new lands
All this leads to revolution! The American Revolution
Colonial Clash Many of the reasons for their success, also the reasons for the loss of the American colonies 1. Geography: Colonies separated from Great Britain by Atlantic Ocean (Out of sight out of mind) Colonists created their own identities Socially less distinction between classes Identified themselves by the colony they lived in not as British (ex: South Carolinians, Virginians, New Yorkers) How did life differ in the southern and northern colonies in terms of economics and religious background?
Colonial Clash 2. Mercantilism Navigation Acts Created to help pay for war debt from the French and Indian War (what was this?) Indigo, cotton, etc. from the southern colonies to Britain instead of Northern colonies for production into cloth then sold back to the colonies Often ignored, smuggling was common practice among our founding fathers Created Taxes on Tea, Stamps, Sugar, etc. What war cry?
Declaring Independence Assignment
British vs Colonial Advantages British Advantages Colonial (Patriot) Advantages
New Nation New Government Afraid of central power (monarchies) and due to state loyalties First Create Articles of Confederation: weak National Government that could not keep order between the States 1787: Dissolve the A of C and create the current Constitution of the USA
How does the Constitution of the United States of America reflect Enlightenment philosophies? Enlightenment Idea Beccaria: No torture Voltaire: Free speech and religious toleration John Locke : Government comes from the consent of the people Montesquieu: Separation of Powers U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights protects rights of accused and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment Bill of Rights provides for freedom of speech and religion. Preamble begins We the people of the United States to establish legitimacy Creates representative government Limits government powers Federal Republic: Power split between a national government and respective state governments Powers divided among three branches System of checks and balances Rousseau: Direct Democracy Public election of president and Congress
Musical Silent Discussion I will split you into 4 groups (NO YOU DO NOT GET TO PICK!) 1. I would fight for 2. Nothing is worth dying for 3. The Government should make sure I m 4. If I didn t have food I would, While the music is playing there is NO TALKING Silently respond to the questions by writing your idea on the poster board You may answer the question, challenge the question or statement, draw a picture, ask another question, or respond to another student s response After 2 minutes, I will stop the music and you must move clockwise to the next question. You will then continue, like this, until you have responded to each question. Once you have reached your first question, you will have one minute to read and respond to the comments other people wrote, for each station.
French Revolution Begins
1789: What s Going on Right Now? United States has won the American Revolution and created a Constitutional government To the world, France is advanced, rich, and adored for being the center of the Enlightenment. REALITY: Bad harvests, high prices, taxes... Where are the ideals of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire?
"Savage. What was the aim of those bristling men who in... revolutionary chaos, ragged, howling, wild, with tomahawk raised, and pike aloft, rushed over old over-turned Paris? They desired the end of oppressions, the end of tyrannies, the end of the sword, labor for man, instruction for children, social gentleness for woman, liberty, equality, fraternity, bread for all, ideas for all." --Les Miserables, Saint Denis, Book V
Inequality of the Ancien or Old Regime Taxes by Estates 1st Estate 2% 2nd Estate 0% 3rd Estate 50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Bread
Bread Bread = equality of life. The people thought that life was fair if they had bread on the table.
Economic Trouble High Taxes on Bourgeoisie of Third Estate hurt the profits of businesses Crop failures lead Bread Shortages and famine High National Debt due to American Revolution and lavish lifestyle of royal family-rich refused to have their taxes raised to meet demand
Louis XVI ignored advisors Took bad advice from his wife Marie Antoinette Instead of doing something to solve the economic problems Proposed a Tax on Nobility
The Great Fear? Rumors spread that Nobles were hiring outlaws to take peasant crops People senselessly and violently panicked! Bread Riots of women
Reform? TERROR! Revolution brings Reform and Terror
Reforms of the National Assembly after The Great Fear
1. AUGUST 1789 THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF CITIZEN Nobles and Clergy (out of fear) join with the National Assembly to embrace liberty, equality, and rid the privileges of the first and second estates The French Statement of the rights of its people. The Statement Says: men are born and remain free and equal in rights These rights include liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression It guaranteed equal justice, and freedoms of speech and religion
Adopted Saying: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!
2. The State Controls the Church Government took over Church Sold church land to pay off the national debt How do you think people felt about this?
FACTIONS DEVELOP A limited Constitutional Monarchy Legislative Assembly: create laws and approve or reject war Factions (splitter group reactions to constitution): Émigrés: wanted Old Regime Sans-Culottes: greater reform Want a republic
Moderates views of the Sans-Culottes What is your reaction to this image?
Who you callin a Chicken!? Louis XVI and his Family try to escape to Austria Captured at the border and returned to Paris Causes other county s to declare war Why? Leads to the September Massacre: France reacts by killing prisoners loyal to the King because they are afraid they may escape and seek revenge
OFF WITH HIS HEAD! Legislative Assembly becomes the National Convention Louis XVI loses ALL power Jacobins (Radical Revolutionaries) take control and have King convicted of treason Sentenced to death by the Guillotine
The Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre takes Control Wants Republic of Virtue : Bye-Bye anything from the Past! Closes Churches : religion dangerous and old-fashioned Creates the Committee of Public Safety Protects Revolution from its enemies Starts Reign of Terror
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY? Tried in the morning, guillotined in the afternoon 40,000 die in one year, 85 % from the Third Estate liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads de Gouges (de Goozh) Percentage of Deaths by Estate First Estate Second Estate Third Estate
Terror Ends National Convention turns on Robespierre He s Guillotined in July of 1794 Directory : 5 moderate politicians take charge after Reign of Terror Napoleon Bonaparte put in charge of Army
Litte General... Big Empire! Napoleon Forges an Empire
Napoleon's rise to master of France 1769-1821
Napoleon Becomes Master of France Hero of the Hour: October 1795: Defended the National Convention from rebels PRAISED! 1799 the Directory loses control 1799 Napoleon stages a Coup-d'état: Blow to the State surrounds national legislature and forces a change of hands Names himself Dictator 1800 Plebiscite (Vote of the People) gives Napoleon sole power
Napoleon restores order
Napoleon's Empire
Emperor Napoleon 1804 Crowns himself Emperor instead of the Pope What does this act say about how he feels about his power in comparison to the church? Wants to conquer Europe and the Americas
The Louisiana Purchase Gives up on his idea of an empire in the Americas 1803 Sells his land to Thomas Jefferson for $15 million dollars. Uses the money to forge a European Empire Toussaint L Ouverture ABOUT 3 CENTS AN ACRE!!
Napoleon s Empire 1812 What places west of Prussia remain unclaimed? What battle would happen as a result? The outcome?
The bigger you are the harder you fall Napoleon s Empire Collapses
Little man...big ego! His personality was the greatest danger to his Empire Would not give up on desire to extend France and crush Great Britain Lead to 3 mistakes
What 3 mistakes caused Napoleon s Empire to collapse?
What was it? Goals? Failures?
Mistake #2 The peninsular war Wanted Portugal to be apart of the Continental System Used Spain to invade Portugal: SPAIN MAD!!!! 1808 named his brother the King of Spain Nationalism: Pride for their country and Catholic Religion wanted their king! Guerilla Warfare:
Francisco Goya s the Third of May
Mistake # 3 The Invasion of Russia Napoleon and Czar Alexander I friendly but... Alexander wouldn t stop trading with Britain Napoleon s mad decides to invade in June 1812
Scorched-Earth policy Alexander I and his troops are pushed further and further back Battle of Borodino Practiced a scorched-earth policy: burned grain fields and killed livestock to starve the enemy...even burned Moscow to prevent it falling to Napoleon
Napoleon s army collapses Cold winter, hunger, and exhaustion destroy Napoleon s troops Only 10,000 of 420,000 survive
Effects of Napoleon s downfall
Europe strikes back! Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria take advantage and declare war Allies easily crush Napoleon s weak, untrained army April 1814 Napoleon surrenders, gives up his thrown, and is exiled to Elba
What does this picture Show about Napoleon?
He s back!!! The Hundred Days Louis XVII, Louis XVI brother, takes over but unpopular March 1815, Napoleon escapes, returns to France, and Emperor again This is Napoleon s last bid for power
Battle of Waterloo June 1815, British troops, aided by Prussia, defeat Napoleon, one last time, at the Battle of Waterloo Ends Napoleon s Hundred Days Leads Europe to call the Congress of Vienna: What is it?
Latin American Independence
Latin Americans Inspired! American Revolution, French Revolution, & the Enlightenment Liberty, Equality, and Democracy! Hated European Control Criollos: People of Spanish decent born in Latin America begin the revolutions
Revolutions Overview African Slaves rebel against France in Haiti, win, becoming first free colony Mexico gains independence in 1823 after a priest, and Native American march for their rights, inspiring Criollos to fight Brazil gains independence from Portugal just by asking, no fighting or blood