AP TEST REVIEW Unit Five Life in the 18 th Century, French Revolution, and Napoleonic Empire Ca. 1700-1815
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The 18th Century was marked by a wide variety of changes which forever impacted the modern world. These include: Agricultural Revolution Continuation of the Commercial Revolution Intellectual Revolution Political Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution Major features of the AR Increased food production Used of scientific farming methods to improve efficiency Commercialization of Agriculture End to the open-field system through Enclosure Acts Corn Laws of 1815 benefitted landowners Selective Breeding of Livestock Creation of larger animals, which increased availability of meat
Agricultural Reforms Cornelius Vermuyden: Dutchmen who pioneered drainage techniques to increase available farmland Charles Townsend: Influenced by the Dutch, he introduced crop rotation and fertilization to increase yield Jethro Tull: Developed the seed drill (1701) to make planting crops more efficient. Robert Bakewell: Improved cattle breeding
Effects of Agricultural Revolution Enclosure Movement Less opportunities for women Migration to urban areas Emergence of Cottage Industry Development of consumer society Population explosion of 18 th century Caused by not only greater access to food but greater access to more nutritious food, like potatoes and corn (thank you Columbian Exchange)
The Cottage Industry What? Merchant-capitalists put out manufacturing to the country to challenge urban craft guilds Major significance Strength of Cottage Industry in England provided foundation of the Industrial Revolution Problem: Growing population!!! So improve technology! 1733 John Kay s Flying Shuttle 1764 James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny
The Atlantic System Characterized by British and French use of mercantilism in the Atlantic British mercantilism more successful because it served the interests of the merchants rather than solely the state!!! (Example: Navigation Acts) Triangular Trade Most important commodity: Sugar!!! Effect: Dramatic increase in the Slave Trade!
The 2 nd Hundred Years War Included were the Colonial Wars (1701-1783) War of Spanish Succession War of Jenkins Ear War of Austrian Succession Seven Years War American Revolution Despite defeat in the American Revolution, the British dominated these colonial wars due to a vastly superior naval fleet!
The French Revolution
Louis XV (1715-1774) Louis reign was marked by the following problems: A poorly trained army: The army had not yet recovered from the wars of Louis XIV. A weak navy: French prestige begins to fall Wars with England: over dynastic problems on the continent & colonies--they sapped Fr. Strength Rebellious Nobles: allowed the nobility to regain control of France, especially as they witnessed Madame Pompadour exercise much influence over his decisions Conflict with Parlement of Paris: Refused to allow Louis new taxes without their consent so Louis asserts absolutism by using Minister Maupeou to dismiss the Parlement Dissatisfaction of the People: people were dissatisfied by the obvious expense & luxury of his courtly life in the face of other French problems Monarch was no longer viewed as divine!
The Ancien Regime First Estate High Clergy Less than 1% owned 20% of the land Exempt from taxation Second Estate Nobility Less than 2% owned 25% of the land Exempt from taxation and they were allowed to tax peasants who lived on their land!!! Third Estate Bourgeoisie, Urban poor, peasants Bore the brunt of French tax burden (Taille) Peasants were still exploited by nobility Bourgeois political and social power did not coincide with their economic status in a more modern French nation
LT Causes of the FR Loss of monarch s ability to suppress the nobility during the 18 th century Growing criticism of French 18 th century society during the Enlightenment Growth of classical liberalism Advocated basic liberties and economic freedom, but not political or social equality!!!! Influenced by the success of the American Revolution
ST Causes of the FR Weakness and incompetence of Louis XVI Popular discontent regarding Marie Antoinette, Madame Deficit!!! Immediate Cause: French financial crisis-- national bankruptcy The gov t could not balance the budget due to waste, extravagance, and the high costs of wars. Inflation caused social unrest during the late 1780s Lack of credit institutions forced Louis to raise money through increased taxation Privileged classes refused to accept this taxation!!! Assembly of Notables declared that all tax changes must be approved by a meeting of the Estates-General!
Estates-General (May 1789) Cahiers de doleances by each estate: Constitutional Monarchy Liberties guaranteed by law Abolition of internal trade barriers Despite similar grievances, voting caused a rift! Privileged Estates: One vote per estate Third Estate: Voting by head Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate? Argued that the Third Estate represented the General Will of French society
Age of Montesquieu June 17, 1789 National Assembly Tennis Court Oath July 14, 1789 Storming of the Bastille Saved the National Assembly! July, 1789 Great Fear Peasant uprisings against nobility August 4, 1789 August Decrees Abolished feudalism and declared equal taxation August 26, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Implementation of classical liberalism Separation of powers and protection of natural rights Gender equality was not promoted! October, 1789 Women s March on Versailles Moved Louis and the National Assembly to Paris where it would be more greatly influenced by the Parisian mob
Age of Montesquieu Civil Constitution of the Clergy 1790 Nationalized the Catholic Church Result: FAIL! Caused a divide in France between the religious (peasants and nobles) and the bourgeoisie Constitution of 1791 Constitutional Monarchy New Legislative Assembly had law-making power Voting was limited to half of adult male population and very few could actually hold office Reorganization into 83 regional departments Provided for local autonomy that was ruinous during wartime
Financial Reform in the Age of Montesquieu Seizure of church lands to meet expenses: (about 20% of Fr. land) Church lands were used to issue assignats, but since so many assignats were printed, they eventually became worthless. Church lands were divided into small plots & sold to peasants. Laissez-faire philosophy led to the abolition of internal tariffs, and of restrictions on industry & of guild monopolies which kept prices high. 1791: Le Chapelier Law: Abolished unions & strikes (Poor began to become more revolutionary)
Problems in the Age of Montesquieu Factionalism in the Legislative Assembly Girondins committed to liberal revolution and led the country to war International Reaction Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790 Influence of Emigres on European elite Declaration of Pillnitz (August 1791) In response, the Girondins declared war!!!
End of the Age of Montesquieu War of First Coalition French narrowly escaped destruction Jacobins blamed defeat on Louis XVI Brunswick Manifesto (July 25, 1792) Robespierre, Danton, and Marat encourage the Sans- Culottes to storm the Palace of the Tuleries on August 10, 1792 Marked the beginning of the Second Revolution Paris Commune of Sans-Culottes Growing influence led to dissolution of the Legislative Assembly and call for new constitution based upon universal male suffrage September Massacres
Age of Rousseau National Convention Abolition of monarchy and creation of republic Based upon Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity Factionalism The Mountain: Radical republicans, or Jacobins, supported by Sans-Culottes Girdondins: Moderate republicans who are primarily rural! Execution of Louis XVI in January, 1793 Expansion of War of the First Coalition
Age of Rousseau Spring 1793: Economic problems lead to the removal of Girondin from the NC Supported by the Sans-Culottes Committee of Public Safety established under the leadership of Robespierre Given emergency powers to defeat enemies from afar and from within Robespierre used the Reign of Terror to establish a Republic of Virtue
Age of Rousseau Robespierre s Republic of Virtue Law of Maximum Economic central planning Levy in Mass (Total War) Birth of nationalism in Europe Reign of Terror 40,000 died by use of guillotine Dechristianization Cult of the Supreme Being (Deism)
Age of Rousseau Thermidorian Reaction with the execution of Robespierre on July, 27, 1794, the reign of terror ended & bourgeois moderates took control of the Convention. Moderates ousted the radical Jacobins from the Convention and replaced them with more conservative members. They ended censorship, freed political prisoners, ended economic & religious reforms, & stripped the committees o f their power.
Age of Rousseau Constitution of 1795: The Directory A middle-class constitution which was opposed by both the royalists & the radicals. Elections: All literate adult males would vote for electors who would in turn vote for members of the legislature. Provided for a bicameral legislature and a five-man executive council, known as the Directory
Age of Rousseau Parisian workers rioted when the legislature repealed the Price and wage laws (the Maximum ). Royalist aristocracy attempted an uprising in October 1795 Government troops, led by Napoleon, were called in each time to crush uprising Failure of the sans-culottes would end their significant involvement in the FR! Overdependence of Directory on the military
Age of Rousseau Problems of the Directory Growing inflation Government bankruptcy Continuation of war with England and Austria Government corruption Coup of Fructidor in April 1797 Successes of the Directory Napoleon s defeat of the First Coalition in Italy by 1797 Napoleon attempts to defeat British in Egypt, yet is defeated at the battle of the Nile
End of the Age of Rousseau Coup of Brumaire November 1799 Faced with economic, military, and political disasters, two of the five Directors, Roger-Ducos and Abbe Sieyes, asked Napoleon to form a new government. Napoleon and the two directors forced out the other three and used troops to drive out a majority of the legislature. With the use of a plebiscite, this ushers in the beginning of the Age of Voltaire and the Consulate Era
Age of Voltaire Consulate Era (1799-1804) Constitution of 1799 Napoleon became 1st Consul--elected by the people for a 10 year term. In reality, he was a military dictator. Era of Enlightened Reform Napoleon was the last and most eminent of the Enlightened Despots But of course, he was much more absolute than he was Enlightened!
Age of Voltaire Napoleonic Code First complete codification of French law Revolutionary ideals were achieved Equality before the law Freedom of religion Property rights protected Abolition of serfdom Gave women inheritance rights Careers Open to Men of Talent Creation of more efficient bureaucracy trained in government schools, known as Lycees Prefects allowed for greater centralization of government Pardoning of the Emigres
Age of Voltaire Concordat of 1801 The Church recognized the legitimacy of the French gov t and renounced claims to church lands lost during the revolution, and the French gov t could appoint bishops. The tithe was also abolished. In return, the government paid all ecclesiastical salaries and ousted all of the clergy who had signed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Napoleon also agreed to make Catholicism the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. Why? To weaken the Church s ties to monarchists To appease the peasant population
Age of Voltaire Educational Reform State-funded and state-controlled education University of France established in 1808 Economic Reform National Bank of France established to introduce a sound currency and balance the budget. Introduced tax reform and saw to it that everyone paid taxes & received benefits. Creation of the Police State Censorship and political repression through system of spies and state prisons
Age of Voltaire War of the Second Coalition (1798-1801) Napoleon defeated the Three Great Powers and isolated Britain, who signed the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 (calling for temporary truce) Haitian War for Independence Huge disaster for Napoleon Loss convinced him to sell North American colonies Louisiana Purchase!!!
Age of Voltaire Empire Period (1804-1814) December, 1804 Napoleon crowns himself Emperor in Notre Dame The Grand Empire Viewed himself as a liberator who freed foreign people from oppressive absolute rulers Introduced main principles of the FR! Code Napoleon became law in foreign lands Drawback: Use of nepotism, through placement of puppet rulers on the thrones of other nations, as well as forced conscription, high taxes, and continental system! Inadvertently unleashed a force of nationalism in other European regions!
Age of Voltaire War of Third Coalition (1805-1807) 1805: 3rd Coalition formed (England, Austria, and Russia) Major Battles included: Battle of Trafalgar (1805): England defeated the French navy, ensuring British domination of the seas and putting an end to Napoleon s hope of invading England. Battle of Austerlitz (1805): French defeat of Russia & Austria. Ended with the Treaty of Pressburg which gave France almost complete control of N. Italy and parts of Germany. 1806 HRE is dissolved and Napoleon creates a reorganized Confederation of the Rhine (only 15 states compared to 300) Crucial to the development of German Nationalism!
Age of Voltaire Battle of Friedland (1807): French defeat of Russia ended with the Treaty of Tilsit. Represented the Height of Napoleonic Power in Europe Russia recognized Napoleon s reorganization and dominance of Western Europe Russia accepted the Continental System Major defeat for Prussia as its army was limited and it lost half of its territory Austria, Russia, Prussia made allies of Napoleon
Age of Voltaire Napoleon s Three Mistakes Continental System Berlin Decree of 1806 British response: Milan Decree of 1807 Peninsular War Use of guerrilla warfare costly to Napoleon s forces Invasion of Russia 1812 Disastrous campaign that witnessed the destruction of Napoleon s Grand Army
End of Age of Voltaire War of the Fourth Coalition Battle of Leipzig 1813 Defeat of Napoleon, abdication, and exile to Elba Quadruple Alliance established in 1814 and beginning of the Congress of Vienna Restored the Bourbon Monarchy in France! Hundred Days Napoleon s Return Battle of Waterloo: Final Defeat Exiled to St. Helena Re-Restoration of Bourbon Monarchy under Louis XVIII Constitutional Charter of 1814 remains in place Allows for survival of major FR and Napoleonic achievements
Evaluation of Napoleon s Rule Positive Achievements: Revolutionary ideals were consolidated Centralized French government Lasting settlement with the Church Spread FR to rest of Europe Ended serfdom in much of Germany by 1807 Negatives: Repressed individual liberty Subverted Republicanism Oppressed conquered throughout Europe Caused suffering as a result of constant war
French Revolution Evaluation Results of the French Revolution Old Regime destroyed Guaranteed triumph of capitalism Gave birth to secular democracy Laid foundations for 19 th century modern nationstates Successes of the French Revolution Directory reestablished many of the Bourgeois achievements of the Age of Montesquieu Napoleon protected the major goals of the Age of Montesquieu and allowed them to survive in post-napoleonic France
French Revolution and Enlightenment Ideals Age of Montesquieu Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen internalize the philosophy of Montesquieu s The Spirit of Law Age of Rousseau Republic is established, which demonstrates triumph of popular sovereignty Robespierre adopts the philosophy of the General Will Age of Voltaire Napoleon as Enlightened Absolute Monarch