Chapter 2 1896-1945: Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada Section 2: Second Phase of Industrialization & the Union Movement
Pages that correspond to this presentation Second Phase of Industrialization: Pages 130-139 Union Movement: Pages 140-142
Recap: the First Phase of Industrialization Where did industrialization happen in Quebec? Who did all the hard work? Who owned the factories? What is a working class neighborhood? What was the life of a factory work like? How did workers start to stand up for themselves? Where did investment come from? What sectors of industrialization were the most popular? What was the main source of energy for factories? How were raw materials and good transported?
We begin to see a new phase of industrialization at start of the 20 th century (1900s) until the 1930s What helps push the 2 nd phase of industrialization? Wilfred Laurier reinstated protectionist style tariffs on goods coming from other countries More immigrants coming to Canada = a workforce for factories and natural resource extraction Immigrants could also be seen as consumers (buying Canadian products) Increased wheat cultivation in Western Canada = Canada s largest export Abundance of other types of natural resources: timber, minerals and precious metals, water, etc. Intensified trade with England and the USA WW1 = war industry = Manufacturing goods for soldiers, etc.
When? The 2 nd phase of industrialization took place from 1896 until 1930 Where? The 2 nd phase of industrialization took place in: Urban areas = cities = Montreal Periphery regions = outside of large cities = Abitibi- Temiscamingue, Joliette, Levis & Thedford Mines Keep in mind: we are focusing mostly of Quebec s situation during the 2 nd phase of industrialization Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia benefitted the most from the 2 nd phase of industrialization population, transportation networks & access to natural resources
Map of Industrial Activity in Quebec Around 1910 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 133
What? Factory production in cities continued into the 2 nd phase of industrialization Textiles, food canning, tobacco products, leather products, timber products, etc. Hydroelectricity production took place outside of cities in regions with waterways that could support hydro dams Hydroelectricity replaced coal as the main source of energy
Rideau Shoe Factory- Montreal, Quebec- 1910 Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp-0000.830.3>
John W. Peck shirt & Clothing factory- Montreal, Quebec- 1910 Source: McCord Museum Collection Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp-0000.816.8>
Hydro Electric Dam. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Quebec. 1917 Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/VIEW-17248>
View of the Powerhouse- Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1917 Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/view-17252>
Interior of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Company. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1909 Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.< http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/view-4784>
What? Electrometallurgy became an important part of the 2 nd phase of industrialization in Quebec Electrometallurgy is using electric current to produce products made from metals Electrochemistry also became an important part of the 2 nd phase of industrialization in Quebec Electrochemistry is using electric current to produce chemical products
What? The predominant sector of the 2 nd phase of industrialization was the extraction and use of natural resources found in Quebec: Water, timber, Mining: copper, gold, silver, zinc, asbestos Water = hydroelectricity Timber = products made from wood AND PULP & Paper production Pulp & Paper = breaking down timber fibers to make paper products
Mining Production in Quebec 1898-1928 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 132
Amalgamated Asbestos Corporation mine named King s Pit. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1910 Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/view-4621>
Asbestos Mining Industry. Asbestos Mines, Quebec. Around 1923 Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?lang=1&accessnumber=mp-0000.158.22&idimage=150200>
Railway lines close to Thetford Mines. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1930 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?lang=2&accessnumber=mp-0000.1085.1&isuserimage=0§ion=mylist>
Asbestos Mine. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1918 Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp-0000.25.587>
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 Left: Inside Mine King, Thetford Mines, QC, 1933 Right: Conveyor for selecting raw ore, Thetford Mines about 1919 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 Stockpile of timber. Laurentide Pulp Company. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1918 Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 Machine room-drying paper. Laurentide Pulp Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1908 Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/view-4517
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 Worker transporting large roll of paper used for newspaper production. Sault-Ste-Marie, Ontario around 1925 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/viewobject.php?lang=2&accessnumber=mp-0000.25.872&isuserimage=0§ion=mylist>
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 Canadian Electro Products Company (Chemical plant). Shawinigan, Quebec. 1930 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/collection/artefacts/mp-0000.25.597>
What/who? Industrialization attracted more people to the cities (continuation from phase 1) from rural areas Immigrants chose to stay in cities because of the availability of work in factories Working class neighborhoods continued to grow and become overcrowded disease, epidemics, unsanitary conditions, makeshift homes
What/who? Industrialization caused a class divide between the working class and the upper/business class This can be seen in the living conditions of both classes: Working class: horrible working conditions in neighborhoods such as St. Henri, Griffintown, Pointe St. Charles Upper/Business class: much better working conditions in neighborhoods such as Golden Square Mile, Outremont, Westmount
Photograph of a working class home in Montreal (neighborhood unknown)- 1903 Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/ii-146359>
Photograph of a working class home in Montreal, corner of Barré and Aqueduct Streets - 1903 Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/ii-146722>
Photograph of a Garden party at Mr. Meighen's residence, Golden Square Mile-Montreal-1908 Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/view-8764>
Mr. Meighen's house, Drummond Street, Montreal- 1900 Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/ii-135035>
Mr. Meighen's house/ Mount Stephen Club- Drummond Street, Montreal- 2016 Source: Montreal Gazette Online. < http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/culture-officials-opposed-hotel-tower-for-mount-stephen-club-documents>
W.R. Miller's house and garden, Stanley Street, Montreal-1896 Source: McCord Museum Online. < http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/ii-116161>
Who? The provincial government The Quebec provincial government was run by the Liberal Party from 1897-1936 They were focused on job creation, industrialization and the extraction of natural resources The provincial government in the early 20 th century also favored economic liberalism willingness to do business with other countries if the price was right As part of the responsibilities of the provinces after confederation Quebec owned natural resources found within it s own territory
Quebec Liberal Party in 1897 lead by Felix Marchand Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 134
Who? The provincial government The Quebec Liberal Party took advantage of having full control over natural resources They allowed private companies to either lease land and exploit the natural resources OR pay the government royalties based on the resources exploited The government made lots of dolla dolla bills by receiving money from leases or royalties from private companies Royalties = money given based on certain actions = private companies will give more money in royalties if they exploit more resources
Who? The provincial government By allowing private companies to exploit natural resources within Quebec, the government would benefit Through leases and royalties The attraction of immigrant to live and work within Quebec To increase it s taxpayer base when new people work and live in Quebec
Who? Investors Investors are people who have a lot of bling (money) They choose to give money to companies to help these companies grow The goal is to see the companies they invest in do well make profit for the investors During the first phase of industrialization up until 1920 most of the capital in the industrial sectors of Canada came from British investors Capital = money invested in a company
Who? Investors After 1920 American investors begin to give more capital to the industrialization sectors in Quebec Industries such as pulp & paper and hydroelectricity were sectors that Americans invested in heavily Pulp & paper newspapers in the USA were a VERY BIG business there was a need for paper to produce all of the newspapers and magazines being printed in the USA
Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 135
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 How? Investment was still coming from British investors at the start of the 2 nd phase of industrialization However into the 1920s/1930s American investment takes over American companies are setting up shop in Quebec
How? Foreign trade Canada saw a lot of industrial diversification during the 2 nd phase of industrialization Industrial diversification = focusing on many types of industries instead of only a few Canada was able to do this because of the abundance of natural resources Many foreign countries needed these resources in addition to the products made in Canada This need resulted in lots of trade with foreign countries Examples include pulp & paper from Quebec AND wheat from Western Canada
In the early 1900s Canada usually exported more goods and resources than it took in from other countries However, there were some years that Canada took in more than it exported This is called trade balance the difference between the amount exported compared to imported Example of Canada s Foreign Trade in 1921 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 136
How? Development of INFRASTRUCTURE to help businesses and make trade easier Infrastructure = things developed/built by governments to help businesses and the general public Examples in 2017: roads, highways, sewage systems, telephone poles, cell phone towers, etc. The federal government understood with increased trade there needed to be an increase in the development of infrastructure In the Federal and provincial governments worked together to continue to develop transportation infrastructure: An increase in railway lines, expanding ports for ships, the enlargement of railway bridges and the development of roadways for cars and trucks
Gotfredson trucks- Canadian National, Montreal-about 1930 N.B.: The 1920s into the 1930s The development of motor vehicles allowed companies to transport raw materials and goods in smaller quantities There wasn t as much of a reliance on railways and water transportation Source: McCord Museum online collections. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp-0000.587.29>
Photograph of the Port of Montreal between 1915-1925 Source: BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. <http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2470403?docsearchtext=port%20de%20montreal> N.B.: Railway lines were important during industrialization as they has the potential to connect regions that COULD NOT be connected by waterways For example: Western Canada could connect to Montreal by railways to transport grain
The Angus shops/yards consisted of a large area of Montreal dedicated to the manufacturing and maintenance of trains used by CP Railway The Angus shops served as a home base for CP Railway trains Inside 1 of the manufacturing buildings of the Angus shops/yards in Montreal- 1930 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp- 0000.25.1003>
Map of Montreal Zoom in of the angus Shops/Yards Depiction of the Angus Shops/Yards in Montreal Notice the connection to the port of Montreal Source: Rolly Martin Country. <http://members.kos.net/sdgagnon/ang.html>
LEFT: Artistic depiction of the Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge- 1892-1893 Right: St. Lawrence Railway Bridge (Same bridge) expansion-1913 Source: : BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. < http://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/1956533?docsearchtext=canadian% 20pacific%20railway%20bridge > Source: Wikipedia. <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/pont_ferroviaire_saint- Laurent#/media/File:St._Lawrence_Bridge,_C.P.R._Lachine_P.Q.jpg>
How? Montreal and the expansion of the Port of Montreal Montreal was/is an important port city Montreal was connected to many cities within North American either through water ways OR railway lines Montreal also saw many ships leave to Europe or arrive from Europe for trade purposes Natural resources would pass through Montreal on it s way out or way in timber, grain, minerals, etc. As foreign trade grew, Montreal needed to keep up with an increasing number of ships Montreal had to expand the port
How? The expansion of the Port of Montreal in the late 1800s 1930s The port of Montreal grew in size and some projects included: 1898: stone walls were built along the port along the river/more piers were added 1902: Modern grain elevators under construction in the port 1910: a project to deepen the river near the port so larger boats could access the port
Construction of additional quays in the Port of Montreal - 1910 Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time. <http://lehublot.port-montreal.com/en/montreal-throughout-time-an-exclusive-peek-into-the-history-of-montreal-and-its-port/>
Construction of Grain Elevator No. 1 - Port of Montreal- around 1915 Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time Facebook Page. <https://www.facebook.com/portmontreal/photos/a.1368266796566918.1073741858.561973407196265/1401678379892426/?type=3&theater
Grain Elevator No. 5 - Port of Montrealaround 1920 Source: Old Montreal. <http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/plaque/horizon/port/eng/port_3a.htm>
How? Monopoly Capitalism Monopoly = being the only business to offer a good or service Capitalism = an economic system/idea where profit is the most important Certain companies would overtake or buyout competitors until only 1 company was left in the market In addition, certain companies would buy all the sub companies associated with a product or service
How? Monopoly Capitalism Examples of monopoly capitalism in the early 20 th century: Banks certain banks would acquire competitors Power, light and heating: The Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company acquired competitors, giving them a monopoly on heating and lighting in Montreal they could charge higher rates because there were no competitors Hydroelectric companies Other industries such as textile firms Canadian Banks 1875-1925 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 138
Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building around 1927 Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp-0000.2091.5>
Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building around 1927 Source: McCord Museum Online. <http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/mp-0000.2091.6>
Dominion Textile Mill, Sainte-Gregoire-de-Montmorency, Quebec- around 1927 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 138
2 nd Phase of Industrialization 1900-1930 Who? Factories still require cheap labour Low wages & horrible working conditions French Canadiens/immigrants Heavy industries required more specialized workers Technical training Higher wages Possessed specific skills mining technologies, machinery for pulp and paper, etc.
Industrialization & Working Conditions During the 2 nd phase of industrialization working conditions remained horrible very little changed 6 day work weeks of 60 to 70 hours Dangerous / unsanitary work spaces in factories Too cold, too hot, machinery could cut off limbs or worse, minimal to no ventilation Dangerous working conditions in the natural resource exploitation sectors (breathing in dust in mines, etc.) Physical/verbal abuse from supervisors No sick days Minimal compensation if laid-off Child labour continued Women & children paid less than men for the same work
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Unions in the first half of the 20 th century in Quebec continued to grow 10% of workers were unionized in 1931-1932 This grew to about 21% in 1941-1942 Unions continued to have influence with the provincial and federal governments Starting in 1910 the Catholic Church started to organize unions mainly in Quebec response to American unions in Quebec
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century American Unions: By the start of the 20 th century Most unions in Quebec were American run Knights of Labour ran 40 unions in Quebec in 1900 The American Federation of Labour was another strong union organization from the USA surpassed the Knights of Labour in terms of size because of their involvement with craft/trade workers Knights of Labour emblem Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. < http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/knightsof-labor/>
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Unions became larger more members as the 20 th century progressed However employers did not always take union demands seriously Unions asked the government to help them consider the needs of workers when they establish labour laws The Quebec government did implement laws to help workers however laws were not always followed
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Some Labour Regulations in Quebec 1909-1926 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education. 2017. Page 141
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Laws implemented to help workers By 1929 most provinces made it illegal for children under 14 to work in factories Laws establishing minimum wages for women Compensation for workers who suffered injuries on the job and an official commission to investigate such incidents Source: MELS
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century How did unions get the message across to employers that workers rights needed to be respected? Pressure tactics such as strikes and walkouts Strikes were meant to put pressure on employers no workers = no production = less profit Governments did not always favour workers when they went on strike police sent in to keep an eye on the striking workers violence Employers used STRIKEBREAKERS/ scabs workers that filled in for strikers
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Horn Mine workers strike (aka the Foreigner's Strike ) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec - 1934 Source: Vitual Museum-Community Stories. <http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/community-stories_histoires-de-chez-nous/rouyn-noranda-une-histoire-de-mines_amining-story/gallery/several-police-officers-near-the-fences-of-the-horne/>
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Discontent among workers was not just an issue in Quebec Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 (Winnipeg, Manitoba) May 15 th -June 25 th, 1919 Metal workers and builders union entered into negotiations with management Negotiations broke down A general strike was called 30, 000 workers went on strike labourers, polices, train operators, postal workers, department store workers, etc. Riots! Many sympathy strikes across the country Unionization across the country grew after the Winnipeg General strike
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Striking workers overturn a streetcar during the Winnipeg General Strike- Winnipeg, Manitoba June 21 st, 1919 Source: Canadian Museum of History Online. <http://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/winnipeg-general-strike//>
The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century RCMP officers charge in on horseback into a crowd of strikers/rioters Winnipeg, Manitoba June 21 st, 1919 Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. < http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/winnipeg-general-strike-feature/>
Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 1. How did the 2 nd phase of industrialization affect OR continue to affect society and the territory? Urbanization Growing urban population, different types of neighborhoods Living conditions different for working class and elites Factories in cities Changes the urban landscape Horrible working conditions Development of transportation Transport natural resources and manufactured goods across the country quickly access to all markets Exploitation of natural resources Periphery regions mining, pulp and paper, hydroelectricity
Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 2. Which factors made the 2 nd phase of industrialization possible? Investment of capital British then more American Labour force workers in factories, mines, paper mills AND specialized workers that had training Transportation network boats, railways, road network Leasing of land to mining companies by the Quebec provincial government Monopoly Capitalism companies grew larger and larger by acquiring the competition
Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 3. Did workers gain fair working conditions in the 2 nd phase of industrialization? No! unions did not gain much for workers during phase 1 OR the rules to support workers were not always applied Dangerous, unsanitary working conditions, long hours, low wages, child labour
Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 4. Were unions popular in Quebec in the early 1900s? They were NOT SUPER POPULAR they were gaining strength and numbers Many American unions came to Quebec to help workers in the province Employers still did not take unions seriously Unions pressured the federal/provincial governments to implement laws to make working conditions better the government DID create legislation (laws) to help workers still not enough
Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 5. Pressure tactics used by unions: Strikes Walkouts Pressure on employers no production = less profit Horn Mine workers strike (aka the Foreigner's Strike ) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec 1934 The Winnipeg General strike of 1919
Connections to the Precisions of Learning