Power Week Two: Introduction/Review Power and Social Class Three Faces of Power Agenda Setting What s the Matter? & politics who rules America? domhoff on social and economic class why do people promote the openness of the system when they are aware of glaring inequalities? 1
who rules America? domhoff on social and economic class why do people promote the openness of the system when they are aware of glaring inequalities? who rules America? domhoff on social and economic class Group of people who occupy the same position in the economic system, such as business owners and workers. xvéçéå v vätáá An economic class is limited in its political if it does not see itself as a social class. áév tä vätáá Group of people who interact with one another, sharing the same lifestyle, tastes, and cultural practices. 2
what is Power? collective versus distributive why do those with in America deny they have any? collective The degree to which a community or nation has the capacity to pursue and achieve its own goals and interests. distributive The degree to which a social class within a community or nation is successful in conflicts with rivals over its goals and interests. MAJOR NETWORKS what is Power? domhoff s three indicators WHO BENEFITS? WHO GOVERNS? WHO WINS? According to Domhoff, the corporate community controls the public agenda in America through four networks of : 1. Special-interest process 2. Policy-planning process 3. Candidate-selection process 4. Opinion-shaping process But we re getting ahead of ourselves 3
how does Power work? in situations of inequality, the political response of the deprived group or class may be seen as a function of relationships, such that serves for the development and maintenance of the quiescence of the non-elite. (Gaventa, p. 4) Is really about winners and losers if the losers didn t even know they were playing? visible the first face A has over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B wouldn t otherwise do. (Dahl 1957, p.203) Also known as community. Focus is on visible behaviors in the decision-making process. Who participates and who wins? 4
visible key assumptions: the first face 1. People recognize that they have particular grievances. 2. Grievances acted upon in open decision-making arenas. 3. Leaders use resources to represent the people. But what is the problem here? Non-participation is not a political problem. hidden the second face Power is also exercised when A devotes his energies to creating or reinforcing social and political values and institutional practices that limit the scope of the political process to public consideration of only those issues that are comparatively innocuous to A. (Bachrach and Baratz 1970, p.7) what if is exercised so that some issues or participants never become part of the decision-making process? 5
hidden the second face agenda setting (or non-decision making): The process through which some issues are organized into the political process and other issues are organized out of it. mobilization of bias values, beliefs, rituals, and procedures that privilege one group or perspective over another. did republican agenda-setting backfire last week? hurricane gustav bristol palin 6
hidden the second face non-decision making: 1. Through force. 2. Through sanctions. 3. Through rules, norms, and procedures. 4. Through new barriers and symbols. 5. Through anticipated reactions. But what is the problem here? It assumes that people are aware of their own interests. 7
invisible the third face The most sinister use of is to keep conflict from arising at all....a may exercise over B by getting him to do what he does not want to do, but he also exercises over him by influencing, shaping or determining his very wants. Indeed, is it not the supreme exercise of to get another or others to have the desires you want them to have - that is, to secure their compliance by controlling their thoughts and desires? (Lukes 1974, p.23) In other words, lessness is internalized. invisible the third face Contradictions between the interests of the ful and the real interests of the less. It is the to keep latent conflict from becoming manifest conflict. How? Direct: socialization, information control Indirect: continual defeat, loss of political consciousness, ambiguity of consciousness What does it mean for to be accumulative? 8
resistance to Power relationships are self-propelling, making challenges to them difficult. the road to rebellion Power of A over B Prevalence of A in decisionmaking process Non-decisions present barriers for B to participate Shaping of consciousness of B about inequality B can struggle over real interests in political arena B must mobilize and overcome barriers B must recognize and formulate grievances Rebellion of B over A 9
what is Power? back to domhoff s three indicators WHO BENEFITS? WHO GOVERNS? WHO WINS? According to Domhoff, the corporate community controls the public agenda in America through four networks of : THESE ARE NETWORKS THROUGH WHICH THE THREE FACES OF POWER ARE EXERCISED 1. Special-interest process 2. Policy-planning process 3. Candidate-selection process 4. Opinion-shaping process what s the matter with KaNSaS?, voting, and values in the Heartland the Great Backlash the marriage of explosive social issues with pro-business economic policies that began in the late 1960s and took shape in the 1980s (Frank 2004) Why do people vote based on values rather than economic interests? 10
red state, blue state 11
what s the matter with KaNSaS?, voting, and values in the Heartland At the center of it all is a way of thinking about class that both encourages class hostility of the kind we see in Kansas and simultaneously denies the economic base of the grievance. Class, conservatives insist, is not really about money or birth or even occupation. It is primarily a matter of authenticity, that most valuable cultural commodity. Class is about what one drives and where one shops and how one prays, and only secondarily about the work one does or the income one makes. (Frank 2004, p.114). 12
what s the matter with KaNSaS? discussion questions Do you agree with Frank s depiction of Midwestern voters? How does Frank s definition of class relate to Domhoff s ideas on social class and economic class? (hint: if voters who vote on values belong to the same social class as the more authentic politicians, then why don t they have more political?) Think about the upcoming presidential election. What are some examples of each of the three dimensions of that might explain the types of voting choices that we make? (In other words, what are the agendas and/or issues that make the news? And, how do we know what our real interests are?) 13