Total War and the devastation of the South

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Transcription:

THREE ISSUES Why was the war fought? The Emancipation Proclamation Total War and the devastation of the South

THREE ISSUES Why was the war fought? To Preserve the Union

THREE ISSUES Why was the war fought? To Preserve the Union The Emancipation Proclamation The War ended Slavery

THREE ISSUES Why was the war fought? To Preserve the Union The Emancipation Proclamation The War ended Slavery Total War and the devastation of the South Southerners resentful of Northern Aggression

RECONSTRUCTION Reconstruction viewed as monumental failure South Devastated Ten Percent of white male population dead Southern economy ruined southern banks are destroyed Confederate money is useless.

RECONSTRUCTION Union economy completely restructured by Congress during the war. Pre-1863 UNION paper money is useless, too.

RECONSTRUCTION Massive Resentment on both sides South:»Northern Aggression»Northern Economic dominance North:»Rebellion was treason and unwarranted»atrocities committed by Confederacy Andersonville, GA - 100 POWs died/day

RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION

RADICAL REPUBLICANS

RADICAL REPUBLICANS NORTHERN CONSERVATIVES

RADICAL REPUBLICANS NORTHERN CONSERVATIVES SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES

RADICAL REPUBLICANS NORTHERN CONSERVATIVES SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES SOUTHERN UNIONISTS

RADICAL REPUBLICANS NORTHERN CONSERVATIVES SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES SOUTHERN UNIONISTS SOUTHERN FREEDMEN

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Port Royal (South Carolina) Experiment Occupied areas of Confederate States had military governors»union Army confiscated cotton harvest and looted southern plantations The Gideonites (March 1862)»Abolitionist missionaries sent to help the slaves

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln: Ten-Percent Plan (Dec. 1863) Military government unfavorable in USA Lincoln sought rapid readmission of Southern States to Union

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln: Ten-Percent Plan (Dec. 1863) Wade-Davis Bill Ironclad Oath»Pocket Vetoed by Lincoln Congress and President Lincoln have deep disagreements over how to reconstruct the South

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Thirteenth Amendment (Passed by Congress in Jan. 1865 went into effect Dec. 1865) Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION VP Andrew Johnson May 1865 Johnson offers blanket pardon and amnesty to those who pledge loyal to the Union all property to be returned (except slaves)»johnson wants to take power from Confederate leaders and wealthy planter class they had to apply directly to him for pardon/amnesty/property

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION Johnson: The Johnson Governments All re-entering states acknowledged an end of slavery Many did NOT ratify the Thirteenth Amendment»Mississippi was the last state to do so In 1995! (And did not make formal notification to fed.gov until 2013)!! Most elected Confederate leaders to Congress (including CSA-VP Alexander Stevens)

FREEDOM FOR SLAVES Most southern stated adopted Black Codes Education Right to marry (legally) Freedom to search for lost family members Far more NEGATIVE aspects of Black Codes»Practical re-imposition of slavery under the codes

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Thirty-Ninth Congress (Dec. 4, 1865) Rejected former Confederates sent from Johnson Governments Joint Committee on Reconstruction»Expansion of Freedman s Bureau»Civil Rights Bill of 1865 Johnson vetoed Freedman s Bureau & Civil Rights bills F. Bureau seen by Southerners and President Johnson as meddlesome federal agency that interferes with state s rights

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT Fourteenth Amendment (Passed by 39 th Congress in June 1866 went into effect July 1868) Guaranteed Citizenship to Freed Slaves No state can make any law that abridges the rights of American Citizens (applies bill of rights to states)

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Congressional Reconstruction and the Radical Republicans Congress requires southern states to ratify 14 th Amendment to be readmitted Reconstruction Act of 1867»South divided into five military districts»states that did not ratify were treated as Conquered Provinces by Republicans in Congress

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION Johnson is in the way how can congress get rid of Johnson? Tenure of Office Act Secretary of War Edwin Stanton Johnson Impeached! (Feb-24-1868) Congressional Reconstruction requires southern states to rejoin union (again)

Election of 1868

RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH The impact of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 The Economy»Railroads quickly rebuilt»industry rebuilt, then grows»cotton remains KING

RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH The impact of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Labor»Port Royal Experiment Collapsed when land auctioned (to whites)»congress later promised to re-distribute land to freedmen Property rights (even of former Confederates) trumped re-distribution»freedman s Bank established to help blacks buy land Bank collapsed in Panic of 1873

RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH The impact of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Labor»Tenantry and Sharecropping Cash Tenant Sharecropper»Crop-Lien System

SOCIAL CHANGES The impact of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Social and Cultural Changes in the South»Positive changes Rebuilding of the family Freedman s Bureau and education Philanthropist educators The emergence of Black Colleges

SOCIAL CHANGES The impact of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Social Changes in the South»Negative changes (prior to 1877) Segregation (pre-jim Crow Laws)

SOCIAL CHANGES The impact of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Social Changes in the South»Negative changes (prior to 1877) Segregation (pre-jim Crow Laws) Denial of political and civil rights Redemption

SOCIAL CHANGES What is redemption? KU KLUX KLAN Intimidation Beatings Murder

SOCIAL CHANGES What is redemption? KU KLUX KLAN Intimidation Beatings Murder FORCE BILLS Klan strongest in nine northern counties of SOUTH CAROLINA

SOCIAL CHANGES The Process of Post-Klan Redemption White Republicans socially and politically isolated Black Republicans fired from jobs or denied employment»many suffered violence or death When Mississippi legislature was redeemed in 1876, Republican Governor resigned rather than be impeached

SOCIAL CHANGES Post Klan Redemption and Racism Freed blacks denied political rights Freed blacks forced into segregated housing and schools (Jim Crow Laws, 1876-1965)

Election of 1876 THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION Waving the bloody shirt reminding voters of the treason of the Confederate Democrats during the Civil War. Often mean to really distract voters from Republican corruption (take HIS102 for more details on that)

Election of 1876

Map 16.2 Election of 1876

THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION Why did the Radical Republicans end Reconstruction? Compromise of 1877 Federal Troops withdrawn from the South

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